Fake News: Fact & Fiction - Episode 6: How to be a critical thinker

131,410 views ใƒป 2023-10-17

BBC Learning English


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:06
Hi, I'm Hugo.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ํœด๊ณ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:07
And I'm Sam.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ˜์ด์—์š”.
00:08
And this is Fake News: Fact and Fiction from BBC Learning English.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ BBC Learning English์˜ ๊ฐ€์งœ ๋‰ด์Šค: ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:11
In the programme today
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ๋Š”
00:12
we look at the topic of critical thinking with our special guest Dr Steven Novella.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ์ธ Dr Steven Novella์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
Being able to evaluate the information that we have access to critically
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€
00:21
is now probably the most important skill any individual can have.
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์ด์ œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
Hear more from Dr Novella later.
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— Novella ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:28
First, Sam, do have some vocabulary for us?
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๋จผ์ €, ์ƒ˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
00:30
Yes I do.
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๋„ค ์ €๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
So, today I'm going to be talking about: spin, cherry-picking, bias
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ์Šคํ•€, ์ฒด๋ฆฌ ๋”ฐ๊ธฐ, ํŽธ๊ฒฌ
00:38
and the phrase 'critical thinking' itself. Let's have a look.
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๋ฐ '๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ '๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ž.
00:47
See that
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๋ณด์„ธ์š”,
00:50
It's a ball.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
To turn it quickly is to spin it.
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
Now if we put the truth on this ball then spin it, can you still see the truth?
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์ด์ œ ์ด ๊ณต์— ์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋‹ด์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ํšŒ์ „์‹œ์ผœ๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
01:01
It's still there somewhere but difficult to see clearly.
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์•„์ง ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
Spin makes the truth difficult to see.
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์Šคํ•€์€ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
And this is a bit like political spin, a term first used in the 1970s
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •์น˜์ธ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ณ€์ธ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 1970๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์šฉ์–ด์ธ ์ •์น˜์  ์Šคํ•€๊ณผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:14
to talk about the way politicians and their spokespeople present information.
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.
01:20
They will present information in a way that makes things seem as positive as possible
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€
01:26
without always telling you the whole truth or the whole context.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ „์ฒด ์ง„์‹ค ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋„๋ก ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
They might highlight the most positive details
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜
01:34
but ignore the other details that don't make them look quite as good.
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์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์— ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
01:39
Selecting which facts are chosen to publicise is known as 'cherry-picking'
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™๋ณดํ• ์ง€ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ '์ฒด๋ฆฌ ๋”ฐ๊ธฐ'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „์ฒด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:44
and it often doesn't give a full or accurate picture of the whole story.
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์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
01:49
And it's not just politicians, of all sides, who do this.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
It happens in the media too, mainstream and social media,
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด, ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ
01:57
and very often we do it ourselves.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ž์ฃผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
To explain why, I'm going to need another ball,
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์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ณผ๋ง๊ณต ๊ฐ™์€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:03
like a bowling ball.
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.
02:06
Bowling balls don't roll straight.
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๋ณผ๋ง๊ณต์€ ๋˜‘๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ตด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
They curve to the left or right when they're rolled.
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๊ตด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ์™ผ์ชฝ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํœ˜์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
One reason for this is that their weight is not centred.
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์ค‘์•™์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
They have what is called a bias.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
Bias is the same word we use to describe an opinion that is not impartial.
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€ ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
One that is not based fairly on facts but which may turn one way or another
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
02:31
because of personal feelings, political preferences or ideology.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ •, ์ •์น˜์  ์„ ํ˜ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์–ด๋Š ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋“  ๋ฐ”๋€” ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
So we might disagree with someone and think that they're wrong
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€
02:40
not because of evidence or facts
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์•Š๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด
02:42
but just because they have a different way of looking at the world than we do.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
And when it comes to the spread of fake news
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์งœ ๋‰ด์Šค์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
02:50
something called 'confirmation bias' is incredibly important.
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'ํ™•์ฆ ํŽธํ–ฅ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
This is when we ignore or dismiss anything that doesn't support our own beliefs
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ ,
03:00
and only pay attention to information that confirms the views we already have.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์—๋งŒ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
We like to read and see opinions that reflect our own beliefs.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ๋…์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
03:10
We might want to share something that we really agree with, something that
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
03:14
makes us really angry or upset and not stop to think whether it's actually true.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง ํ™”๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
The challenge is to be open to trying to understand opinions that are different from our own
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๋„์ „์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ 
03:27
and not ignore any evidence that doesn't confirm our own view.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
This is where critical thinking becomes very important.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
The skill of looking at information objectively and impartially
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ณ ,
03:41
and trying not to be persuaded by our own biases.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์— ํœ˜๋‘˜๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
So that was my balanced spin on spin and now back to the studio.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์žกํžŒ ํšŒ์ „์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด์ œ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
Thanks Sam.
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๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œ์š” ์ƒ˜.
03:53
I may be biased but I thought it was really interesting.
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์› ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
And it takes us nicely into our topic today.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ์ž˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
Critical thinking.
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๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ .
04:00
Why is this something that is important when it comes to fake news?
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๊ฐ€์งœ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์™œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฐ€?
04:04
Yeah well one of the ways that news spreads is when it's shared
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๋„ค, ๋‰ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
and if it's fake news, that can be a problem.
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๊ฐ€์งœ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
Thinking critically is a bit like social distancing for fake news.
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๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์งœ ๋‰ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋‘๊ธฐ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
If we know how to spot fake news, we are less likely to spread it.
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๊ฐ€์งœ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ฉด ์ด๋ฅผ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
And in order to spot fake news you have to be a little bit of a sceptic
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์งœ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ์ฝ๋Š”
04:25
and not believe everything you read on the Internet.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
04:28
So what does it mean to be a sceptic?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ํšŒ์˜์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
04:30
Let's turn to our guest today Dr Steven Novella.
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ๋ผ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
Dr Novella is a clinical neurologist at Yale University.
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Novella ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” Yale University์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
04:38
He's a science communicator who presents a weekly podcast called
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๊ทธ๋Š”
04:42
"The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe" and he's also written a book with the same name.
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"ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ"๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ํŒŸ์บ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ดํ„ฐ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋™๋ช…์˜ ์ฑ…๋„ ์ง‘ํ•„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
We spoke to him earlier and first asked him about what being sceptic means
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ž์„œ ๊ทธ์™€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆด๊ณ  ๋จผ์ € ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€,
04:51
and why he believes it's important.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
A sceptic is somebody that wants to believe only things that are actually true.
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ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์ž๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
We want to use facts logic and evidence to base our beliefs on.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
Now the opposite of being a sceptic is being gullible
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์ด์ œ ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋Š” ์†๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
and I don't think anybody would want, would self-identify as gullible or want to be gullible.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์†๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์นญํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
But you know we're advocating scientific scepticism,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
05:18
using a formal method, using a process to evaluate the information that we encounter.
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๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
We're deluged with information, we have to filter it somehow.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์˜ ํ™์ˆ˜ ์†์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
We have to figure, have some way of figuring out what's likely to be true and what's not true.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
If someone's trying to deceive me; if someone is trying to sell me something;
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์†์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด; ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํŒ”๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด;
05:36
if someone else has been deceived and they're trying to pass that along to me;
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์†์•„์„œ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ;
05:40
if the government is trying to maintain some fiction to maintain control.
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์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ.
05:44
I mean it's all sorts of reasons why people would give me information that's not correct
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์ œ ๋ง์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
05:49
or that's biased or that's inaccurate.
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
And sometimes people just make honest mistakes.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ •์งํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
We're flawed. Our brains are flawed, our memories are terrible.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ์—๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ๋„ ๋”์ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
We sort of construct an approximation of reality as best we can but
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์„ ๋‹คํ•ด ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
05:59
it's never totally accurate.
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๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
And we have to be aware of all those biases and flaws.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํŽธ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
Well good to hear Dr Novella using one of your vocabulary words there, Sam, bias.
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Dr Novella๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์–ดํœ˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ Sam, ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
But did you pick out any other interesting words there?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณจ๋ž๋‚˜์š”?
06:13
Yeah, so the word 'gullible' is interesting.
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๋„ค, '์†๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋„ค์š”.
06:16
We use this word for someone who is willing to believe things without questioning.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์‹ฌ ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๋ฏฟ์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
06:22
It makes them really easy to trick.
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์ •๋ง ์†์ด๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
So, I remember when I was at school a teacher told me that the word gullible
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•™๊ต์— ๋‹ค๋‹ ๋•Œ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ์†๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€
06:29
wasn't in the dictionary.
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์‚ฌ์ „์— ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
Did you believe them?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
06:33
Well I thought about it for a second because it was a teacher who told me
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ๋ง์”€ํ•ด ์ฃผ์…จ๊ณ 
06:37
and I trusted them and then I was going to tell my friends because
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๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์„œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:40
I thought it was interesting but I thought I should probably check it out first.
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๋จผ์ € ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
And of course the word was in the dictionary.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ „์—๋„ ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
So being a sceptic and a critical thinker means not believing everything
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์ž์ด์ž ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ
06:53
you see or hear, not liking and sharing somethingeven if we agree with it
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, ๋น„๋ก ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™์˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„
06:59
or it feels right to us until we have evidence to support it.
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๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
07:04
It may not be important whether a word is a dictionary or not but it
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๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ „์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:08
is when thinking about the areas of science, health and politics.
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๊ณผํ•™, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ์ •์น˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
It does take a little bit of an effort.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
07:15
It's easy to check a dictionary to see if a word is in there
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์‚ฌ์ „์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ฝ์ง€๋งŒ
07:19
but it is more difficult with more complex issues.
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๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
So how do we start with this?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
07:23
Here's Dr Novella again.
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Dr Novella๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
So whenever I come across a question or a topic that I want to wrap my head around,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
07:31
I make sure that I look for, specifically look for information on all sides.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
There may be more than two sides but all what I think are at least viable opinions.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
If there is any large group of people or respected professionals
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๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์กด๊ฒฝ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
07:45
or whatever who are saying something,
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๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:47
I want to at least understand what their point is, what is their side.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์š”์ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
And until you sort of sort through the back and forth of different arguments,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์•ž๋’ค๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
07:56
you don't really have a good sense of who has the better position.
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
And if I follow a good process, I look for as many differing opinions as I can,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ,
08:06
keep a genuinely open mind, don't prejudge the conclusion and then see,
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์ง„์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
08:10
'Ok who has the better evidence'.
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'๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€'๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
And when you do that habitually, you do that all the time, you get pretty good at it,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šต๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฝค ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
just like anything, you do it all the time and you'll get better at it.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ ์  ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
08:19
It still takes work to wrap your head around any complex issue but you
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
08:24
have a fighting chance if you do that process.
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ธ์šธ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
It seems to have some similarity with what journalists do,
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์–ธ๋ก ์ธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ, ์ฆ‰
08:30
looking for different sources and analysing the evidence.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๊ณผ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
And it's important to look not only at different sources but also
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:39
at different points of view.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
Of course this isn't something you need to do for everything.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์— ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
Some things are easy to check and some things are not that controversial.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
But when it comes to science, medicine and health, for example,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ณผํ•™, ์˜ํ•™, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
08:51
there are many claims that we might like to believe but which may not be accurate.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋งŒ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
So it's a good idea to develop some of those research skills
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
08:59
if you want to be a critical thinker.
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๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
This is something that Dr Novella thinks is essential for students and adults to develop
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์ด๋Š” Dr Novella๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ธ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
09:06
but it's not the only thing.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
So here's a look at what else he thinks is important.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
09:11
I do think that we need to teach critical thinking as a core skill set to all,
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์™€ ์„ฑ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ธ ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€
09:16
all children and adults and what's called media literacy.
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์†Œ์œ„ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ™œ์šฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
I think media literacy is more important than it ever was.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
It's only going to get even more important so people need
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์ด๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
09:27
to understand not just scientific literacy but critical thinking and media literacy.
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๊ณผํ•™์  ํ™œ์šฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ™œ์šฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋„ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
That is the currency now of the modern world.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ํ™”ํ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
We all have access to massive amounts of information.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ์ •๋ณด์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
I mean it's unbelievable when you think about it,
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๋‚ด ๋ง์€, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
at the touch of your fingers you have access to the collective knowledge of humanity.
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์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์˜ ํ„ฐ์น˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ง€์‹์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
It's amazing.
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๋†€๋ž๋‹ค.
09:49
And so the real currency is in being able to find the information
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹ค์ œ ํ†ตํ™”๋Š” ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ 
09:54
that you want and evaluate it critically.
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
Being able to evaluate the information that we have access to critically
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€
10:00
is now probably the most important skill any individual can have.
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์ด์ œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
And that's what now I think the science communicators
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ณผํ•™ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ
10:08
are shifting towards.
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๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
That's what we have to teach people.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
They can find the facts online.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
We need to teach them how to know it when they find it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
So, Sam, as well as critical thinking, what else does Dr Novella think is an essential skill?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ƒ˜, ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์™ธ์— ๋…ธ๋ฒจ๋ผ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
10:23
That would be 'media literacy' which is an understanding of how the media
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด
10:28
and social media works and how it's being used for good and for bad.
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์™€ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์œ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” '๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ'์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
And it's also about being aware of where you get your information from,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ท€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ํŒ”๋กœ์šฐํ•˜๋Š”
10:37
people on social media, blogs and websites you follow.
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์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด, ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ฐ ์›น ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ณณ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
So, Sam, can you just please recap today's vocabulary for us.
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์ƒ˜, ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
10:45
Absolutely.
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์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ.
10:46
So we started off with 'spin'
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ '์Šคํ•€'์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:48
which is a way to present information in a positive way, as positive as possible,
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10:54
even if it's not actually particularly good news.
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.
10:58
Cherry-picking details is to choose only the information
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์ฒด๋ฆฌํ”ผํ‚น์ด๋ž€
11:02
that agrees with your views and ignore any inconvenient facts.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋งŒ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
A bias is a belief that something is good or bad which isn't based
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€
11:12
on evidence but is based on prejudices or our own beliefs and our own ideology.
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์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ๋…, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
Critical thinking is the skill of evaluating and judging
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๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š”
11:22
how accurate something is objectively, without bias, without spin,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ์ง€ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ ์—†์ด, ์™œ๊ณก ์—†์ด,
11:27
and without cherry picking data.
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
A sceptic is someone who wants to use logic and evidence
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ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์ž๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด
11:34
and not emotion when judging how accurate something is.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
11:39
The adjective 'gullible' is used for people who aren't sceptical,
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'์†๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์ด
11:43
who easily believe what they're told and what they read.
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๋“ค์€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ฝ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
11:47
And finally, media literacy is an awareness of our modern media environment
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹,
11:53
and an understanding of how
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11:54
media and social media works and
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๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์™€ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹,
11:57
how fake news and disinformation can spread.
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๊ฐ€์งœ ๋‰ด์Šค์™€ ํ—ˆ์œ„ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
Thank you very much Sam, I think you deserve a rest after that.
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์ƒ˜ ์ •๋ง ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œ์š”. ๊ทธ ํ›„์—๋Š” ์ข€ ์‰ฌ์…”์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
12:04
And thank you for watching.
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์‹œ์ฒญํ•ด ์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
Until next time, goodbye.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ˆ๋…•ํžˆ ๊ณ„์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
12:07
Bye.
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์•ˆ๋…•.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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