Grammar: Advanced Learner Mistakes - BBC English Masterclass

128,865 views ใƒป 2016-10-24

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi guys! Dan for BBC Learning English here. In this session, we'll be taking a look at
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใฟใ‚“ใช๏ผ BBCใƒฉใƒผใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฐใƒชใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใฎใƒ€ใƒณใฏใ“ใกใ‚‰ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ‚ปใƒƒใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใฏใ€
00:04
advanced learner mistakes. Are you ready? Here we go!
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ไธŠ็ดšๅญฆ็ฟ’่€…ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใงใใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ใฉใ†ใž๏ผ
00:14
So, sometimes in English, we use a WH word clause as the object of a verb. For example:
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใง ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใจใ—ใฆ WH ๅฅใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ไพ‹:
00:21
'He realised what he was doing,' - or - 'I can't believe what you have done.' Now, advanced
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใ„ใŸใ€ - ใพใŸใฏ - ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ—ใŸ ใ“ใจใฏไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€ ใ•ใฆใ€ไธŠ็ดš
00:26
learners generally make two mistakes here. The first is that they invert the auxiliary
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ๅญฆ็ฟ’่€…ใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ใ“ใ“ใง 2 ใคใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ 1 ใค็›ฎใฏใ€้€šๅธธใฎ่ณชๅ•ใง
00:31
verb and the subject, like you would do with a normal question. Let me show you.
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่กŒใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใจไธป่ชžใ‚’ๅ่ปขใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ ใ€‚ ๆŠซ้œฒใ•ใ›ใฆใ€‚
00:36
'He realised what was he doing,' - and - 'I can't believe what have you done.'
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซๆฐ—ใฅใ„ใŸใ€ - ใใ—ใฆ - ใ€Œ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใฎใ‹ไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€.
00:40
Remember that these whos, whats, wheres, whens and whys are not question words, but relative
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎwhosใ€whatsใ€wheresใ€whens ใ€whysใฏ็–‘ๅ•่ฉžใงใฏใชใ้–ขไฟ‚
00:46
pronouns, and so the clause which comes after follows normal sentence order. Come and see.
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ไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใใฎๅพŒใซ็ถšใ็ฏ€ ใฏ้€šๅธธใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้ †ๅบใซๅพ“ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ฆ‹ใซๆฅใฆใ€‚
00:52
So: Not 'He realised what was he doing,' but 'what he was doing.' Not 'I can't believe
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‹ใซๆฐ—ใฅใ„ใŸใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‹ ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใŒ
01:00
what have you done,' but 'what you have done.'
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ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‹ไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:06
Now, this problem is simpler with a tense which has an auxiliary and main verb form,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใฏ ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใจไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅฝขใ‚’ๆŒใคๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎใปใ†ใŒ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™
01:10
but the second problem is that learners forget to use an affirmative verb form when talking
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ใŒใ€2 ใค็›ฎใฎๅ•้กŒใฏใ€ๅญฆ็ฟ’่€…ใŒ็พๅœจๅฝขใ‚„้ŽๅŽป ๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซ่‚ฏๅฎšๅ‹•่ฉžๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใฎใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใ†
01:15
about the present or past simple. For example: 'I don't know where did he go last night,'
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ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ไพ‹: ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ˜จๅคœใฉใ“ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€
01:21
- or - 'They want to see what does he do.' Now, remember these are not questions. When
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- ใพใŸใฏ - ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฝผใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹่ฆ‹ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€. ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ่ณชๅ•ใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
01:28
we make an affirmative sentence with the present or past simple, we only use one verb - and
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็พๅœจใพใŸใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎๅ˜็ด”ใช่‚ฏๅฎšๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ 1 ใคใ—ใ‹ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
01:32
these clauses act the same. So: 'I don't know where did he go last night,' becomes 'I don't
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ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็ฏ€ใฏๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€'I don't know where did he going last night' ใฏใ€'I don't
01:40
know where he went last night.' And 'They want to see what does he do,' becomes 'They
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know where he going last night.' ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ ใฏๅฝผใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ„ใ€ใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ
01:49
want to see what he does.' Have you got it? Good!
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ๅฝผใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ„ใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ่‰ฏใ„๏ผ
01:57
'The life is beautiful!' 'What makes me sad is the poverty.'
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'ไบบ็”Ÿใฏ็พŽใ—ใ„๏ผ' ใ€Œ็งใŒๆ‚ฒใ—ใ‚€ใฎใฏ่ฒงๅ›ฐใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
02:04
Ok guys, this one is an old one, but still a tricky one. Many advanced learners still
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅคใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€ ใพใ ใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅคšใใฎไธŠ็ดšๅญฆ็ฟ’่€…ใฏ
02:09
use the definite article when talking in general about a plural or uncountable noun. Remember
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ใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ ็š„ใซ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใพใŸใฏไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซๅฎšๅ† ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:15
that in English, when we are talking in general and we mean all of a thing, we don't use 'the'.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ“ใจใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ ใ™ในใฆใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใ€'the' ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
02:21
'Life is beautiful' 'What makes me sad is poverty.'
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ใ€Œไบบ็”Ÿใฏ็พŽใ—ใ„ใ€ ใ€Œ็งใ‚’ๆ‚ฒใ—ใใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ่ฒงๅ›ฐใ ใ€
02:29
That doesn't mean we can't use 'the'. But when we do, it means we are being specific and
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ€Œtheใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ็งใŸใกใŒใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใŒๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚Š
02:34
only referring to one thing. For example: 'I'm reading about the life of Michael Jackson.'
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ใ€1ใคใฎใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใ‚’ๅ‚็…งใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™. ไพ‹: ใ€Œใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฑใƒซ ใ‚ธใƒฃใ‚ฏใ‚ฝใƒณใฎ็”Ÿๆถฏใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
02:42
Having said that, if you want to generalise about a SINGULAR COUNTABLE noun, then using
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ใใ†ใฏ่จ€ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆไธ€่ˆฌๅŒ–ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
02:48
'the' as the definite article is the correct thing to do. So: 'Life would be much less
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ใ€Œtheใ€ใ‚’ๅฎšๅ† ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€ŒใƒˆใƒฉใŒใ„ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐไบบ็”Ÿใฏ้ข็™ฝใใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†
02:53
interesting without the tiger' (or tigers...general) 'The car is probably the most important invention
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ใ€(ใพใŸใฏใƒˆใƒฉ...ๅ…จ่ˆฌ) ใ€Œ่ปŠใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใ
03:05
in mankind's history.' (or cars...general) Have you got it? Good!
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ไบบ้กžใฎๆญดๅฒใฎไธญใงๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใช็™บๆ˜Žใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ๏ผˆใพใŸใฏ่ปŠ...ไธ€่ˆฌ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ่‰ฏใ„๏ผ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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