Why does seeing someone yawn make us yawn? 6 Minute English

102,065 views ใƒป 2020-01-02

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:07
Georgina: Hello. This is 6 Minute English,
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ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใƒŠ: ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ 6 ๅˆ†้–“ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชž
00:08
I'm Georgina.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚็งใฏใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใƒŠใงใ™ใ€‚
00:09
Rob: And I'm Rob.
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ใƒญใƒ–: ็งใฏใƒญใƒ–ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:10
Georgina: What do you do when youโ€™re tired, Rob?
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Georgina: ใƒญใƒ–ใ€็–ฒใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸ
00:13
Rob: Mm, I go to bed.
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ใƒญใƒ–๏ผšใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ๅฏใพใ™ใ€‚
00:15
Georgina: Before that?
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ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใƒŠ: ใใฎๅ‰ใซ๏ผŸ
00:16
Rob: Erm, I clean my teeth?
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ใƒญใƒ–๏ผšใˆใˆใจใ€็งใฏๆญฏใ‚’ใใ‚Œใ„ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:19
Georgina: But what does your body do to
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Georgina: ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไฝ“ใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ไผใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:21
tell you youโ€™re tired?
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ใ‹?
00:22
Rob: Right, well these days I just kind of
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ใƒญใƒ–๏ผšใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ๆœ€่ฟ‘
00:24
fall asleep in front of the TV.
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ใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใฎๅ‰ใง็œ ใฃใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:26
Georgina: Yes, but, OK โ€“ what am
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Georgina: ใฏใ„ใ€ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ โ€“
00:28
I doing now?
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็งใฏไปŠไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹?
00:29
Rob: O h yes, hang on โ€“ yes, youโ€™ve set
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Rob: ใˆใˆใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅพ…ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ โ€“ ใฏใ„ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ
00:33
me off - yawning, yes yawning is a sign that
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็งใ‚’ๆ€’ใ‚‰ใ›ใพใ—ใŸ โ€“ ใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใฏใ„ใ€ใ‚ใใณใฏ
00:37
we are tired! Or bored!
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็งใŸใกใŒ็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ…†ๅ€™ใงใ™! ใพใŸใฏ้€€ๅฑˆ๏ผ
00:40
Georgina: Are you tired or bored now?
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ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใƒŠ: ไปŠใฏ็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚้€€ๅฑˆใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
00:42
Rob: No, not particularly.
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ใƒญใƒ–: ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€็‰นใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:44
Georgina: So, why did you just yawn?
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ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใƒŠ: ใงใฏใ€ใชใœใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ—ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹?
00:45
Rob: Well, because you did! Thatโ€™s the thing
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ใƒญใƒ–: ใพใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ‚„ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰! ใใ‚ŒใŒ
00:48
about yawns. They are contagious โ€“ they
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ใ‚ใใณใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏไผๆŸ“ๆ€งใงใ‚ใ‚Š
00:51
can spread from one person to another.
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ใ€ไบบใ‹ใ‚‰ไบบใธใจๅบƒใŒใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:53
Georgina: And thatโ€™s what weโ€™re looking
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ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใƒŠ: ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œ
00:56
at in this programme. But first, todayโ€™s
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ใŒใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใง่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใšใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ
00:58
question. What biological function does yawning
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่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใใณใซใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใŒ
01:01
have? Essentially, why do we yawn? Is it:
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹? ๆœฌ่ณช็š„ใซใ€ใชใœ็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
01:04
A: To take in more oxygen
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A: ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎ้…ธ็ด ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚
01:05
B: To get rid of carbon dioxide from our body
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B: ไฝ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ไบŒ้…ธๅŒ–็‚ญ็ด ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใใŸใ‚
01:08
C: No one really knows
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C: ่ชฐใ‚‚ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
01:11
What do you think, Rob?
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ใ€ใƒญใƒ–ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใฉใ†ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
01:12
Rob: Ah โ€“ I know this. We yawn to take in
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ใƒญใƒ–: ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ‚‹ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎ้…ธ็ด ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š่พผใ‚‚ใ†ใจใ—
01:15
more oxygen. Iโ€™m pretty sure thatโ€™s it.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ ใจ็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:17
Georgina: OK. Weโ€™ll see if youโ€™re correct
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ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใƒŠ: ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™
01:19
at the end of the programme. John Drury is
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ใ€‚ John Drury ใฏ
01:22
a researcher from Sussex University. On
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ใ€ใ‚ตใ‚ปใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นๅคงๅญฆใฎ็ ”็ฉถ่€…ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:24
the BBC Radio 4 series All in The Mind he spoke
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BBC ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ช 4 ใ‚ทใƒชใƒผใ‚บใฎ All in The Mind ใงใ€ๅฝผใฏ
01:28
about yawning and why it is contagious.
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ใ‚ใใณใจใใ‚ŒใŒไผๆŸ“ใ™ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:31
Which animal does he mention will also
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ๅฝผใŒ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ‹•็‰ฉใฎใ†ใกใ€้ฃผใ„ไธปใฎ
01:33
catch a yawn
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ใ‚ใใณใ‚‚ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒƒใƒใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
01:34
from its owner?
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?
01:35
John Drury: Yawning is actually a difficult
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John Drury : ใ‚ใใณใฏ
01:38
case when it comes to
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ใ€
01:39
these contagious behaviours.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไผๆŸ“ๆ€งใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚
01:40
It is the most contagious behaviour โ€“ itโ€™s
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœ€ใ‚‚ไผๆŸ“ใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใ„่กŒๅ‹•ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:42
meant to be automatic, itโ€™s something that
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่‡ชๅ‹•็š„ใซ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ›ณใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€
01:45
you canโ€™t stop. Dogs yawn when their owners
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ๆญขใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็Šฌใ‚‚้ฃผใ„ไธปใŒ
01:48
yawn, animals yawn to each other. It happens
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ใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ—ใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉใ‚‚ใŠไบ’ใ„ใงใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:51
whether you want to or not. These kind of
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆœ›ใ‚€ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ็จฎใฎ
01:53
effects have been found for other kinds of
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ๅŠนๆžœใฏไป–ใฎ็จฎ้กžใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใซใ‚‚่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ
01:55
behaviour, so really, we were trying to push
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ใฎใงใ€็งใŸใก
01:57
it as far as we could and see if there is
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ใฏๅฏ่ƒฝใช้™ใ‚Šใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆŽจใ—้€ฒใ‚
01:59
a cognitive element to this influence behaviour.
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ใ€ใ“ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹่ช็Ÿฅ็š„่ฆ็ด ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใพใ—ใŸ.
02:03
Georgina: Which animal might yawn when its
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ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใƒŠ: ้ฃผใ„ไธปใŒใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‹•็‰ฉ
02:06
owner does?
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ใฏ?
02:07
Rob: Dogs! Dogs can catch a yawn
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ใƒญใƒ–๏ผš็Šฌ๏ผ ็Šฌใฏ้ฃผใ„ไธปใฎใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒƒใƒใงใ
02:09
from their owners.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:10
Georgina: Yes, yawning is a very contagious
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Georgina: ใฏใ„ใ€ใ‚ใใณใฏ้žๅธธใซไผๆŸ“ใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใ„
02:13
behaviour. The use of the word behaviour here
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่กŒๅ‹•ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๆŒฏใ‚‹่ˆžใ„ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–น
02:15
is interesting. Normally it is an uncountable
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ใฏ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ้€šๅธธ
02:18
noun to describe the way we act โ€“ either
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ใ€็งใŸใกใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใฎไป•ๆ–นใ‚’่กจใ™ใฎใฏๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ -
02:21
in a good or a bad way. We talk about, for
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่‰ฏใ„ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ‚‚ๆ‚ชใ„ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ‚‚ใ€‚
02:24
example, dogs' or childrenโ€™s behaviour being
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็Šฌใ‚„ๅญไพ›ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใŒ
02:27
good or bad.
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่‰ฏใ„ใ‹ๆ‚ชใ„ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:28
Rob: But itโ€™s also used as an uncountable
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ใƒญใƒ–: ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒ็‰นๅฎšใฎ็Šถๆณใง
02:30
noun when we are talking about a particular
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่กŒใ†็‰นๅฎšใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œ
02:33
action that, for example, an animal makes
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02:36
in particular situations. These behaviours
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•
02:39
are often not conscious, but are an automatic
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ใฏๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆๆ„่ญ˜็š„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
02:41
response to a situation.
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ใ€็Šถๆณใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹่‡ชๅ‹•็š„ใชๅๅฟœใงใ™ใ€‚
02:43
Georgina: And the researchers were looking
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Georgina: ใใ—ใฆ็ ”็ฉถ่€…ใŸใกใฏ
02:45
to see if there was a cognitive side to the
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ใ€่กŒๅ‹•ใซ่ช็Ÿฅ็š„ใชๅด้ขใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฟในใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
02:48
behaviour. Which means they are looking at
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ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ
02:50
the mental process โ€“ what is happening in
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็ฒพ็ฅž็š„ใชใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚น
02:52
the mind to make us yawn, particularly when
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ใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚็‰นใซ่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ—ใŸใจใใซใ€ๅฟƒใฎไธญใง่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง็งใŸใกใŒใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ—ใฆ
02:55
someone else yawns. Letโ€™s listen again
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ใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่žใ„ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:57
John Drury: Yawning is actually a difficult
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John Drury: ใ‚ใใณใฏ
03:00
case when it comes to these
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03:00
contagious behaviours.
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ
ไผๆŸ“ๆ€งใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚
03:03
It is the most contagious behaviour โ€“ itโ€™s
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœ€ใ‚‚ไผๆŸ“ใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใ„่กŒๅ‹•ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:05
meant to be automatic, itโ€™s something that
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่‡ชๅ‹•็š„ใซ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ›ณใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€
03:07
you canโ€™t stop. Dogs yawn when their owners
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ๆญขใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็Šฌใ‚‚้ฃผใ„ไธปใŒ
03:10
yawn, animals yawn to each other. It happens
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ใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ—ใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉใ‚‚ใŠไบ’ใ„ใงใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:13
whether you want to or not. These kinds of
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆœ›ใ‚€ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็จฎ้กžใฎ
03:15
effects have been found for other kinds of
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ๅŠนๆžœใฏไป–ใฎ็จฎ้กžใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใซใ‚‚่ฆ‹ๅ‡บใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹
03:17
behaviour, so really, we were trying to push
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ใฎใงใ€็งใŸใก
03:19
it as far as we could and see if there is
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ใฏๅฏ่ƒฝใช้™ใ‚Šใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆŽจใ—้€ฒใ‚
03:22
a cognitive element
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03:23
to this influence behaviour.
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ใ€ใ“ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹่ช็Ÿฅ็š„่ฆ็ด ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใพใ—ใŸ.
03:25
Georgina: The research discovered
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Georgina: ใ“ใฎ็ ”็ฉถใฏ
03:27
that contagious
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ใ€ไผๆŸ“ๆ€งใฎ
03:28
yawning is connected with
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ใ‚ใใณใŒ
03:30
our social group
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็งใŸใกใฎ็คพไผš็š„ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—
03:31
and how close we feel to the people in it.
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ใจใ€ใใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใฎไบบใ€…ใซใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘่ฆช่ฟ‘ๆ„Ÿใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ.
03:33
Hereโ€™s John Drury again.
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ๅ†ใณใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใƒปใƒ‰ใ‚ฅใƒซใƒผใƒชใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
03:35
John Drury : So, the more that you identify
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John Drury : ใคใพใ‚Š
03:37
with the in-group target, the more likely
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ใ€ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ๅ†…ใฎใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฒใƒƒใƒˆใซๅ…ฑๆ„Ÿ
03:40
you are to copy their behaviour. What we do
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ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ™ใ‚‹ใปใฉใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’็œŸไผผใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใŒ
03:42
when we see a behaviour is that at some level,
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่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใจใใซ็งใŸใกใŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใงใ€
03:45
we are making a judgement about whether the
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03:47
person exhibiting that
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ใใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใŒ
03:48
behaviour, whether
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03:49
itโ€™s an emotion, or a scratching behaviour,
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ๅผ•ใฃๆŽปใ่กŒๅ‹•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹
03:52
or anything, is relevant. Does
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ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆๅˆคๆ–ญใ‚’ไธ‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™.
03:54
their behaviour
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•
03:55
indicate to us how we should behave?
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ใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆŒฏใ‚‹่ˆžใ†ในใใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
03:58
Georgina: So, essentially, yawning is more
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Georgina: ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆœฌ่ณช็š„ใซใ€ใ‚ใใณใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใซใ‚ใใณ
04:01
contagious if we identify with the person
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ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใจๅŒไธ€่ฆ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚ŠไผๆŸ“ใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใใชใ‚Š
04:03
who yawns first. If we feel close to, and
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
04:06
belong in, the same group as the person who
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ไบบใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใซ่ฆชใ—ใฟใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ€ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใซๅฑžใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
04:08
exhibits the behaviour โ€“ the person who
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04:11
does the yawning โ€“ we are likely to yawn
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็งใŸใกใ‚‚ใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
04:13
too.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:14
Rob: So, you are less likely to yawn if a
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ใƒญใƒ–: ใคใพใ‚Šใ€
04:16
stranger yawns than if someone in your close
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่ฆ‹็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใฌไบบใŒใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ—ใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€่ฆชใ—ใ„
04:19
family or circle of friends yawns.
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ๅฎถๆ—ใ‚„ๅ‹ไบบใฎ่ผชใงใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ—ใŸๅ ดๅˆใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฏไฝŽใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:21
Georgina: Letโ€™s listen again.
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ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใƒŠ: ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่žใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:22
John Drury: So, the more that you identify
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John Drury: ใคใพใ‚Š
04:25
with the in-group target, the more likely
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ใ€ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ๅ†…ใฎใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฒใƒƒใƒˆใซๅ…ฑๆ„Ÿ
04:27
you are to copy their behaviour. What we
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ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ™ใ‚‹ใปใฉใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’็œŸไผผใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ง
04:30
do when we see a behaviour is that at some level,
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ใŸใกใŒ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใจใใซ็งใŸใกใŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใงใ€
04:32
we are making a judgement about
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04:34
whether the person exhibiting that behaviour, whether
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ใใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใŒ
04:37
itโ€™s an emotion, or a scratching behaviour,
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ๅผ•ใฃๆŽปใ่กŒๅ‹•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹
04:40
or anything, is relevant. Does their behaviour
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ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆๅˆคๆ–ญใ‚’ไธ‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™. ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•
04:43
indicate to us how we should behave?
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ใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆŒฏใ‚‹่ˆžใ†ในใใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
04:46
Georgina: Right, before we review the
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Georgina: ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰
04:48
vocabulary, letโ€™s
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04:50
have the answer to our quiz. Why do we
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ใซใ€ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใฎ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’่€ƒใˆใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:52
yawn? Is it:
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ใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹็†็”ฑ
04:53
A: To take in more oxygen
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A: ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎ้…ธ็ด ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚
04:55
B: To get rid of carbon dioxide from our body
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B: ไฝ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ไบŒ้…ธๅŒ–็‚ญ็ด ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใใŸใ‚
04:58
C: No one really knows
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C: ใƒญใƒ–ใ‚’ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใฏ่ชฐใ‚‚ใ„
05:00
Rob, what did you say?
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?
05:02
Rob: Well, I was pretty sure itโ€™s A - to
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ใƒญใƒ–: ใˆใˆใจใ€A ใ ใจ็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
05:04
take in more oxygen.
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ใ€‚ใ‚‚ใฃใจ้…ธ็ด ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:06
Georgina: There is, in fact, no clear biological
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Georgina: ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€
05:08
reason for yawning that is agreed upon. So
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ๅˆๆ„ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚ใใณใฎๆ˜Ž็ขบใช็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„็†็”ฑใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰
05:11
no one really knows.
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ใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใฎใ“ใจใฏ่ชฐใซใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚
05:12
Rob: Weโ€™ve been talking about yawning.
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ใƒญใƒ–๏ผšใ‚ใใณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:15
The action of opening our mouths wide open and
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็–ฒใ‚ŒใŸใ‚Š้€€ๅฑˆใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๅฃใ‚’ๅคงใใ้–‹ใ‘
05:18
stretching our eardrums when tired or bored.
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ใฆ้ผ“่†œใ‚’ไผธใฐใ™ๅ‹•ไฝœใ€‚
05:21
Georgina: Yawning can also be contagious.
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Georgina: ใ‚ใใณใ‚‚ไผๆŸ“ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:24
This means it can pass from
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ไบบใ‹ใ‚‰ไบบใธใจๆ„ŸๆŸ“ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
05:26
one person to another.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:27
Rob: And a yawn can be described as a behaviour
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ใƒญใƒ–: ใ‚ใใณใฏใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎ็Šถๆณใซๅฟœใ˜ใŸ็‰นๅฎšใฎ็จฎ้กžใฎ่‡ชๅ‹•็š„ใช่กŒๅ‹•ใจใ—ใฆ่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
05:30
โ€“ a particular kind of automatic action
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05:32
in response to a particular situation.
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ใ€‚
05:34
Georgina: The word cognitive is related to
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Georgina: ่ช็Ÿฅใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€
05:37
our mental processes - the way our minds work.
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็งใŸใกใฎ็ฒพ็ฅž็š„ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ€ใคใพใ‚Š็งใŸใกใฎๅฟƒใฎๅƒใใซ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:40
Rob: If you identify with a particular group
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ใƒญใƒ–: ็‰นๅฎšใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใซๅ…ฑๆ„Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใซ
05:43
โ€“ you feel close to that group and feel
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่ฆชใ—ใฟใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜
05:45
that you belong in that group.
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ใ€ใใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใซๅฑžใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ„Ÿใ˜ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:47
Georgina: And finally, to exhibit a behaviour
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Georgina: ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’็คบใ™ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ
05:50
is to actually do that particular behaviour.
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ใฏใ€ใใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
05:53
And before we all start yawning, itโ€™s time
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใใณใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ๅ‡บ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚
05:55
for us to go. Do join us again soon and you
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ใŒๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:57
can always find us online, on social media
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ใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใ€ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใ€BBC Learning English ใ‚ขใƒ—ใƒชใงใ„ใคใงใ‚‚็งใŸใกใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
06:00
and on the BBC Learning English app. Bye for
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ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
06:03
now.
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ใญใ€‚
06:05
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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