Writing - Transitions - THEREFORE, THUS, CONSEQUENTLY

Hi, again. Welcome back to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam. Today's lesson is -- actually, I

你好，我們又見面了。歡迎回到www.engvid.com。 我是亞當。今天的課是-實際上，我

had a few requests for it. So I'm not going to mention names right now because there are

有一些要求。所以我不去 現在提到名字，因為有

too many to mention. But some people asked me about transitions, again, specifically, "therefore"

太多了。但是有人問我 再次，具體來說，“因此”過渡

and "thus". But I figured I would do the whole package because they can all work together.

因此”。但我想我會全力以赴 包裝，因為他們可以一起工作。

If you're writing essays, you can use more than one of these, more than two of these,

如果您撰寫論文，則可以使用更多內容 不止其中之一，不止其中兩個，

especially for longer essays. So first, we're going to look at the differences or similarities

特別是較長的論文。首先，我們是 看看差異或相似之處

-- as the case may be -- of these words and when and how they are used. Okay?

（視情況而定） 以及何時以及如何使用它們。好的？

So the words we're looking at today are "therefore", "thus", "consequently", "so", "then, "hence",

因此，我們今天所用的詞是“因此”， “因此”，“因此”，“如此”，“然後”，“因此”，

and the expression "as a result". Okay? So again, all of these are transitions. I'll

以及“結果”一詞。好的？所以 同樣，所有這些都是過渡。生病

put it here.

放在這裡。

So a little review. What is a transition? A transition is like a bridge that connects

這麼一點評論。什麼是過渡？一種 過渡就像連接的橋樑

two ideas. Okay? So what are we connecting here? What are the ideas that we want to connect?

兩個想法。好的？那麼我們在這裡連接什麼呢？ 我們想聯繫的想法是什麼？

We want to connect a logical conclusion. Okay? Or we want to connect a consequence. What

我們想得出一個合理的結論。好的？ 或者我們想聯繫一個後果。什麼

is a "consequence"? A consequence is, basically, a result. So for example, in life, we make

是“後果”？基本上，結果是 結果。例如，在生活中

choices, we make decisions, and then, we have to live with the consequences, whatever those

選擇，我們做出決定，然後，我們有了 承受後果，無論那些後果

choices bring us. Okay? So there's a very, very slight difference in these three words,

選擇帶給我們。好的？所以有一個非常 這三個詞的區別很小，

especially. These are the three that I want you to use most on essays if you're going

特別。這是我想要的三個 如果要去的話，你會在論文中使用最多

to be writing essays. Okay? We use "therefore" -- again, it's more of a mathematical word,

寫論文。好的？我們使用“因此” -再一次，它更多是一個數學詞，

but we use it, obviously, to write, as well. When we have a premise, from there premise,

但是很顯然，我們也使用它來編寫。 當我們有了一個前提，從那裡開始，

we generally reach a conclusion. Now, what is a "premise"? A "premise" is an idea that

我們通常可以得出結論。怎麼辦 是“前提”？ “前提”是一個想法

we believe to be true. And because we believe it is true, from that truth we reach a conclusion.

我們相信是真的。而且因為我們相信 是真的，從這個事實我們得出結論。

Okay? I think everybody knows a very famous "premise + conclusion" sentence. "I think"

好的？我想每個人都知道一個非常有名的 “前提+結論”一句。 “我認為”

-- premise -- "I believe that I think, therefore I am." That's the conclusion I reach. Because

-前提-“我相信，因此 我是。”這就是我得出的結論。因為

I think, I am. Okay. Don't be confused. It's not "because". Premise and conclusion, but

我覺得我是。好的。不要困惑。它的 不是因為”。前提和結論，但是

I'm just trying to simplify it a little bit.

我只是想 簡化一下。

"Thus" means "result". Now, it's a little bit different from "consequence". "Result"

“因此”表示“結果”。現在，有點 與“後果”略有不同。 “結果”

means a result of the last argument. Okay? And "consequence" is -- again, it's a result,

表示最後一個參數的結果。好的？和 “後果”是-再次是結果，

but a consequence. Something's going to happen as a result of the thing before. Now, it's

但是結果。即將發生的事情 由於之前的事情。現在，這是

very, very important to remember, something had to be mentioned before you can use any

記住非常非常重要的事情 必須提到，然後才能使用任何

of these words. Okay? All of these words and whatever sentence or clause or whatever comes

這些話。好的？所有這些詞和 任何句子或子句或任何出現

after it is in relation to what came before. Okay? I said something before; this is my

與之前發生的事情有關。 好的？我以前說過這是我的

conclusion now. Or this is the result of what happened or this is the consequence.

現在結論。或這是由於 發生了什麼，或者這是後果。

More informally, we can use "so" also to talk about a consequence or a result. We use "then".

更非正式地說，我們也可以使用“ so”進行交談 關於結果或結果。我們使用“然後”。

So, "This happened. Then, I did this." Not "then" like time, like sequence. "Then" means

所以，“發生了。然後，我做到了。”不 “然後”像時間，像序列。 “然後”是指

more like, "This happened, so I did this." "This happened. Then, I did that as a result

更像是“發生了這種事，所以我做到了。” “發生了。然後，我這樣做了

of the first thing."

第一件事。”

Now, a lot of people ask me about this word, "hence". The first thing I will say is don't

現在，很多人問我這個詞， “因此”。我要說的第一件事就是

use it. One, it's a bit old-fashioned and a bit snobby. And two, most people don't use

用它。一個，有點老式，一個 有點。第二，大多數人不使用

it correctly anyway. I personally don't like this word, but if you must use it, then, remember

無論如何正確。我個人不喜歡這樣 單詞，但是如果您必須使用它，請記住

it's also like a consequence. Use it instead of "thus" -- probably instead of "therefore".

這也像是後果。改用它 “因此”的意思-可能不是“因此”的意思。

And of course, very casual, "as a result". Okay? So before we look at this -- all of

當然，這是非常隨意的。 好的？所以在我們看這個之前

these individually, let's look at some examples. "I am cold." Okay? This is the situation.

這些都是單獨的，讓我們看一些示例。 “我好冷。”好的？就是這種情況。

"I am cold. Therefore, I'll put on a coat." [Coughs] Excuse me. Actually, you know what?

“我很冷。因此，我穿上外套。” [咳嗽]對不起其實你知道嗎？

Let me change this. Sorry. I'll put a period here. If I were going to use "therefore" with

讓我改變這個。抱歉。我會放一段 這裡。如果我要在其中使用“因此”

this, I would start a new sentence. All of these words can be used to start a sentence

這個，我要開始一個新句子。所有的 這些詞可以用來開始一個句子

or mid-sentence. But some of them are better used to start. Some of them are better used

或中間句子。但是其中一些更好 用於啟動。其中一些更好用

in the middle. "I'm cold. Therefore, I'll put on a coat."

在中間。 “我覺得冷。 因此，我穿上外套。”

Now, if I'm grading your essay -- let's say you're writing IELTS or TOEFL, etc. -- and

現在，如果我要對您的論文進行評分-假設 您正在寫雅思或託福等。-

you wrote "therefore, I'll put on a coat", I would actually take off points. Why? Because

你寫了“因此，我要穿外套”，我 實際上會起飛。為什麼？因為

you're trying to impress me. For something this casual, don't use "therefore"; use "so".

你想打動我。為了某件事 這個臨時的，不要使用“因此”；使用“ so”。

"I'm cold, so I'll put on a coat." This is the situation. This is what I'm going to do

“我很冷，所以我穿上外套。”這是 情況。這就是我要做的

as a result of the situation. "I'm cold" -- and then, I would put period. "Then, I'll put

由於這種情況。 “我覺得冷” - 然後，我要放置句號。 “那我放

on a coat." I've made a decision. "I'll put on a coat as a result of being cold." Don't

我決定了。 因為冷而穿在外套上。”

use "therefore". Don't use "thus". "Consequently" -- I won't take off points, but I won't give

使用“因此”。不要使用“因此”。 “所以” -我不會拿分數，但我不會給

you points either, okay? "Hence" -- don't do it. And "as a result" -- again, a little

你指點好嗎？ “因此”-不要 做吧。而“結果”-再說一遍

bit too formal for this context. But let's look at a slightly more sophisticated context,

在這種情況下有點太正式了。但是，讓我們 看一個稍微複雜的背景

a little bit better-written sentence and see what the difference is.

寫得更好的句子 看看有什麼區別。

Okay. So let's look at this sentence now. It's a little bit more formal. We're talking

好的。現在讓我們來看這句話。 有點正式。在說話

about something a little bit more serious. We're going to look at the situation and the

關於一些更嚴重的事情。 我們將研究情況和

result or the consequence, etc. "Sales shrank, and the competition was increasing its market

結果或結果等。“銷售縮水， 競爭加劇了它的市場

share." Okay? You're talking -- maybe this is a business article, or you're talking about

分享。“好嗎？您在說-也許是 商業文章，或者您在談論

some sort of product, etc. So this is the situation. This is what is happening with

某種產品等。這就是 情況。這就是正在發生的事情

this product or this company. And they want to do something. So you can say, "Therefore"

該產品或該公司。他們想要 做某事。所以你可以說，“因此”

-- you're starting the sentence, capital T, beginning of the sentence. "Therefore, the

-您是從句開始，大寫T， 句子的開頭。 “因此，

company decided to invest more in R and D". Research and development. "Consequently" -- so

公司決定在研發方面投入更多”。 研究與開發。 “因此”-因此

as a consequence of this situation -- "the company decided to invest." "Thus, the company

由於這種情況- 公司決定投資。”“因此，公司

decided to invest." So all of these show that this is came about as a result of this situation.

決定投資。”因此，所有這些表明 這是這種情況的結果。

Okay? That's one way.

好的？那是一種方式。

You can also do it mid-sentence. Again, "Sales shrank, and the competition was increasing

您也可以在句子中間進行。再次，“銷售 縮水，競爭在加劇

its market share. The company therefore decided to invest..." Now, you could put -- actually,

其市場份額。公司因此決定 投資……”現在，您可以放下-實際上，

I'll do it in purple. You could put commas here. Okay? And many people do that. The only

我會用紫色做。你可以放逗號 這裡。好的？許多人都這樣做。唯一的

difference between with commas and without commas is pace. "The company, therefore, decided

有逗號和沒有逗號之間的區別 逗號就是節奏。 “因此，公司決定

to..." Without commas, "The company therefore decided to..." Okay? You want to emphasize

...”沒有逗號，“因此公司 決定...“好嗎？你想強調

this or you want to emphasize the decision. Okay? It depends. "They drew this decision

這或您想強調決定。 好的？這取決於。 “他們得出了這個決定

as a conclusion." Okay? "Therefore decided." "The company decided" -- you can even take

作為結論。“好嗎？”因此決定。 “公司決定”-您甚至可以

this out. "The company decided to invest more." But you want to show the transition. You want

這個出來。 “公司決定投資更多。” 但是您想顯示過渡。你要

to show the direct link between the two sentences. So again, the commas, just for pace and what

以顯示兩個句子之間的直接鏈接。 再說一遍，逗號，只代表步伐和意義

you want to emphasize or not. "The company, consequently, decided to..." "The company

你想強調還是不強調。 “公司， 因此，決定...“”

consequently decided to invest." "The company thus decided to invest." Okay?

因此決定投資。” 公司因此決定投資。”

"Thus" -- okay. I would not put commas. Don't put commas with "thus" because it slows it

“這樣”-好的。我不會放逗號。別 將逗號與“因此”放在一起，因為它會減慢速度

down a little bit too much. "The company thus decide today invest." Okay? This is a bit

下降太多了。 “因此，公司 決定今天投資。“好嗎？這有點

more of a direct link, so you can't put the commas to de-emphasize. It's a direct emphasis.

更多的是直接鏈接，因此您不能將 逗號以不加強調。直接強調。

That's one.

那是一個

Now, let's look at another way of doing this. "It was too expensive." Okay? Let's say we're

現在，讓我們看看另一種方式。 “太貴了。”好的？假設我們

talking about same article. We're talking about research and development. They wanted

談論同一篇文章。在說話 關於研發。他們想

to invest more. But then, they realized that it was too expensive. So here, if I'm using

投資更多。但是後來，他們意識到 太貴了。所以在這裡，如果我正在使用

"so" -- remember; in an essay, if you've used "therefore", "thus", and "consequently" already,

“如此”-記住；在一篇文章中，如果您曾經使用過 “因此”，“因此”和“因此”已經，

you don't want to repeat many words. In this case, it's okay to use "so". Don't use "so"

您不想重複很多單詞。在這 情況下，可以使用“ so”。不要使用“ so”

casually. But if you've used the other ones too many times, you want variety. So you can

隨便。但是如果你用過其他的 太多次，您想要變化。這樣你就可以

start using "so" as well. "It was too expensive, so they decide today do something else." "It

也開始使用“ so”。 “太貴了， 所以他們今天決定做其他事情。”

was too expensive." See here? Semicolon. I hope you can see that. "Consequently" is a

太貴了。”（看這裡？分號。我 希望你能看到。因此，“

perfect word to use after a semicolon. "Consequently, it was too expensive." It's like a stop, but

在分號後使用的完美詞。 “所以， 太貴了。”

it's not. But it's not a comma, either. "Consequently, they decided to do something else."

不是。但這也不是逗號。 “因此，他們決定做其他事情。”

"It was too expensive, and thus..." So here, I'm using "thus" instead of the semicolon.

“太貴了，因此……”所以在這裡， 我使用的是“因此”而不是分號。

You could use "thus" after the semicolon as well. You could use "and so". Notice that

您可以在分號後使用“因此”作為 好。您可以使用“等等”。注意

I'm not using "therefore". Okay? Because this is more of a consequence than it is a conclusion.

我沒有使用“因此”。好的？因為這是 結果多於結論。

I'm not taking this to be a truth and because of this truth, I'm reaching a conclusion.

我不認為這是事實，因為 關於這個事實，我得出一個結論。

There's a consequence. So you see there's a slight -- very slight difference between

有結果。所以你看到有一個 輕微-兩者之間的差別很小

"therefore" and "thus" or "consequently". And if you can use the words correctly in

“因此”和“因此”或“因此”。 如果您可以正確使用

an essay, extra points for you, especially if I'm marking it because I like that. Okay?

一篇短文，給你加分，特別是 如果我要標記它是因為我喜歡。好的？

Now, we're going to look at one more example, and then, we'll understand it a little bit better.

現在，我們再看一個例子， 然後，我們會更好地理解它。

Okay. So let's look at the last example here -- actually, last couple of examples here.

好的。所以讓我們看這裡的最後一個例子 -實際上，這裡有最後幾個例子。

I want you to also realize that you can use two of these transitions in one sentence or

我希望你也意識到你可以使用 這些轉換中的兩個在一個句子中或

in one situation. "The job was too demanding, so many people quit. Consequently, the company

在一種情況下。 “這項工作要求很高， 這麼多人退出。因此，公司

hired new employees." So this "so" shows the connection between these two ideas within

僱用了新員工。”因此，“ so”表示 這兩個想法之間的聯繫

one sentence. And then, the next sentence shows the consequence of the last sentence, okay?

一個句子。然後，下一個句子顯示 最後一句話的結果，好嗎？

So don't be afraid to mix them up. You can have more than one idea. One situation resulted

因此，不要害怕將它們混淆。你可以有 一個以上的想法。導致一種情況

in another situation. Is this entire situation resulted in a whole other consequence, for

在另一種情況下。這是整個情況嗎 導致了其他結果

example, right?

舉例吧？

And another thing I want to mention, "so" is used in many different ways. Be careful

我想說的另一件事是“所以” 有許多不同的用法。小心

that you're using the right form or the right function of "so". I could've written, "The

您使用正確的表格或正確的形式 “ so”的功能。我可以寫，“

job was so demanding that many people quit." Okay? That's a little bit of a different form

這份工作要求很高，許多人辭職了。” 好的？有點不同的形式

of "so" because here, we're talking about modifying "demanding". And the "that" would

之所以如此，因為在這裡，我們談論的是 修改“需求”。而“那個”會

be the result part of it. Okay? I don't want to confuse you. I don't want to get into that.

成為結果的一部分。好的？我不要 使你困惑。我不想涉足。

Just understand "so" has many uses. Make sure you're using it correctly to join another

只是了解“所以”有很多用途。確保 您正在正確使用它來加入另一個

clause to another clause, and they have a logical consequence relationship. And then,

子句到另一個子句，它們有一個 邏輯後果關係。接著，

the next sentence begins with a clause relating again to the last sentence completely.

下一個句子以與 再次完全到最後一句話。

Now, one other thing. Some of you may be reading, and you may actually come across this, for

現在，另一件事。你們中有些人可能正在閱讀， 您可能實際上遇到了這個

example, in TOEFL or IELTS, "thus". "Thus" is sometimes mean "like this" or "like that".

例如，在TOEFL或IELTS中，“因此”。 “因此”是 有時表示“喜歡”或“喜歡”。

Okay? "If the model is thus constructed" -- so if the model is constructed this way or like

好的？ “如果模型是這樣構造的”-那麼 如果模型是用這種方式構造的或類似的

this, the result will vary, and we won't know what the real answer is. So be careful. "Thus"

這樣，結果會有所不同，我們不會知道 真正的答案是什麼。所以要小心“從而”

has a completely different meaning. Again, a little bit old-fashioned. People don't really

具有完全不同的含義。同樣， 有點老式。人們不是真的

use it very much anymore. But you may see it. Make sure you understand what it means.

經常使用它。但是你可能會看到 它。確保您了解其含義。

And I didn't mention -- so far, I didn't mention "then". "It's too difficult." Person A says,

我沒有提到-到目前為止，我沒有提到 “然後”。 “太難了。” A人說：

"It's too difficult." The person says, "Then practice more." This "then" means this is

“太難了。”該人說：“然後 多練習。”“那麼”表​​示這是

the situation; this is what you should do, the result. I could say, "So practice more.

情況；這就是你應該做的 結果。我可以說：“所以多練習。

Then practice more." I will not say, "As a result of it being difficult, you should practice

然後多練習。”我不會說，“結果 這很困難，你應該練習

more." Don't say that. Very, very casual. In very casual -- especially spoken -- situations,

更多。”不要這麼說。非常非常隨意。 非常隨意-尤其是口語-情況，

you might want to use "then". Again, I could put "hence" here. But I don't want to. I don't

您可能要使用“然後”。同樣，我可以 在這裡放“因此”。但是我不想。我不

want you to, either. But if you insist on using "hence", you could put it here. It's

希望您也可以。但是如果你堅持 使用“因此”，您可以將其放在此處。它的

basically showing the relationship of situation, result. Okay?

基本上顯示出這種關係 情況，結果。好的？

If you're still not sure, go to www.engvid.com. I've put a quiz up there. You can practice

如果仍然不確定，請訪問www.engvid.com。 我已經在那裡進行了測驗。你可以練習

some more with these. Leave questions and comments in the comment section. And also

這些還有一些。留下問題並 評論部分中的評論。並且

subscribe to my YouTube channel. And I'll see you again soon. Thanks.

訂閱我的YouTube頻道。和 我很快會再見。謝謝。