Fake News: Fact & Fiction - Episode 7: Can you trust online images?

43,065 views ใƒป 2023-10-24

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:05
Hello I'm Hugo.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใƒ’ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ดใงใ™ใ€‚
00:06
And I'm Sam.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใ‚ตใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:07
And this is Fake News: Fact & Fiction from BBC Learning English.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ BBC Learning English ใฎ Fake News: Fact & Fiction ใงใ™ ใ€‚
00:11
In the programme today we're talking about images and we meet viral image debunker Paulo Ordoveza.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ็•ช็ต„ใงใฏ็”ปๅƒใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ ใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซ็”ปๅƒใฎ็œŸๅฎŸใ‚’ๆšดใใƒ‘ใ‚ฆใƒญใƒปใ‚ชใƒซใƒ‰ใƒ™ใ‚ถๆฐใซไผšใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:18
Things that you need to look out for when you're looking at a viral image,
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ใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใช็”ปๅƒใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใใซๆณจๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€
00:21
you want to look for any signs of manipulation, tell tales that it's been edited.
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ๆ“ไฝœใฎๅ…†ๅ€™ใŒใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใ€ ็ทจ้›†ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ไผใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
00:28
Before we get to that though, Sam. I'm looking forward to your vocabulary section.
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ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€‚ ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใฟใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:32
What are you going to be telling us about today?
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏไฝ•ใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:34
Today Hugo I am talking about the world of deceit and the words 'con', 'scam', 'phishing' and 'hoax'.
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ใƒ’ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ดใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅ็งใฏๆฌบ็žžใฎไธ–็•Œ ใจใ€ใ€Œ่ฉๆฌบใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่ฉๆฌบใ€ใ€ใ€Œใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ทใƒณใ‚ฐใ€ใ€ใ€Œใƒ‡ใƒžใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:49
There have always been people who want to take our money
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็งใŸใกใฎใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๅฅชใŠใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ€…ใฏๅธธใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ—
00:53
and the Internet and social media have provided criminals with different opportunities to try and con us.
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ใ€ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆใ‚„ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใฏ็Šฏ็ฝช่€…ใซ ็งใŸใกใ‚’้จ™ใใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆฉŸไผšใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:01
The verb 'to con' means to deceive, to trick or to cheat and the noun 'a con' describes the method of tricking.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œto conใ€ใฏ้จ™ใ™ใ€้จ™ใ™ใ€้จ™ใ™ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ€ ๅ่ฉžใ€Œa conใ€ใฏ้จ™ใ™ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่กจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:11
For example, on social media you sometimes see competitions with fantastic prizes
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใงใฏใ€่ปŠใ‚„ใƒœใƒผใƒˆใชใฉใฎ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„่ณžๅ“ใŒๅฝ“ใŸใ‚‹ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๆ™‚ใ€…่ฆ‹ใ‹ใ‘ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใฎ
01:17
like a car or a boat and all you have to do is like the post and share it to have a chance of winning.
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ๆŠ•็จฟใซใ€Œใ„ใ„ใญ๏ผใ€ใ‚’ใ—ใฆๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงๅ„ชๅ‹ใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใ‚นใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
01:26
Many of these competitions are cons.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็ซถไบ‰ใฎๅคšใใฏ็Ÿญๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:29
They're not real and are designed to get us to share personal information
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๆœฌ็‰ฉใงใฏใชใใ€ ็งใŸใกใซๅ€‹ไบบๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จญ่จˆใ•ใ‚ŒใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€
01:35
which many people will do because they want to win the prize but no one ever wins
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ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒ ่ณžๅ“ใ‚’ๅ‹ใกๅ–ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใŸใ‚ใซใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใ€่ชฐใ‚‚ๅ‹ใกๅ–ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใชใใ€
01:40
and the people who run the con have collected lots of personal data.
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่ฉๆฌบใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ€…ใฏ ๅคง้‡ใฎๅ€‹ไบบใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใ‚’ๅŽ้›†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:47
The word 'con' dates back to the mid to late 19th century and is a shortened version of 'confidence man',
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ใ€Œใ‚ณใƒณใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏ 19 ไธ–็ด€ๅŠใฐใ‹ใ‚‰ๅพŒๅŠใซใพใง้กใ‚Šใ€ ใ€Œใ‚ณใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒ‡ใƒณใ‚นใƒžใƒณใ€ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎ็‰ˆใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆฑบใ—ใฆๆไพ›ใ•ใ‚Œใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚นใฎ
01:56
which was the term for a person who was able to persuade people to give him money in return for
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่ฆ‹่ฟ”ใ‚ŠใซใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซไบบใ€…ใ‚’่ชฌๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸไบบ็‰ฉใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™่จ€่‘‰ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:01
a service that was never given and was not what was promised.
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ไธŽใˆใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ ใŒใ€็ด„ๆŸใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:06
This was known as a 'confidence trick', or a 'con trick'. And now just 'a con'.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ‚ณใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒ‡ใƒณใ‚นใƒปใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚ณใƒณใƒปใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ€ใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆไปŠใฏใŸใ ใฎใ€Œ่ฉๆฌบใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
02:15
A similar word for a 'con' is a 'scam'.
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่ฉๆฌบใ€ใซไผผใŸ่จ€่‘‰ใซใ€Œ่ฉๆฌบใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:19
Scam is a much newer word though, from the late 1960s and in most cases it can be used in the same way as a con.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€่ฉๆฌบใฏ 1960 ๅนดไปฃๅพŒๅŠใซ่ช•็”Ÿใ—ใŸ้žๅธธใซๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่จ€่‘‰ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€่ฉๆฌบใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:27
Those online competitions are often scams so be careful and beware of 'scammers'.
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ใ“ใ†ใ„ใฃใŸใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใฏ่ฉๆฌบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ ใ€Œ่ฉๆฌบๅธซใ€ใซใฏๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
02:34
The people who are trying to trick you.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’้จ™ใใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใŸใกใ€‚
02:36
A good piece of advice is: if it looks too good to be true, it probably is.
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่‰ฏใ„ใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใฏใ€ใ€Œใ†ใพ ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใใใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:44
A very modern type of scam is 'phishing'.
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้žๅธธใซ็พไปฃ็š„ใชใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎ่ฉๆฌบใฏใ€Œใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ทใƒณใ‚ฐใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:48
The term was coined in the 1990s and is a variation of the word 'fishing'.
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ใ“ใฎ็”จ่ชžใฏ 1990 ๅนดไปฃใซ้€ ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ€ ใ€Œใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ทใƒณใ‚ฐใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใŒๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
02:54
The scammers are fishing for your personal details.
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่ฉๆฌบๅธซใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ€‹ไบบๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’็‹™ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:58
This is often done through emails which try to get you to log on to a web site that looks like your bank's
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ ้Š€่กŒใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซไผผใŸ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใƒญใ‚ฐใ‚ชใƒณใ•ใ›ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹้›ปๅญใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚’้€šใ˜ใฆ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใŒใ€
03:04
but is actually a fake site from which the phishers collect your log-in details.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ทใƒณใ‚ฐ่ฉๆฌบๅธซใŒใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒญใ‚ฐใ‚คใƒณใฎ่ฉณ็ดฐใ‚’ๅŽ้›†ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฝใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•
03:11
Another type of scam that has been around for centuries but is also popular on the Internet are 'hoaxes'.
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ไธ–็ด€ใซใ‚‚ใ‚ใŸใฃใฆๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใ€ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆใงใ‚‚ไบบๆฐ—ใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎ่ฉๆฌบใฏใ€ ใ€Œใƒ‡ใƒžใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:19
A hoax is something that has been created to trick you into believing something that isn't true.
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ใƒ‡ใƒžใจใฏใ€ ็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ไฟกใ˜่พผใพใ›ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝœๆˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
03:26
This could be a fake news story but hoaxes are also common with photos and videos.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใฎๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ ๅ†™็œŸใ‚„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใ‚‚ใƒ‡ใƒžใฏใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:32
Take this one as an example.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:35
If someone claims with authority that it's proof of the existence of the creature known as Bigfoot,
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒ ใƒ“ใƒƒใ‚ฐใƒ•ใƒƒใƒˆใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹็”Ÿใ็‰ฉใฎๅญ˜ๅœจใฎ่จผๆ‹ ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆจฉๅจใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆไธปๅผตใ—ใŸใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ
03:42
it's a hoax because it's just a person in a hairy costume.
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ๆฏ›ใ‚€ใใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚‰ใฎ่กฃ่ฃ…ใ‚’็€ใŸไบบ็‰ฉใซใ™ใŽใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใƒ‡ใƒžใงใ™ใ€‚
03:52
Thanks Sam, and that leads us on nicely to today's topic about images.
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ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ ็”ปๅƒใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซใ†ใพใ้€ฒใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
03:56
Yes. So there's an old saying that the camera doesn't lie. But I'm not so sure we believe that any more.
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ใฏใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉใฏๅ˜˜ใ‚’ใคใ‹ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๅคใ„ใ“ใจใ‚ใ–ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŸใกใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฏใ‚„ไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:04
Well the camera can only record what it sees. So in that case it can't lie.
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ใพใ‚ใ€ใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉใฏ่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ—ใ‹่จ˜้Œฒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏๅ˜˜ใฏใคใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:09
But what we are told we're seeing in the image is not necessarily what the image actually is.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŸใกใŒ็”ปๅƒใง่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ€ ๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚ใใฎ็”ปๅƒใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใฏ้™ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:15
Yes so the camera doesn't lie. But people do.
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ใใ†ใ€ใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉใฏๅ˜˜ใ‚’ใคใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏใใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:18
Yeah. Well that's a good way to put it. And of course with the digital tools at our fingertips today
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ใ†ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใพใ‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ่‰ฏใ„่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ ไปŠๆ—ฅ็งใŸใกใŒใ™ใใซไฝฟใˆใ‚‹ใƒ‡ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒซใƒ„ใƒผใƒซใ‚’ไฝฟใˆใฐใ€
04:24
we can change, manipulate, or even create a completely digital image that looks like a real photograph.
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ๆœฌ็‰ฉใฎๅ†™็œŸใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ๅฎŒๅ…จใชใƒ‡ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒซ็”ปๅƒใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ€ๆ“ไฝœใ€ใพใŸใฏไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ•ใˆใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:31
Yeah. But now we're not talking about just putting a nice filter on our social media selfies, are we?
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ใ†ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ไปŠใฏใ€ ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใฎ่‡ชๆ’ฎใ‚Šๅ†™็œŸใซ็ด ๆ•ตใชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒซใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ„ใจใ„ใ†่ฉฑใงใฏใชใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
04:38
No. There are a few different ways images are used to tell a different story to the one that was photographed.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€‚ๅ†™็œŸใจใฏ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒชใƒผใ‚’ไผใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€็”ปๅƒใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:46
One thing we see a lot is real images. They're not fake or photoshopped but
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็งใŸใกใŒใ‚ˆใ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใฎ็”ปๅƒใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅฝ็‰ฉใ‚„ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒˆใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใƒ—ใงๅŠ ๅทฅใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€
04:51
they are from a different time or place than the caption states.
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ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ™‚ไปฃใ‚„ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
04:54
So the caption on an image can also be misleading in the way it describes what
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€็”ปๅƒใฎใ‚ญใƒฃใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏใ€
04:59
is happening in the photo particularly if it generates strong emotion.
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็‰นใซๅผทใ„ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ™ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅ†™็œŸใฎไธญใงไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†็‚นใง่ชค่งฃใ‚’ๆ‹›ใๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
05:06
Yeah well here's an example.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ“ใ“ใซไพ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:08
Look at this picture and It might make you feel completely different emotions depending on how it's described.
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ใ“ใฎ็ตตใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ใฉใฎ ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆๅ†™ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ€ใพใฃใŸใ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:14
"Amazing. I saw the police helping an injured protester!"
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ใ€Œใ™ใ”ใ„ใ€‚่ญฆๅฏŸใŒ่ฒ ๅ‚ทใ—ใŸใƒ‡ใƒขๅ‚ๅŠ ่€…ใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚ˆ๏ผใ€
05:17
"Terrible. I saw the police attacking an innocent protester!"
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ใ€Œใฒใฉใ„ใ€‚่ญฆๅฏŸใŒ็„กๅฎŸใฎใƒ‡ใƒขๅ‚ๅŠ ่€…ใ‚’ๆ”ปๆ’ƒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸ๏ผใ€
05:22
So what do you think Sam. Do you think the different captions tell a different story?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ‚ตใƒ ใฏใฉใ†ๆ€ใ†๏ผŸ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒชใƒผใ‚’ไผใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
05:26
Definitely yes. Those two captions elicit two completely different emotions but which one is right?
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็ตถๅฏพใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ญใƒฃใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏ 2 ใคใฎใพใฃใŸใ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ๅผ•ใๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
05:33
Without a wider context, we wouldn't know which one was correct.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅบƒใ„ๆ–‡่„ˆใŒใชโ€‹โ€‹ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ใฉใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:39
So that's not the only way images can be misleading.
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็”ปๅƒใŒ่ชค่งฃใ‚’ๆ‹›ใๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:42
It's not just captions. Images can be cropped, manipulated and edited
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ๅญ—ๅน•ใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็”ปๅƒใ‚’ใƒˆใƒชใƒŸใƒณใ‚ฐใ€ ๆ“ไฝœใ€็ทจ้›†ใ—ใฆใ€ใใ“ใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
05:49
to add things that were never there or take away things that were there.
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ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใฆใ„ใŸ ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:58
In fact it's so easy to do this now that an aged relative of mine, who shall remain nameless,
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ไปŠใงใฏใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใจใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใซใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅŒฟๅใซใชใ‚‹็งใฎๅนด่€ใ„ใŸ่ฆชๆˆšใฏใ€
06:05
removed an in-law from a family photo and replaced her with a bush.
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ๅฎถๆ—ๅ†™็œŸใ‹ใ‚‰็พฉ็†ใฎๅฎถๆ—ใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ— ใ€ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ่—ชใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:12
That photo now hangs in the living room.
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ใใฎๅ†™็œŸใฏไปŠใ€ใƒชใƒ“ใƒณใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ ใซ้ฃพใฃใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:14
And unless you really examined it closely, you wouldn't realise at all that someone was missing.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆณจๆ„ๆทฑใ่ชฟในใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ่กŒๆ–นไธๆ˜Žใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใพใฃใŸใๆฐ—ใฅใ‹ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:20
I'm glad I'm not in your family Sam!
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ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅฎถๆ—ใซใ„ใชใใฆใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™๏ผ
06:23
Most mainstream media organisations are very careful about the images they use
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎไธปๆตใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ข็ต„็น”ใฏใ€ ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹็”ปๅƒ
06:27
and how they're described particularly if those images have come from members of the public.
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ใจใ€็‰นใซใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ ็”ปๅƒใŒไธ€่ˆฌใฎไบบใ€…ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆไพ›ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใฎ็”ปๅƒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ็ดฐๅฟƒใฎๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๆ‰•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:32
On social media though, anyone can publish an image and say anything about it.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใงใฏใ€่ชฐใงใ‚‚ ็”ปๅƒใ‚’ๅ…ฌ้–‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใงใ‚‚็™บ่จ€ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:38
And that's where people like today's guest come in.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ“ใซไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใ‚ฒใ‚นใƒˆใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชไบบใ€…ใŒ็™ปๅ ดใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:41
Paulo Ordoveza is a viral image debunker.
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ใƒ‘ใ‚ฆใƒญใƒปใ‚ชใƒซใƒ‰ใƒ™ใ‚ถใฏใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚คใƒกใƒผใ‚ธใฎ่ชคใ‚Šใ‚’ๆšดใไบบใงใ™ใ€‚
06:44
He's known as Pic Pedant on Twitter and spends his free time verifying images
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ๅฝผใฏ Twitter ไธŠใง Pic Pedant ใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใซๆญฃใ—ใใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ็”ปๅƒใ‚’ๆคœ่จผใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ่‡ช็”ฑๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’่ฒปใ‚„ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
06:48
which seem to him to be not quite right.
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
06:51
It's an activity he took up while working as a contractor at NASA. We spoke to him earlier and asked why he does it.
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ๅฝผใŒ NASA ใง่ซ‹่ฒ ๆฅญ่€…ใจใ—ใฆๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใจใใซๅง‹ใ‚ใŸๆดปๅ‹•ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏไปฅๅ‰ๅฝผใซ่ฉฑใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ€ใชใœใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ๅฐ‹ใญใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:01
Well. Partly I'm just pedantic. I'm a stickler for accuracy.
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่‰ฏใ„ใ€‚ ้ƒจๅˆ†็š„ใซใฏ็งใฏ่ก’ๅญฆ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏๆญฃ็ขบใ•ใซใ“ใ ใ‚ใ‚‹ไบบ้–“ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:06
But partly it's also that I get annoyed at seeing digital art, seeing manipulated images passed off as real.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€้ƒจๅˆ†็š„ใซใฏใ€็งใŒใƒ‡ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒซใ‚ขใƒผใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ ๅŠ ๅทฅใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ็”ปๅƒใŒๆœฌ็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ‚คใƒฉใ‚คใƒฉใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:14
And in a sense it's, it's unfair to the people who made them because you, you rob them of attribution, you rob them of context and credit.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎๅธฐๅฑžใ‚’ๅฅชใ„ใ€่ƒŒๆ™ฏใจไฟก็”จใ‚’ๅฅชใ†ใฎใงใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝœใฃใŸไบบใ€…ใซใจใฃใฆไธๅ…ฌๅนณใงใ™ใ€‚
07:23
And I want to see justice done in that sense.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใงๆญฃ็พฉใŒ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:27
But on a grander scale it's also that small lies can later lead to bigger lies.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคงใใชใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒผใƒซใง่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๅฐใ•ใชๅ˜˜ใŒ ๅพŒใซๅคงใใชๅ˜˜ใซใคใชใŒใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:33
I've seen, I've seen cases of viral image purveyors who just grab stuff off Reddit
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็งใฏใ€Reddit ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’็›—ใฟๅ‡บใ—ใŸใ ใ‘ใฎใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซ็”ปๅƒๆไพ›่€…ใŒใ€
07:41
later be cited in bigger contexts and the damage they can do is amplified significantly by the nature of social media.
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ๅพŒใงใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคงใใชๆ–‡่„ˆใงๅผ•็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ€ ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใฎๆ€ง่ณชใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๅŠใผใ™่ขซๅฎณใŒๅคงๅน…ใซๅข—ๅน…ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:53
I've seen people go from historical photos and go into full blown health conspiracies about the pandemic.
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ไบบใ€…ใŒๆญดๅฒ็š„ใชๅ†™็œŸใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บ็™บใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ‘ใƒณใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆœฌๆ ผ็š„ใชๅฅๅบทใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹้™ฐ่ฌ€ใซไน—ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ™ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:02
I've seen nature photos lead to eco-fascism.
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่‡ช็„ถใฎๅ†™็œŸใŒใ‚จใ‚ณใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚ทใ‚บใƒ ใซใคใชใŒใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:05
So you know it's the kind of thing I'd like to see nipped in the bud before it leads to grander or more harmful falsehoods.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š ๅฃฎๅคงใชใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๅฎณใช่™šๅฝใซใคใชใŒใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€่Šฝใ‚’ๆ‘˜ใ‚“ใงใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
08:15
So he sees artists' work being stolen without credit.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚นใƒˆใฎไฝœๅ“ใŒใ‚ฏใƒฌใ‚ธใƒƒใƒˆใชใ—ใง็›—ใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๅฝผใฏ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:19
Fake and edited images being published as real.
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ๅฝใŠใ‚ˆใณ็ทจ้›†ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ็”ปๅƒใŒๆœฌ็‰ฉใจใ—ใฆๅ…ฌ้–‹ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚
08:22
And also people who do this using their popularity on social media
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ใพใŸใ€ ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใงใฎไบบๆฐ—ใ‚’ๅˆฉ็”จใ—ใฆ
08:25
to promote conspiracy theories and radical action.
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้™ฐ่ฌ€่ซ–ใ‚„้Žๆฟ€ใช่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ๅฎฃไผใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ€…ใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:28
But how do we know that an image is fake, copied or misleading? If you do this a lot, you can spot the signs easily.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็”ปๅƒใŒๅฝ็‰ฉใ€ใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒผใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ€ใพใŸใฏ่ชค่งฃใ‚’ๆ‹›ใใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆๅˆคๆ–ญใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’้ ป็นใซ่กŒใ†ใจใ€ๅ…†ๅ€™ใ‚’็ฐกๅ˜ใซ่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:35
But for those of us with less experience here are a few tips from Pic Pedant.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็ตŒ้จ“ใฎๆต…ใ„ไบบใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€ Pic Pedant ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:40
For one thing there's context.
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ใพใšใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:42
You want to see if, is this image too good to be true? Is it too lucky?
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ใ“ใฎ็”ปๅƒใŒ ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใซใฏ่‰ฏใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹? ๅนธ้‹ใ™ใŽใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:47
Sometimes a photographer will get lucky, but sometimes that image is manipulated.
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ๅ†™็œŸๅฎถใซๅนธ้‹ใŒ่จชใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใŒใ€ใใฎ็”ปๅƒใŒๆ“ไฝœใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:52
Also think about what emotions these images are eliciting in you.
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ใพใŸใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ ็”ปๅƒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธญใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:59
What are they trying to make you feel, or think, or do?
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ•ใ›ใ€่€ƒใˆใ•ใ›ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ•ใ›ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:03
What is the publisher's aim?
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ๅ‡บ็‰ˆ็คพใฎ็‹™ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:05
Are they trying to make money or are they trying to become more popular or
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’็จผใ”ใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ ใ‚‚ใฃใจไบบๆฐ—ใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚
09:08
are they trying to manipulate your view of the world?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธ–็•Œ่ฆณใ‚’ๆ“ไฝœใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:12
And things that you need to look out for when you're looking at a viral image.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซ็”ปๅƒใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใใซๆณจๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€‚ ๆ“ไฝœ
09:17
You want to look for any signs of manipulation, tell tales that it's been edited.
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ใฎๅ…†ๅ€™ใ‚’ๆŽขใ— ใ€็ทจ้›†ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ไผใˆใŸใ„ใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:24
Sometimes the edges are too blurry, sometimes the edges are too sharp.
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ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ธใŒใผใ‚„ใ‘ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ธใŒ้ฎฎๆ˜Žใ™ใŽใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:27
Sometimes the light sources are different and you'll see shadows coming, you'll see shadows in different directions.
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ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏใ€ๅ…‰ๆบใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใจใ€ ๅฝฑใŒ่ฟ‘ใฅใ„ใฆใใ‚‹ใฎใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใŸใ‚Šใ€็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ–นๅ‘ใซๅฝฑใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:34
Sometimes the perspective will be wrong or you'll see artefacts of Photoshop clone stamping
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ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏใ€่ฆ–็‚นใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ€ Photoshop ใฎใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒณ ใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒณใƒ”ใƒณใ‚ฐใฎใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚ฏใƒˆใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚Šใ€
09:39
or you'll see repeating patterns that indicate that something has been, that something has been copied.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒผใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:44
A few things to look out for there, some technical, some emotional.
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ใใ“ใงใฏใ€ ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚„ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใชใฉใ€ๆณจๆ„ใ™ในใใ“ใจใŒใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:48
We've seen throughout the series that many examples of fake news are designed to generate strong emotions
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็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ทใƒชใƒผใ‚บใ‚’้€šใ˜ใฆใ€ ใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใฎๅคšใใฎไพ‹ใŒๅผทใ„ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จญ่จˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€
09:54
and photos are no different.
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ๅ†™็œŸใ‚‚ไพ‹ๅค–ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:56
Yes. This doesn't mean that every emotional, interesting or spectacular image is suspicious.
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ใฏใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…็š„ใ€่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใ€ ๅฃฎ่ฆณใช็”ปๅƒใŒ็–‘ใ‚ใ—ใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
10:03
The latest baby picture from your family are probably not fake
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ๅฎถๆ—ใ‹ใ‚‰้€ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใฆใใŸๆœ€ๆ–ฐใฎ่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใฎๅ†™็œŸใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใๅฝ็‰ฉใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
10:08
but with your critical thinking head on when you see images that make you feel upset, angry or outraged,
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ใŒใ€ ๅ‹•ๆบใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๆ€’ใ‚Šใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๆฟ€ๆ€’ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹็”ปๅƒใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใจใใฏใ€ๆ‰นๅˆค็š„ๆ€่€ƒใ‚’็œŸๆญฃ้ขใ‹ใ‚‰ๆŒใฃใฆใ€่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ
10:16
it might be worth taking a deep breath and doing a bit of investigating before you think about sharing.
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ๆทฑๅ‘ผๅธใ—ใฆๅฐ‘ใ—่ชฟในใฆใฟใ‚‹ไพกๅ€คใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€‚
10:24
And how do you investigate an image? Here's Paulo Ordoveza again with a practical tip.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็”ปๅƒใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ชฟๆŸปใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ใ“ใ“ใงใพใŸใƒ‘ใ‚ฆใƒญใƒปใ‚ชใƒซใƒ‰ใƒ™ใ‚ถใŒๅฎŸ็”จ็š„ใชใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:31
The first thing I do is plug the image into a reverse image search tool like Tin Eye,
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ๆœ€ๅˆใซ่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€ Tin Eye ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช้€†็”ปๅƒๆคœ็ดขใƒ„ใƒผใƒซใ€
10:36
or Google image search which has a reverse image search if you click on the little camera icon in the search bar.
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ใพใŸใฏ ๆคœ็ดขใƒใƒผใฎๅฐใ•ใชใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉ ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ณใƒณใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจ้€†็”ปๅƒๆคœ็ดขใŒใงใใ‚‹ Google ็”ปๅƒๆคœ็ดขใซ็”ปๅƒใ‚’ๆŽฅ็ถšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
10:43
And that will show you repeat occurrences of the image across various web sites and how far back the repetitions go.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใ‚ใŸใ‚‹็”ปๅƒใฎ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใฎ็™บ็”Ÿใจใ€ใใฎ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใŒใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘้กใฃใŸใ‹ใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
10:51
I have to warn you that the oldest or the largest image are not always necessarily the original image.
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅคใ„็”ปๅƒใ‚„ๆœ€ๅคงใฎ็”ปๅƒใŒ ๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚ๅ…ƒใฎ็”ปๅƒใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใฏ้™ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่ญฆๅ‘Šใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
10:59
So you have to be able to tell from context, from the site
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใ‚„ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
11:02
if that is actually the photographer or the digital artist's original image.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใซๅ†™็œŸๅฎถ ใพใŸใฏใƒ‡ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒซ ใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚นใƒˆใฎใ‚ชใƒชใ‚ธใƒŠใƒซ็”ปๅƒใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’ๅˆคๆ–ญใงใใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:09
Also if, I found that if you search for the caption, if you do a phrase search by entering the caption in quotes into Google,
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ใพใŸใ€ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๆคœ็ดขใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ Google
11:16
or Duck Duck Go as I use, you might find a Reddit post or some other social media post
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ใพใŸใฏ็งใŒไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ Duck Duck Go ใซใ‚ญใƒฃใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅผ•็”จ็ฌฆใงๅ›ฒใ‚“ใงๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ—ใฆใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บๆคœ็ดขใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ Reddit ใฎๆŠ•็จฟใ‚„ใใฎไป–ใฎใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใฎๆŠ•็จฟใŒ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:22
where the image was first posted or where the image first became popular.
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็”ปๅƒใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซๆŠ•็จฟใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดโ€‹โ€‹ๆ‰€ใ€ใพใŸใฏ ็”ปๅƒใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซไบบๆฐ—ใซใชใฃใŸๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€‚
11:26
On certain photography sites you might be able to find the metadata for the image or the EXIF data as it's called.
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็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ†™็œŸใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏใ€ ็”ปๅƒใฎใƒกใ‚ฟใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใ€ใพใŸใฏใ„ใ‚ใ‚†ใ‚‹ EXIF ใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:34
And that will tell you things like what camera was used to take the image, what lens they used, what lens angle,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€็”ปๅƒใฎๆ’ฎๅฝฑใซใฉใฎใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉใŒไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‹ใ€ ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใƒฌใƒณใ‚บใ€ใƒฌใƒณใ‚บ่ง’ๅบฆใ€
11:42
what F-stop, what exposure, but it will also tell you what software the image has been through.
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F ใ‚นใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ใ€้œฒๅ‡บใชใฉใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ ็”ปๅƒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚ฝใƒ•ใƒˆใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚ขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:47
Now remember that Photoshop is not necessarily a sign that the image has been manipulated or at least has been faked
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€Photoshop ใฏๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚ ็”ปๅƒใŒๆ“ไฝœใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ๅฝ้€ ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๅ…†ๅ€™ใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:54
because sometimes a photographer will take an image into Photoshop and do some minor enhancements
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ๅ†™็œŸๅฎถใŒ็”ปๅƒใ‚’ Photoshop ใซๅ–ใ‚Š่พผใ‚“ใง ่‹ฅๅนฒใฎ่ฃœๆญฃใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
12:00
but that doesn't mean the image has been completely faked.
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ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็”ปๅƒใŒๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅฝ้€ ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:02
Sometimes it may mean that. Again you have to consider context.
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ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏใใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’่€ƒๆ…ฎใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:07
So search for the caption that's a good tip.
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ใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใจใชใ‚‹ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๆคœ็ดขใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
12:10
Yeah that's also a good thing to do if you see a controversial meme.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€็‰ฉ่ญฐใ‚’้†ธใ™ใƒŸใƒผใƒ ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
12:16
You know the ones, there's a photograph of a politician or another public figure
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ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใฎ้€šใ‚Šใ€ ๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถใ‚„่‘—ๅไบบใฎๅ†™็œŸ
12:21
and a quote next to that image which is supposed to be something they said or was said about them.
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ใจใ€ใใฎ็”ปๅƒใฎๆจชใซ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‹่จ€ใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅผ•็”จๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:28
Put that quote into a search engine to see what comes up and you'll be able to
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ใใฎๅผ•็”จใ‚’ๆคœ็ดขใ‚จใƒณใ‚ธใƒณใซๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ—ใฆ ไฝ•ใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€
12:33
see if it's a real quote or something that's made up.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆœฌ็‰ฉใฎๅผ•็”จใชใฎใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใงใฃใกไธŠใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใชใฎใ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:37
That's very good advice. I do that all the time and the other good suggestion is to do a reverse image search.
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ใจใฆใ‚‚่‰ฏใ„ใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใงใ™ใญใ€‚ ็งใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎ่‰ฏใ„ๆๆกˆใฏใ€้€†็”ปๅƒๆคœ็ดขใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
12:43
Are you familiar with that Sam?
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ใ‚ใฎใ‚ตใƒ ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
12:45
Yes. So that's where you search using an image rather than text
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ใฏใ„ใ€‚ ใใ“ใงใ€ ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใงใฏใชใ็”ปๅƒใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๆคœ็ดขใ—ใ€
12:50
to see if that same image has been used before on the Internet.
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ๅŒใ˜็”ปๅƒใŒไปฅๅ‰ใซใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆไธŠใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:56
Shall we do a little demonstration?
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ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸใƒ‡ใƒขใƒณใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹๏ผŸ
12:58
Yeah let's do it.
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ใใ†ใ ใ€ใ‚„ใฃใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†ใ€‚
12:59
So let's take this image.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ็”ปๅƒใ‚’ๆ’ฎใฃใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใ€
13:01
Let's imagine someone has posted this picture online today with the caption:
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ“ใฎ ๅ†™็œŸใ‚’
13:06
"The media isn't covering this but there are violent demonstrations outside parliament, please share."
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ใ€Œใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใฏๅ ฑ้“ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใŒใ€่ญฐไผšใฎๅค–ใงๆšดๅŠ›็š„ใช ใƒ‡ใƒขใŒ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใซๆŠ•็จฟใ—ใŸใจๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
13:12
OK.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:13
So I'm using a site called Tin Eye, which is one of the ones Paulo mentioned,
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ใใ“ใง็งใฏใ€ใƒ‘ใ‚ฆใƒญใŒ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใŸใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใฎ 1 ใคใงใ‚ใ‚‹ Tin Eye ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:18
and I drag the image into the box here and then I let it do its thing.
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็”ปๅƒใ‚’ใ“ใ“ใฎใƒœใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใซใƒ‰ใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฐใ— ใ€ใใฎใพใพๅฎŸ่กŒใ•ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:24
It then shows me all the examples of this image it has found.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใฎ็”ปๅƒใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ™ในใฆ่กจ็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:30
You can sort by date and see that this image has been present on the internet since at least 2012.
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ๆ—ฅไป˜้ †ใซไธฆในๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ“ใฎ็”ปๅƒใŒ ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ 2012 ๅนดใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆไธŠใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:39
So it can't be from something that happened today.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใฏใšใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
13:42
The image is genuine but the description is misleading.
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็”ปๅƒใฏๆœฌ็‰ฉใงใ™ใŒใ€่ชฌๆ˜ŽใŒ่ชค่งฃใ‚’ๆ‹›ใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:46
Thank you Sam, very useful tips there.
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ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:48
Now, would you please remind us of today's vocabulary.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:53
Yes of course.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€‚
13:54
I'm going to start by picking out a word that we've used a lot today
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ใพใšใฏใ€ ไปŠๆ—ฅใ‚ˆใไฝฟใฃใŸ
13:58
which is 'manipulate'.
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ใ€Œๆ“ไฝœใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:00
To manipulate an image means to change it or edit it in some way to deliberately mislead.
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็”ปๅƒใ‚’ๆ“ไฝœใ™ใ‚‹ใจใฏใ€ ๆ„ๅ›ณ็š„ใซ่ชค่งฃใ‚’ๆ‹›ใใŸใ‚ใซไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใง็”ปๅƒใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใพใŸใฏ็ทจ้›†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:08
And, as we've discussed, you can also manipulate emotions.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใพใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ๆ“ไฝœใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:12
Our guest Paulo said that he was 'pedantic', which I am about grammar,
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็งใŸใกใฎใ‚ฒใ‚นใƒˆใฎใƒ‘ใ‚ฆใƒญใฏใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฏใ€Œ่ก’ๅญฆ็š„ใ€ใ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€็งใฏ ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:18
which means being very concerned that things are correct, often things that other people are not that worried about.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็‰ฉไบ‹ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’้žๅธธใซๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ€ ไป–ใฎไบบใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉๆฐ—ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:26
And that he is 'a stickler for accuracy'.
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ใใ—ใฆๅฝผใฏใ€Œๆญฃ็ขบใ•ใซใ“ใ ใ‚ใ‚‹ไบบใ€ใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ€‚
14:29
When you are a 'stickler' for something, you expect or demand a certain level of behaviour.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใซใ€Œใ“ใ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ็‰นๅฎšใฎใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ๆœŸๅพ…ใพใŸใฏ่ฆๆฑ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:36
If you see this phrase, you will see it mostly with the noun 'accuracy' or 'rules'.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’็›ฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ไธปใซใ€Œaccuracyใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œrulesใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ่ฉžใจไธ€็ท’ใซ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
14:44
Two words which mean nearly the same thing are 'con' and 'scam'.
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ใปใผๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€ ใ€Œconใ€ใจใ€Œscamใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
14:48
These are dishonest schemes designed to trick people and take their money.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€ไบบใ€…ใ‚’ใ ใพใ—ใฆใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๅฅชใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’็›ฎ็š„ใจใ—ใŸไธๆญฃใช่จˆ็”ปใงใ™ ใ€‚
14:54
The people who carry out these schemes are 'con artists' and 'scammers'.
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ใ“ใ†ใ—ใŸ้™ฐ่ฌ€ใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ใ€Œ่ฉๆฌบๅธซใ€ใ‚„ใ€Œ่ฉๆฌบๅธซใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
15:01
'Phishing' is a type of scam.
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ใ€Œใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ทใƒณใ‚ฐใ€ใฏ่ฉๆฌบใฎไธ€็จฎใงใ™ใ€‚
15:04
It's a trick designed to steal your banking information by getting you to log on to a fake web site with your real details.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎ่ฉณ็ดฐๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๅฝใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใƒญใ‚ฐใ‚ชใƒณใ•ใ›ใ€้Š€่กŒๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’็›—ใ‚€ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จญ่จˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใ™ ใ€‚
15:13
And a 'hoax' is a kind of deception, something designed to make you believe something that isn't true.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œใƒ‡ใƒžใ€ใจใฏไธ€็จฎใฎๆฌบ็žžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จญ่จˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
15:21
Thank you Sam.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€‚
15:22
It's very easy to manipulate images today and images can be used to manipulate our emotions.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใงใฏ็”ปๅƒใ‚’ๆ“ไฝœใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ€็”ปๅƒใ‚’ ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ็งใŸใกใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ๆ“ไฝœใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
15:28
So be sceptical, be vigilant and share safely.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆ‡็–‘็š„ใซใชใ‚Šใ€็”จๅฟƒๆทฑใใชใ‚Šใ€ๅฎ‰ๅ…จใซๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
15:32
And remember that just because it's on the internet doesn't mean it's true.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใจใ„ใฃใฆใใ‚ŒใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใฏ้™ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
15:37
And if something seems too good to be true,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใซใฏ่‰ฏใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
15:40
it probably is. Goodbye.
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใใใ‚Œใฏ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
15:42
Goodbye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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