Fake News: Fact & Fiction - Episode 6: How to be a critical thinker

139,239 views ใƒป 2023-10-17

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:06
Hi, I'm Hugo.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใƒ’ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ดใงใ™ใ€‚
00:07
And I'm Sam.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใ‚ตใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:08
And this is Fake News: Fact and Fiction from BBC Learning English.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ BBC Learning English ใฎ Fake News: Fact and Fiction ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:11
In the programme today
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใงใฏใ€็‰นๅˆฅใ‚ฒใ‚นใƒˆใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ–ใƒณ ใƒŽใƒ™ใƒฉๅšๅฃซใจใจใ‚‚ใซ
00:12
we look at the topic of critical thinking with our special guest Dr Steven Novella.
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ๆ‰นๅˆค็š„ๆ€่€ƒใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:18
Being able to evaluate the information that we have access to critically
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็งใŸใกใŒใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใงใใ‚‹ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆ‰นๅˆค็š„ใซ่ฉ•ไพกใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€
00:21
is now probably the most important skill any individual can have.
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็พๅœจใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใ ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ๅ€‹ไบบใŒๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
00:25
Hear more from Dr Novella later.
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ใƒŽใƒ™ใƒฉๅšๅฃซใฎ่ฉณ็ดฐใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅพŒใปใฉใŠ่žใใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:28
First, Sam, do have some vocabulary for us?
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ใพใšใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€่ชžๅฝ™ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
00:30
Yes I do.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:31
So, today I'm going to be talking about: spin, cherry-picking, bias
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ใใ“ใงใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒณใ€ใƒใ‚งใƒชใƒผใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใ€ใƒใ‚คใ‚ขใ‚นใ€
00:38
and the phrase 'critical thinking' itself. Let's have a look.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œใ‚ฏใƒชใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ซใƒซใ‚ทใƒณใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰่‡ชไฝ“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใฟใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:47
See that
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่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ
00:50
It's a ball.
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ใƒœใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
00:51
To turn it quickly is to spin it.
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ๆ—ฉใๅ›žใ™ใจใฏๅ›ž่ปขใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
00:55
Now if we put the truth on this ball then spin it, can you still see the truth?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒœใƒผใƒซใซ็œŸๅฎŸใ‚’่ผ‰ใ›ใฆ ๅ›ž่ปขใ•ใ›ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใพใ ็œŸๅฎŸใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ‹?
01:01
It's still there somewhere but difficult to see clearly.
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ใพใ ใฉใ“ใ‹ใซๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใฏใฃใใ‚Šใจ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:06
Spin makes the truth difficult to see.
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ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒณใ™ใ‚‹ใจ็œŸๅฎŸใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใซใใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:09
And this is a bit like political spin, a term first used in the 1970s
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
01:14
to talk about the way politicians and their spokespeople present information.
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ๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถใ‚„ ใใฎไปฃๅผ่€…ใŒๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆ็คบใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชžใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ 1970 ๅนดไปฃใซๅˆใ‚ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ็”จ่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œๆ”ฟๆฒป็š„ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒณใ€ใซๅฐ‘ใ—ไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:20
They will present information in a way that makes things seem as positive as possible
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ
01:26
without always telling you the whole truth or the whole context.
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ๅธธใซ็œŸๅฎŸๅ…จไฝ“ ใ‚„ๆ–‡่„ˆๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ไผใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใชใใ€็‰ฉไบ‹ใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ๅ‰ๅ‘ใใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใงๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆ็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:31
They might highlight the most positive details
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚ใƒใ‚ธใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใช่ฉณ็ดฐใฏๅผท่ชฟ่กจ็คบใ—ใพใ™
01:34
but ignore the other details that don't make them look quite as good.
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ใŒใ€่ฆ‹ๆ „ใˆใ‚’่‰ฏใใ—ใชใ„ใใฎไป–ใฎ่ฉณ็ดฐใฏ็„ก่ฆ–ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:39
Selecting which facts are chosen to publicise is known as 'cherry-picking'
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ใฉใฎไบ‹ๅฎŸใ‚’ๅ…ฌ่กจใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ ใ€Œใƒใ‚งใƒชใƒผใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใ€ใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€
01:44
and it often doesn't give a full or accurate picture of the whole story.
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ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒชใƒผๅ…จไฝ“ใฎๅฎŒๅ…จใพใŸใฏๆญฃ็ขบใชๅ…จไฝ“ๅƒใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
01:49
And it's not just politicians, of all sides, who do this.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใฎใฏใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹้™ฃๅ–ถใฎๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:53
It happens in the media too, mainstream and social media,
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ใใ‚Œใฏใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใ€ ไธปๆตใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใ€ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใงใ‚‚่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ—ใ€
01:57
and very often we do it ourselves.
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็งใŸใก่‡ช่บซใ‚‚ใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎ
02:00
To explain why, I'm going to need another ball,
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็†็”ฑใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใƒœใ‚ฆใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใฎใƒœใƒผใƒซใชใฉใ€ ๅˆฅใฎใƒœใƒผใƒซใŒๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
02:03
like a bowling ball.
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ใ€‚
02:06
Bowling balls don't roll straight.
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ใƒœใ‚ฆใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใฎ็ƒใฏใพใฃใ™ใ่ปขใŒใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:09
They curve to the left or right when they're rolled.
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ๅทปใใจๅทฆๅณใซๆ›ฒใŒใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:12
One reason for this is that their weight is not centred.
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ใใฎ็†็”ฑใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€ ไฝ“้‡ใŒไธญๅฟƒใซ้›†ไธญใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:16
They have what is called a bias.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ„ใ‚ใ‚†ใ‚‹ๅ่ฆ‹ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:19
Bias is the same word we use to describe an opinion that is not impartial.
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ใƒใ‚คใ‚ขใ‚นใฏใ€ๅ…ฌๅนณใงใฏใชใ„ๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใจๅŒใ˜่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ ใ€‚
02:26
One that is not based fairly on facts but which may turn one way or another
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ไบ‹ๅฎŸใซๅ…ฌๆญฃใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆใŠใ‚‰ใšใ€
02:31
because of personal feelings, political preferences or ideology.
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ๅ€‹ไบบ็š„ใชๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ€ๆ”ฟๆฒป็š„ ๅฅฝใฟใ€ใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ชใƒญใ‚ฎใƒผใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๆ–นๅ‘ใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚
02:37
So we might disagree with someone and think that they're wrong
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใซๅŒๆ„ใ›ใšใ€
02:40
not because of evidence or facts
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่จผๆ‹ ใ‚„ไบ‹ๅฎŸใฎใŸใ‚ใงใฏใชใใ€ๅ˜ใซใใฎไบบใŒ
02:42
but just because they have a different way of looking at the world than we do.
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็งใŸใกใจใฏไธ–็•Œใฎ่ฆ‹ๆ–นใŒ้•ใ†ใจใ„ใ†ใ ใ‘ใฎ็†็”ฑใงใใฎไบบใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:47
And when it comes to the spread of fake news
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใฎๆ‹กๆ•ฃใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏใ€
02:50
something called 'confirmation bias' is incredibly important.
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ใ€Œ็ขบ่จผใƒใ‚คใ‚ขใ‚นใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒ ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
02:55
This is when we ignore or dismiss anything that doesn't support our own beliefs
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎไฟกๅฟตใ‚’่ฃไป˜ใ‘ใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’็„ก่ฆ–ใพใŸใฏๅดไธ‹ใ—ใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒ
03:00
and only pay attention to information that confirms the views we already have.
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ใ™ใงใซๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹่ฆ‹่งฃใ‚’่ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฎใฟใซๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๆ‰•ใ†ใจใใงใ™ใ€‚
03:06
We like to read and see opinions that reflect our own beliefs.
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใฎไฟกๅฟตใ‚’ๅๆ˜ ใ—ใŸๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ‚Š่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฅฝใฟใพใ™ ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏใ€
03:10
We might want to share something that we really agree with, something that
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅŒๆ„ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€
03:14
makes us really angry or upset and not stop to think whether it's actually true.
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆ€’ใฃใŸใ‚Šๅ‹•ๆบใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใšใซๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:20
The challenge is to be open to trying to understand opinions that are different from our own
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่ชฒ้กŒใฏใ€ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ๅงฟๅ‹ขใ‚’ๆŒใกใ€
03:27
and not ignore any evidence that doesn't confirm our own view.
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่ฆ‹่งฃใ‚’่ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹่จผๆ‹ ใ‚’็„ก่ฆ–ใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:32
This is where critical thinking becomes very important.
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ใ“ใ“ใงๆ‰นๅˆค็š„ๆ€่€ƒใŒ ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:36
The skill of looking at information objectively and impartially
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ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ ๅฎข่ฆณ็š„ใ‹ใคๅ…ฌๅนณใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใ€
03:41
and trying not to be persuaded by our own biases.
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๅ่ฆ‹ใซๆƒ‘ใ‚ใ•ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใ€‚
03:44
So that was my balanced spin on spin and now back to the studio.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใƒใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใฎๅ–ใ‚ŒใŸ ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒณใ‚ชใƒณใ‚นใƒ”ใƒณใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚ธใ‚ชใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:52
Thanks Sam.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€‚
03:53
I may be biased but I thought it was really interesting.
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็งใฎๅ่ฆ‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ ใจใฆใ‚‚้ข็™ฝใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:56
And it takes us nicely into our topic today.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใ‚’ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒ†ใƒผใƒžใซใ†ใพใๅฐŽใๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
03:59
Critical thinking.
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ๆ‰นๅˆค็š„ๆ€่€ƒใ€‚
04:00
Why is this something that is important when it comes to fake news?
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ใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใชใœ้‡่ฆใชใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
04:04
Yeah well one of the ways that news spreads is when it's shared
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใŒๅบƒใพใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใใงใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ
04:08
and if it's fake news, that can be a problem.
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ใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅ•้กŒใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:11
Thinking critically is a bit like social distancing for fake news.
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ๆ‰นๅˆค็š„ใซ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ ใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒณใ‚ทใƒณใ‚ฐใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:17
If we know how to spot fake news, we are less likely to spread it.
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ใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใ‚’่ฆ‹ๅˆ†ใ‘ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒๆ‹กๆ•ฃใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฏไฝŽใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:21
And in order to spot fake news you have to be a little bit of a sceptic
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ใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใ‚’่ฆ‹ๅˆ†ใ‘ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆ‡็–‘็š„ใซใชใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆใง่ชญใ‚€ใ‚‚ใฎ
04:25
and not believe everything you read on the Internet.
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ใ™ในใฆใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
04:28
So what does it mean to be a sceptic?
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ใงใฏใ€ๆ‡็–‘่ซ–่€…ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:30
Let's turn to our guest today Dr Steven Novella.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใ‚ฒใ‚นใƒˆใ€ใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ–ใƒณใƒปใƒŽใƒดใ‚งใƒฉๅšๅฃซใซ่ฉฑใ‚’ๆˆปใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:34
Dr Novella is a clinical neurologist at Yale University.
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Novella ๅšๅฃซใฏใ‚คใ‚งใƒผใƒซๅคงๅญฆใฎ่‡จๅบŠ็ฅž็ตŒ็ง‘ๅŒปใงใ™ ใ€‚
04:38
He's a science communicator who presents a weekly podcast called
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ๅฝผใฏ็ง‘ๅญฆใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
04:42
"The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe" and he's also written a book with the same name.
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ใ€ŒThe Sketics' Guide to the Universeใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆฏŽ้€ฑใฎใƒใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ ๅŒๅใฎๆœฌใ‚‚ๅŸท็ญ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:46
We spoke to him earlier and first asked him about what being sceptic means
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็งใŸใกใฏไปฅๅ‰ๅฝผใจ่ฉฑใ‚’ใ—ใ€ใพใš ๆ‡็–‘็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€
04:51
and why he believes it's important.
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ใใ—ใฆใชใœใใ‚ŒใŒ้‡่ฆใ ใจๅฝผใŒไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‹ใญใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:54
A sceptic is somebody that wants to believe only things that are actually true.
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ๆ‡็–‘่ซ–่€…ใจใฏใ€ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ็œŸๅฎŸใชใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใŸใ„ไบบใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
05:00
We want to use facts logic and evidence to base our beliefs on.
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็งใŸใกใฏไบ‹ๅฎŸใฎ่ซ–็†ใจ ่จผๆ‹ ใ‚’ไฟกๅฟตใฎๅŸบ็คŽใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:03
Now the opposite of being a sceptic is being gullible
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆ‡็–‘็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฎๅๅฏพใฏ ใ ใพใ•ใ‚Œใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™
05:07
and I don't think anybody would want, would self-identify as gullible or want to be gullible.
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ใŒใ€่ชฐใ‚‚้จ™ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใ€ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใ‚’ใ ใพใ•ใ‚Œใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใจ่ช่ญ˜ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€้จ™ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใจใฏๆ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:14
But you know we're advocating scientific scepticism,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ”ๅญ˜็ŸฅใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€็งใŸใกใฏ
05:18
using a formal method, using a process to evaluate the information that we encounter.
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ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€้ญ้‡ใ™ใ‚‹ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’่ฉ•ไพกใ™ใ‚‹ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€็ง‘ๅญฆ็š„ๆ‡็–‘ไธป็พฉใ‚’ไธปๅผตใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
05:25
We're deluged with information, we have to filter it somehow.
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็งใŸใกใฏๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒๆฐพๆฟซใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ ไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’้ธๅˆฅใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:29
We have to figure, have some way of figuring out what's likely to be true and what's not true.
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€ ไฝ•ใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใใ€ไฝ•ใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:33
If someone's trying to deceive me; if someone is trying to sell me something;
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒ็งใ‚’้จ™ใใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€‚ ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ็งใซไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅฃฒใ‚ใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€‚
05:36
if someone else has been deceived and they're trying to pass that along to me;
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ไป–ใฎ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ้จ™ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใฆใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’็งใซไผใˆใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€‚
05:40
if the government is trying to maintain some fiction to maintain control.
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ๆ”ฟๅบœใŒ็ตฑๅˆถใ‚’็ถญๆŒใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’็ถญๆŒใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ ใ€‚
05:44
I mean it's all sorts of reasons why people would give me information that's not correct
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไบบใ€…ใŒ ็งใซๆญฃใ—ใใชใ„ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ€ๅใฃใŸๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ€
05:49
or that's biased or that's inaccurate.
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ไธๆญฃ็ขบใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซใฏใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:51
And sometimes people just make honest mistakes.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆ™‚ใซใฏไบบใฏๆญฃ็›ดใช้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:53
We're flawed. Our brains are flawed, our memories are terrible.
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็งใŸใกใซใฏๆฌ ้™ฅใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฎ่„ณใซใฏๆฌ ้™ฅใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ่จ˜ๆ†ถๅŠ›ใฏใฒใฉใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
05:56
We sort of construct an approximation of reality as best we can but
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็งใŸใกใฏๅฏ่ƒฝใช้™ใ‚Š็พๅฎŸใฎ่ฟ‘ไผผๅ€คใ‚’ๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ—ใพใ™ ใŒใ€
05:59
it's never totally accurate.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๅฎŒๅ…จใซๆญฃ็ขบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏๆฑบใ—ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:01
And we have to be aware of all those biases and flaws.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใŸใกใฏ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎๅ่ฆ‹ใ‚„ๆฌ ้™ฅใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:05
Well good to hear Dr Novella using one of your vocabulary words there, Sam, bias.
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ใƒŽใƒดใ‚งใƒฉๅšๅฃซใŒใใ“ใงใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ชžๅฝ™ใฎ 1 ใคใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่žใ„ใฆ่‰ฏใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ ใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€ๅ่ฆ‹ใ€‚
06:10
But did you pick out any other interesting words there?
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€ไป–ใซไฝ•ใ‹่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹ ?
06:13
Yeah, so the word 'gullible' is interesting.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ ใ€Œใ ใพใ•ใ‚Œใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
06:16
We use this word for someone who is willing to believe things without questioning.
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ใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚ ็–‘ใ‚ใšใซ็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใซๅฏพใ—ใฆไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:22
It makes them really easy to trick.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚’ใ ใพใ™ใฎใ‚’ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:24
So, I remember when I was at school a teacher told me that the word gullible
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใŒๅญฆๆ กใซใ„ใŸใจใใ€ ๅ…ˆ็”ŸใŒใ€Œ้จ™ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏ
06:29
wasn't in the dictionary.
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่พžๆ›ธใซ่ผ‰ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใจใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:32
Did you believe them?
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
06:33
Well I thought about it for a second because it was a teacher who told me
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ่€ƒใˆใŸใฎใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚ŒใŸใฎใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ—ใŸใ—ใ€
06:37
and I trusted them and then I was going to tell my friends because
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ไฟก้ ผใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ€ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰้ข็™ฝใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใŸใฎใง ๅ‹้”ใซๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€
06:40
I thought it was interesting but I thought I should probably check it out first.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใซ่ชฟในใฆใฟใ‚‹ในใใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:44
And of course the word was in the dictionary.
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏ่พžๆ›ธใซ่ผ‰ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:48
So being a sceptic and a critical thinker means not believing everything
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆ‡็–‘็š„ใงๆ‰นๅˆค็š„ๆ€่€ƒ่€…ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€
06:53
you see or hear, not liking and sharing somethingeven if we agree with it
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่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚Š่žใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ™ในใฆใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ€ ใŸใจใˆ็งใŸใกใŒใใ‚ŒใซๅŒๆ„ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€
06:59
or it feels right to us until we have evidence to support it.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใจๆ„Ÿใ˜ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใŸใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹่จผๆ‹ ใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใพใงใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅฅฝใใซใชใฃใŸใ‚Šๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:04
It may not be important whether a word is a dictionary or not but it
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ๅ˜่ชžใŒ่พžๆ›ธใซ่ผ‰ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏ้‡่ฆใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€
07:08
is when thinking about the areas of science, health and politics.
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็ง‘ๅญฆใ€ๅฅๅบทใ€ๆ”ฟๆฒปใฎๅˆ†้‡Žใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจใใฏ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
07:13
It does take a little bit of an effort.
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ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅŠชๅŠ›ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
07:15
It's easy to check a dictionary to see if a word is in there
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่พžๆ›ธใ‚’่ชฟในใฆ ๅ˜่ชžใŒใใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใŒใ€
07:19
but it is more difficult with more complex issues.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ค‡้›‘ใชๅ•้กŒใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅ›ฐ้›ฃใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:22
So how do we start with this?
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ใงใฏใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
07:23
Here's Dr Novella again.
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ใƒŽใƒ™ใƒฉๅšๅฃซใŒใพใŸ็™ปๅ ดใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:26
So whenever I come across a question or a topic that I want to wrap my head around,
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€้ ญใ‚’ๆ‚ฉใพใ›ใŸใ„่ณชๅ•ใ‚„ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซๅ‡บไผšใฃใŸใจใใฏ ใ€ๅฟ…ใš
07:31
I make sure that I look for, specifically look for information on all sides.
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ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹้ขใ‹ใ‚‰ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆŽขใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:37
There may be more than two sides but all what I think are at least viable opinions.
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2ใคไปฅไธŠใฎๅด้ขใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€็งใŒ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ™ในใฆใ€ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ๅฎŸ่กŒๅฏ่ƒฝใชๆ„่ฆ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:42
If there is any large group of people or respected professionals
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ๅคงๅ‹ขใฎ ไบบใ‚„ๅฐŠๆ•ฌใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถ
07:45
or whatever who are saying something,
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ใชใฉใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€
07:47
I want to at least understand what their point is, what is their side.
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ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎไธปๅผตใŒไฝ•ใชใฎใ‹ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎๅดใŒไฝ•ใชใฎใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:51
And until you sort of sort through the back and forth of different arguments,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช่ญฐ่ซ–ใ‚’่กŒใฃใŸใ‚ŠๆฅใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆๆ•ด็†ใ™ใ‚‹ใพใงใฏใ€
07:56
you don't really have a good sense of who has the better position.
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๅˆฉใช็ซ‹ๅ ดใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใฏใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:00
And if I follow a good process, I look for as many differing opinions as I can,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€่‰ฏใ„ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใซๅพ“ใ†ๅ ดๅˆใ€็งใฏ ใงใใ‚‹้™ใ‚Šๅคšใใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใ€
08:06
keep a genuinely open mind, don't prejudge the conclusion and then see,
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็œŸใซๅบƒใ„ๅฟƒใ‚’ไฟใกใ€็ต่ซ–ใ‚’ไบˆๆ–ญใ›ใšใซใ€
08:10
'Ok who has the better evidence'.
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ใ€ŒOKใ€่ชฐใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„่จผๆ‹ ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:12
And when you do that habitually, you do that all the time, you get pretty good at it,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’็ฟ’ๆ…ฃ็š„ใซ่กŒใ†ใจใ€ ๅธธใซใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใฎใงใ€ใ‹ใชใ‚ŠไธŠๆ‰‹ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:17
just like anything, you do it all the time and you'll get better at it.
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ไป–ใฎใ“ใจใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๅธธใซใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ† ใจใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซไธŠ้”ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:19
It still takes work to wrap your head around any complex issue but you
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่ค‡้›‘ใชๅ•้กŒใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใพใ ๅŠชๅŠ›ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใŒใ€
08:24
have a fighting chance if you do that process.
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ใใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๆˆฆใ†ใƒใƒฃใƒณใ‚นใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:27
It seems to have some similarity with what journalists do,
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€
08:30
looking for different sources and analysing the evidence.
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ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑๆบใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆ ่จผๆ‹ ใ‚’ๅˆ†ๆžใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใƒŠใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎไป•ไบ‹ใจไผผใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
08:34
And it's important to look not only at different sources but also
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑๆบใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€
08:39
at different points of view.
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ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช่ฆ–็‚นใซใ‚‚็›ฎใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
08:41
Of course this isn't something you need to do for everything.
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ ใ™ในใฆใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:44
Some things are easy to check and some things are not that controversial.
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็ฐกๅ˜ใซใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ใใ‚Œใปใฉ็‰ฉ่ญฐใ‚’้†ธใ•ใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:48
But when it comes to science, medicine and health, for example,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐ็ง‘ๅญฆใ€ ๅŒปๅญฆใ€ๅฅๅบทใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏใ€ไฟกใ˜ใŸใ„ใ‘ใ‚Œใฉใ‚‚ๆญฃ็ขบใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„
08:51
there are many claims that we might like to believe but which may not be accurate.
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ไธปๅผตใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
08:56
So it's a good idea to develop some of those research skills
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
08:59
if you want to be a critical thinker.
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ๆ‰นๅˆค็š„ๆ€่€ƒ่€…ใซใชใ‚ŠใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็ ”็ฉถใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใ‚’็ฃจใใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:01
This is something that Dr Novella thinks is essential for students and adults to develop
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ๅญฆ็”Ÿใ‚„ๅคงไบบใŒๆˆ้•ทใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไธๅฏๆฌ ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใƒŽใƒ™ใƒฉๅšๅฃซใฏ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
09:06
but it's not the only thing.
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ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:08
So here's a look at what else he thinks is important.
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ใใ“ใงใ€ๅฝผใŒไป–ใซไฝ•ใŒ ้‡่ฆใ ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:11
I do think that we need to teach critical thinking as a core skill set to all,
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ใ™ในใฆใฎๅญไพ›ใจๅคงไบบใซใ€ๆ ธใจใชใ‚‹ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใ‚ปใƒƒใƒˆใจใ—ใฆๆ‰นๅˆค็š„ๆ€่€ƒใจ
09:16
all children and adults and what's called media literacy.
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ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใƒชใƒ†ใƒฉใ‚ทใƒผใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ็งใฏๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:20
I think media literacy is more important than it ever was.
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ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใƒชใƒ†ใƒฉใ‚ทใƒผใฏ ใ“ใ‚ŒใพใงไปฅไธŠใซ้‡่ฆใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๅพŒ
09:24
It's only going to get even more important so people need
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ใพใ™ใพใ™ ้‡่ฆๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใพใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏ
09:27
to understand not just scientific literacy but critical thinking and media literacy.
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็ง‘ๅญฆ ใƒชใƒ†ใƒฉใ‚ทใƒผใ ใ‘ใงใชใๆ‰นๅˆค็š„ๆ€่€ƒใ‚„ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใƒชใƒ†ใƒฉใ‚ทใƒผใ‚‚็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:32
That is the currency now of the modern world.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็พไปฃไธ–็•Œใฎ้€š่ฒจใงใ™ใ€‚
09:36
We all have access to massive amounts of information.
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็งใŸใกใฏ็š†ใ€ ่†จๅคงใช้‡ใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใ‚Œใฐ
09:39
I mean it's unbelievable when you think about it,
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ไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒ ใ€
09:41
at the touch of your fingers you have access to the collective knowledge of humanity.
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ๆŒ‡ใง่งฆใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใง ไบบ้กžใฎ้›†ๅˆ็š„ใช็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใงใใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
09:47
It's amazing.
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ใ™ใ”ใ„ใ€‚
09:49
And so the real currency is in being able to find the information
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็œŸใฎไพกๅ€คใฏใ€ๅฟ…่ฆใช ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใ€
09:54
that you want and evaluate it critically.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ‰นๅˆค็š„ใซ่ฉ•ไพกใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:57
Being able to evaluate the information that we have access to critically
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็งใŸใกใŒใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใงใใ‚‹ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆ‰นๅˆค็š„ใซ่ฉ•ไพกใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€
10:00
is now probably the most important skill any individual can have.
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็พๅœจใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใ ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ๅ€‹ไบบใŒๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
10:04
And that's what now I think the science communicators
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒไปŠใ€ ็ง‘ๅญฆใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใŒใใฎๆ–นๅ‘ใซใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ็งใฏ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
10:08
are shifting towards.
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ใ€‚
10:10
That's what we have to teach people.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŸใกใŒไบบใ€…ใซๆ•™ใˆใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
10:11
They can find the facts online.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใงไบ‹ๅฎŸใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:13
We need to teach them how to know it when they find it.
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็งใŸใกใฏ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใŸใจใใซใใ‚Œใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:17
So, Sam, as well as critical thinking, what else does Dr Novella think is an essential skill?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€ๆ‰นๅˆค็š„ๆ€่€ƒใจๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€ ใƒŽใƒ™ใƒฉๅšๅฃซใฏไป–ใซไฝ•ใŒๅฟ…้ ˆใฎใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใ ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
10:23
That would be 'media literacy' which is an understanding of how the media
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ข
10:28
and social media works and how it's being used for good and for bad.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใ€ ่‰ฏใใ‚‚ๆ‚ชใใ‚‚ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅˆฉ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ€Œใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใƒชใƒ†ใƒฉใ‚ทใƒผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:34
And it's also about being aware of where you get your information from,
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ใพใŸใ€
10:37
people on social media, blogs and websites you follow.
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ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใ€ใƒ–ใƒญใ‚ฐใ€ ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒญใƒผใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆไธŠใฎไบบใ€…ใชใฉใ€ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ใฉใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ…ฅๆ‰‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
10:42
So, Sam, can you just please recap today's vocabulary for us.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ ใ€‚
10:45
Absolutely.
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็ตถๅฏพใซใ€‚
10:46
So we started off with 'spin'
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ใใ“ใง็งใŸใกใฏใ€
10:48
which is a way to present information in a positive way, as positive as possible,
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10:54
even if it's not actually particularly good news.
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ใŸใจใˆใใ‚ŒใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ็‰นใซ่‰ฏใ„ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใงใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใƒใ‚ธใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใงๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆ็คบใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œใ‚นใƒ”ใƒณใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:58
Cherry-picking details is to choose only the information
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็ดฐ้ƒจใฎใƒใ‚งใƒชใƒผใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใจใฏใ€
11:02
that agrees with your views and ignore any inconvenient facts.
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใซไธ€่‡ดใ™ใ‚‹ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฎใฟใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ— ใ€ไธ้ƒฝๅˆใชไบ‹ๅฎŸใ‚’็„ก่ฆ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
11:07
A bias is a belief that something is good or bad which isn't based
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ใƒใ‚คใ‚ขใ‚นใจใฏใ€
11:12
on evidence but is based on prejudices or our own beliefs and our own ideology.
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่จผๆ‹ ใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆใŠใ‚‰ใšใ€ๅ่ฆ‹ ใ‚„็งใŸใก่‡ช่บซใฎไฟกๅฟตใ€ใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ชใƒญใ‚ฎใƒผใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่‰ฏใ„ใ‹ๆ‚ชใ„ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ไฟกๅฟตใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
11:18
Critical thinking is the skill of evaluating and judging
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ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ซใƒซใ‚ทใƒณใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใจใฏใ€
11:22
how accurate something is objectively, without bias, without spin,
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ๅ่ฆ‹ใ‚„ๅๅ‘ใ‚„ใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใฎๆŠœใๅ–ใ‚Šใ‚’ใ›ใšใซใ€ๅฎข่ฆณ็š„ใซไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘ๆญฃ็ขบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฉ•ไพกใ—ๅˆคๆ–ญใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใงใ™
11:27
and without cherry picking data.
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ใ€‚
11:30
A sceptic is someone who wants to use logic and evidence
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ๆ‡็–‘่ซ–่€…ใจใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ
11:34
and not emotion when judging how accurate something is.
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ใฉใ‚Œใปใฉๆญฃ็ขบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๅˆคๆ–ญใ™ใ‚‹้š›ใซใ€ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใงใฏใชใ่ซ–็†ใจ่จผๆ‹ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ไบบใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ ใ€‚
11:39
The adjective 'gullible' is used for people who aren't sceptical,
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ใ€Œใ ใพใ•ใ‚Œใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏใ€ ๆ‡็–‘็š„ใงใฏใชใใ€
11:43
who easily believe what they're told and what they read.
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่จ€ใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใ‚„่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’็ฐกๅ˜ใซไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ไบบใซๅฏพใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
11:47
And finally, media literacy is an awareness of our modern media environment
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ข ใƒชใƒ†ใƒฉใ‚ทใƒผใจใฏใ€ ็พไปฃใฎใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ข็’ฐๅขƒใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใ—ใ€
11:53
and an understanding of how
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11:54
media and social media works and
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ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใ‚„ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€
11:57
how fake news and disinformation can spread.
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ใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ฏ ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใ‚„ ๅฝๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ‹กๆ•ฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
12:00
Thank you very much Sam, I think you deserve a rest after that.
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ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ ใใฎๅพŒใฏไผ‘ใ‚“ใงใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:04
And thank you for watching.
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ใใ—ใฆใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:06
Until next time, goodbye.
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ๆฌกๅ›žใพใงใ€ใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
12:07
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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