How to use linking words in English - BBC English Masterclass

537,941 views ใƒป 2016-10-17

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hi Sian here for BBC Learning English. There are signposts everywhere - today in this Masterclass
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€BBC Learning English ใฎ Sian ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ„ใŸใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใซ้“ใ—ใ‚‹ในใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใ“ใฎใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใงใฏใ€่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซ
00:08
we're going to look at ways you can use signposting when you're speaking.
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้“ใ—ใ‚‹ในใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ ใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:20
So, there are signposts everywhere and they tell us where to go, but did you know that
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้“ใ—ใ‚‹ในใฏใ„ใŸใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใฉใ“ใธ่กŒใในใใ‹ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใŒใ€็งใŸใกใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
00:26
when we're speaking we use signpost words and phrases to help direct the listener? These
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ใจใใฏ้“ใ—ใ‚‹ในใฎ่จ€่‘‰ ใ‚„ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ่žใๆ‰‹ใ‚’่ช˜ๅฐŽใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใงใ™ใ‹? ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰
00:33
are called discourse markers. They help connect what we're saying and tell the listener what
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ใฏ่ซ‡่ฉฑใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ใ€็งใŸใกใŒ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ตใณใคใ‘ใ€ใฉใ‚“ใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒ่ฟ‘ใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่žใๆ‰‹ใซไผใˆใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™
00:39
information is coming up.
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.
00:42
They'll help you sound more fluent and help you understand native speaker conversations.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆตๆšขใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใ€ ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใฎไผš่ฉฑใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
00:49
Listen to my telephone call this morning. I use eight different discourse markers - can
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ไปŠๆœใ€็งใฎ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ็งใฏ 8 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹่ซ‡่ฉฑใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚8 ใค
00:56
you hear all eight...?
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ใ™ในใฆใ‚’่žใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
00:58
...You know I was hosting an amazing dinner party last night? Actually, it was a complete
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...ๆ˜จๅคœใ€็งใŒ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒŠใƒผ ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚’ไธปๅ‚ฌใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ‹? ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆƒจไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸ
01:04
disaster - I burnt the meat... people arrived when I was still cooking. Mind you, I did
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-็งใฏ่‚‰ใ‚’็‡ƒใ‚„ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ... ็งใŒใพใ ๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซไบบใ€…ใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใพใ— ใŸ. ๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€็งใฏ
01:11
say 'turn up when you want'... and I did start cooking pretty late!
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆœ›ใ‚€ใจใใซๆฅใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸโ€ฆใใ—ใฆ็งใฏ ใ‹ใชใ‚Š้…ใ่ชฟ็†ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸ๏ผ
01:16
Anyway, as I was saying, I burnt the meat, the dishes were all ready at different times...
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ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใ€ใŠ่‚‰ใ‚’็„ผใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ€ ใŠ็šฟใŒใƒใƒฉใƒใƒฉ
01:22
the dessert was... oh come to think of it, I completely forgot to serve dessert!
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ใ ใฃใŸใ‚Šโ€ฆ ใƒ‡ใ‚ถใƒผใƒˆใŒโ€ฆ ใใ†ใ„ใˆใฐใƒ‡ใ‚ถใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๅ‡บใ™ใฎ ใ‚’ใ™ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ๏ผ
01:29
So basically, everyone went home hungry. Anyway, how was your evening? By the way, before I
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ€ใฟใ‚“ใช็ฉบ่…นใงๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใจใซใ‹ใใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅคœใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ€ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ
01:35
forget, it's my birthday next week and I'm having a dinner party do you want to come?
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ใ€ๆฅ้€ฑใฏ็งใฎ่ช•็”Ÿๆ—ฅใงใ€็ง ใฏๅค•้ฃŸไผšใ‚’้–‹ใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆฅใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:40
So the first discourse marker I used was you know, we use this to say: 'I'm going to tell
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็งใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซไฝฟใฃใŸ่ซ‡่ฉฑใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใฏ ใ€ใ€Œ
01:46
you some information that you already know.' ''You know I was hosting an amazing dinner
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ™ใงใซ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆ˜จๅคœใ€็งใŒ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒŠใƒผ ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚’ไธปๅ‚ฌใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„
01:52
party last night?''
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ใพใ™ใ‹?
01:54
The second one I used was actually - we use this when we're about to give some surprising
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ใ€็งใŒไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ
02:00
information or correct some information, so: "Actually, it was a complete disaster".
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่กจ็พใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€้ฉšใในใๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’่จ‚ๆญฃใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎŒๅ…จ็ฝๅฎณใ€ใ€‚
02:09
Then I used mind you - we use this when we're about to give an afterthought that contrasts
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ๆฌกใซใ€mind you ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏใ€ๅ‰ใซๆฅใŸๆƒ…ๅ ฑใจใฏๅฏพ็…ง็š„ใชๅพŒไป˜ใ‘ใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:15
the information that came before, so, "people arrived when I was still cooking. Mind you,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ ็งใŒใพใ ๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซไบบใ€…ใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ๆฐ—ใซ็•™ใ‚ใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€
02:23
I did say 'turn up when you want'..."
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็งใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆœ›ใ‚€ใจใใซๆฅใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ. โ€ฆ
02:26
The next discourse marker I used was anyway, as I was saying. As I was saying is very useful
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ใ€ ๆฌกใซ็งใŒไฝฟใฃใŸ่ซ‡่ฉฑใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใฏใจใซใ‹ใ ใ€็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซ. ็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซไพฟๅˆฉใงใ™ใ€‚
02:34
because it means: 'I'm going to return to what I was talking about before'. So, "as
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œ็งใŒๅ‰ใซ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ“ใจใซๆˆปใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ . ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ€Œ
02:40
I was saying, I burnt the meat" This is a previous topic.
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ใŠใฃใ—ใ‚ƒใ‚‹้€šใ‚Šใ€ใŠ่‚‰ใŒ็„ผใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใ€ ๅ‰ๅ›žใฎ่ฉฑ้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚
02:45
Then I used the discourse marker come to think of it, we use this when you've just remembered
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ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏ่ซ‡่ฉฑใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผ ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ
02:51
or thought of something as you're speaking, so "oh come to think of it, I completely forgot
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่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใŸ.ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใŸใ‚Š่€ƒใˆใŸใ‚Šใ—ใŸใจใใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ ใ€Œใใ†ใ„ใˆใฐใ€ใƒ‡ใ‚ถใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ„
02:58
to serve dessert!" I'm remembering this as I'm speaking.
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ใพใ—ใŸ. ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ†ใกใซๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
03:02
Then I used basically - basically is used to summarise what you're going to say. "So
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ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸ - ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่จ€ใŠใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™. ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰
03:10
basically, everyone went home hungry".
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใŠ่…นใŒใ™ใ„ใฆๅธฐใฃใŸใ€ใ€‚
03:12
The next one I used was anyway - anyway is really useful and very common. We use it to
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็งใŒๆฌกใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใฎใฏใจใซใ‹ใใงใ—ใŸ - ใจใซใ‹ใ ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซไพฟๅˆฉใง้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:19
say 'I'm going to change topic now' or 'I'm going to go back to the original topic' or
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ใ€ŒไปŠใ‹ใ‚‰่ฉฑ้กŒใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใพใ™ใ€ใ€Œ ๅ…ƒใฎ่ฉฑ้กŒใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€
03:26
'I'm going to finish what I was talking about'. "Anyway, how was your evening?"
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ใ€Œ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใพใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ€ไปŠๅคœใฏใฉใ†ใ ใฃใŸ๏ผŸใ€
03:32
And the final one I used was by the way - we use this to say 'I'm going to change direction
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ใกใชใฟใซใ€็งใŒๆœ€ๅพŒใซไฝฟใฃใŸใฎใฏใ€ ใ€Œๆ–นๅ‘ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใฆใ€ใƒกใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใจ
03:39
and talk about something that's not connected to the main topic. "By the way, before I forget,
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ใฏ้–ขไฟ‚ใฎใชใ„ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ€Œใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ€ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€
03:46
it's my birthday next week."
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ๆฅ้€ฑใฏ็งใฎ่ช•็”Ÿๆ—ฅใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
03:47
So basically that's your introduction to discourse markers. We use them all the time, when we're
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใฏ่ซ‡่ฉฑ ใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใฎ็ดนไป‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ใใ—ใฆๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ‚‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅธธใซไฝฟ็”จใ—
03:54
speaking... and come to think of it, when we're writing too. By the way, we have a website
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ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ€ใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ
04:00
bbclearningenglish.com where you can practise these and find out more information. Anyway
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bbclearningenglish.com ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅฎŸ่ทตใ—ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใจใซใ‹ใใ€ใพใŸ
04:07
see you soon. Goodbye.
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ไผšใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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