BBC English Masterclass: Inversion 1: After Negative or Limiting Adverbs

183,248 views ใƒป 2016-12-19

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Under no circumstances should you stop watching this video! Only here will you get the full
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ใ„ใ‹ใชใ‚‹็ŠถๆณใซใŠใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ ! ใ“ใ“ใงใฎใฟๅฎŒๅ…จใชๅ่ปขใฎ่ชฌๆ˜ŽใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
00:04
inversion explanation. Are you ready? Let's invert!
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ใ€‚ ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใงใใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ๅ่ปขใ—ใ‚ˆใ† ๏ผ
00:15
Inversion happens in English for emphasis, dramatic purpose or formality. In order to
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ๅ่ปขใฏใ€ๅผท่ชฟใ€ ๅЇ็š„ใช็›ฎ็š„ใ€ใพใŸใฏๅฝขๅผใฎใŸใ‚ใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใง็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:21
invert, the normal sentence order of subject, verb and object is changed in some way. Let's
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ๅ่ปขใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใฎ้€šๅธธใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้ †ๅบใŒ ไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงๅค‰ๆ›ดใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
00:26
find out how. Go!
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ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ่กŒใ‘๏ผ
00:28
'Never had I met someone so interesting.'
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚“ใชใซ้ข็™ฝใ„ไบบใซไผšใฃใŸใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
00:32
Now English has a group of adverbs which limit the meaning of a verb or make it negative.
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็พๅœจใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใซ ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅˆถ้™ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใซใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:36
Examples are 'never', 'hardly', 'no', 'only'...and there are others. In order to change normal
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ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ใ€Œๆฑบใ—ใฆใ€ใ€ใ€Œใปใจใ‚“ใฉใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ€ใ€Œใฎใฟใ€ใชใฉ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ไป–ใซใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ้€šๅธธใฎ
00:42
sentence order, we move the negative adverbial to the beginning of the sentence and we invert
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ๆ–‡ใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชๅ‰ฏ่ฉž ใ‚’ๆ–‡ใฎๅ…ˆ้ ญใซ็งปๅ‹•ใ—
00:47
the auxiliary verb and subject. So:
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ใ€ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใจไธป่ชžใ‚’ๅ่ปขใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผš
00:50
'I had never met someone so interesting.' becomes
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ“ใ‚“ใชใซ้ข็™ฝใ„ไบบใซไผšใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
00:53
'Never had I met someone so interesting.'
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚“ใชใซ้ข็™ฝใ„ไบบใซไผšใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:05
In cases where the tense does not use an auxiliary verb in the affirmative, such as the present
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็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๅฝขใ‚„้ŽๅŽปๅ˜็ด”ๅฝขใชใฉใ€ๆ™‚ๅˆถใŒ่‚ฏๅฎšๅฝขใงๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
01:09
simple or the past simple, one must be added. So, for example:
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ใ€1 ใค่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
01:14
'I rarely go outside.' becomes
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ใฃใŸใซๅค–ใซๅ‡บใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
01:16
'Rarely do I go outside.' And
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ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใซๅค–ใซๅ‡บใชใ„ใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ
01:18
'She seldom worked very hard.' becomes
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ใฃใŸใซไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:21
'Seldom did she work very hard.'
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ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใซๅฝผๅฅณใŒไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:32
However, there is another level to this. Some negative or limiting adverbials require you
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏๅˆฅใฎใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€้ƒจใฎ ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใพใŸใฏ้™ๅฎš็š„ใชๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏ
01:37
to complete a whole clause before the inversion takes place. It's kind of a two stage process.
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ใ€ๅ่ปขใŒ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซๅฅๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ๅฎŒไบ†ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไธ€็จฎใฎ 2 ๆฎต้šŽใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚
01:43
So, for example:
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
01:45
'I didn't know what to do until I saw what had happened.'
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ใ€Œไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใพใงใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ในใใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ— ใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:49
becomes 'Not until I saw what had happened did I know
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ใ€Œไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใพใงใ€็งใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ในใ
01:53
what to do.'
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ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:03
In this case, 'Not until I saw what had happened' is the adverbial clause. The inversion takes
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใพใงใฏใ€ ใŒๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใงใ™ใ€‚
02:09
place after this, in the main clause. And this is common with adverbs like 'Not' and
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ใ“ใฎๅพŒใ€ไธป็ฏ€ใงๅ่ปขใŒ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
02:14
'Only' in the following combinations:
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ๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฎ
02:25
'Hardly' works like this too, but in the case of hardly, the inversion happens within the
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'Not' ใ‚„ 'Only' ใฎใ‚ˆใ† ใชๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใซใ‚ˆใ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œ
02:30
adverbial clause. It is mostly used with the past perfect to signify that one action finished
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ใพใ™: ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไธปใซ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใจๅ…ฑใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒๅˆฅใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒๅง‹ใพใ‚‹็›ดๅ‰ใซ็ต‚ไบ†ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—
02:35
just before another started. And notice the use of the connecting time words 'than' and
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ไพ‹ ใฎๆŽฅ็ถšๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ€Œthanใ€ใจ
02:41
'when' in the examples. Are you ready?
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ใ€Œwhenใ€ใฎไฝฟ็”จใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใงใใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
02:44
'Hardly had I got home than the dog started barking.'
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ใ€Œๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚‹ใจใ™ใใซใ€็ŠฌใŒๅ ใˆๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใ€
02:46
'Hardly had he got into the bath when the phone rang.'
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ใ€Œ้›ป่ฉฑใŒ้ณดใฃใŸใจใใ€ๅฝผใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉ้ขจๅ‘‚ใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ ใ€‚ใ€
02:50
Isn't it typical? Finally, we can use the expression 'little did they know' to mean
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ๅ…ธๅž‹็š„ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„๏ผŸ ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ 'little did they know' ใจใ„ใ†่กจ็พใ‚’ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
02:56
'wait for it' they didn't know. It's extremely dramatic and it's often found within books.
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'wait for it' ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ ๅЇ็š„ใงใ€ๆœฌใฎไธญใงใ‚ˆใ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
03:03
It can be quite sinister! For example:
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šไธๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผ ไพ‹:
03:07
'Little did they know that he had stolen all of their money.'
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ๅฝผใŒใ™ในใฆใฎใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’็›—ใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’ใปใจใ‚“ใฉ็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใ€
03:23
Did you get it? Of course you got it! Now, for more information please log on to our website
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ๏ผ ่ฉณ็ดฐใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€bbclearningenglish.com ใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใƒญใ‚ฐใ‚ชใƒณใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
03:27
at bbclearningenglish.com. I've been Dan, you've been fantastic and I'll see you next
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ใ€‚ ็งใฏใƒ€ใƒณใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸไผšใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:32
time, ok? Let's invert!
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ใญใ€‚ ๅ่ปขใ—ใ‚ˆใ†๏ผ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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