Writing - Transitions - THEREFORE, THUS, CONSEQUENTLY

1,690,835 views ใƒป 2013-06-11

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:02
Hi, again. Welcome back to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam. Today's lesson is -- actually, I
0
2810
5680
ใพใŸไผšใฃใŸใญใ€‚ www.engvid.com ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏ -- ๅฎŸใฏใ€
00:08
had a few requests for it. So I'm not going to mention names right now because there are
1
8490
3490
ใ„ใใคใ‹ใƒชใ‚ฏใ‚จใ‚นใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅๅ‰ใŒๅคšใ™ใŽใฆ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใใ‚Œใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ไปŠใฏ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
00:11
too many to mention. But some people asked me about transitions, again, specifically, "therefore"
2
11980
6581
ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซใฏใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
00:18
and "thus". But I figured I would do the whole package because they can all work together.
3
18587
6337
ใจใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆ้€ฃๆบใงใใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ธๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:24
If you're writing essays, you can use more than one of these, more than two of these,
4
24950
4879
ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€็‰นใซ้•ทใ„ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใฎ ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ 1 ใคไปฅไธŠใ€2 ใคไปฅไธŠไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™
00:29
especially for longer essays. So first, we're going to look at the differences or similarities
5
29829
4881
ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชž ใฎ็›ธ้•็‚นใพใŸใฏ้กžไผผ็‚น (
00:34
-- as the case may be -- of these words and when and how they are used. Okay?
6
34710
5670
ๅ ดๅˆใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆ) ใจใ€ใ„ใคใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
00:40
So the words we're looking at today are "therefore", "thus", "consequently", "so", "then, "hence",
7
40380
8955
ไปŠๆ—ฅ็งใŸใกใŒ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็ตๆžœ็š„ใซใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€
00:49
and the expression "as a result". Okay? So again, all of these are transitions. I'll
8
49361
6589
ใใ—ใฆใ€Œ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆใ€ใจใ„ใ†่กจ็พใงใ™ใ€‚ ใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ
00:55
put it here.
9
55950
1401
ใงใ™ ใ“ใ“ใซ่ผ‰ใ›ใฆใŠใใพใ™
01:00
So a little review. What is a transition? A transition is like a bridge that connects
10
60655
4815
ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ™ ใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใจใฏ? ใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใจใฏ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ใคใชใๆฉ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช
01:05
two ideas. Okay? So what are we connecting here? What are the ideas that we want to connect?
11
65470
5463
ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ? ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใงไฝ•ใ‚’ๆŽฅ็ถšใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ๆŽฅ็ถšใ—ใŸใ„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†?
01:10
We want to connect a logical conclusion. Okay? Or we want to connect a consequence. What
12
70959
6400
็งใŸใกใฏ่ซ–็†็š„ใช็ต่ซ–ใ‚’็ตใณไป˜ใ‘ ใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ? ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ตๆžœใ‚’็ตใณไป˜ใ‘ใŸใ„ใฎ
01:17
is a "consequence"? A consequence is, basically, a result. So for example, in life, we make
13
77359
5881
ใงใ™ ใ€Œ็ตๆžœใ€ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹? ็ตๆžœใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ ใซ็ตๆžœใงใ™. ใŸใจใˆใฐไบบ็”ŸใซใŠใ„ใฆ ็งใŸใกใฏ
01:23
choices, we make decisions, and then, we have to live with the consequences, whatever those
14
83240
5680
้ธๆŠžใ‚’ใ— ๆฑบๅฎšใ‚’ไธ‹ใ— ใใ—ใฆ ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้ธๆŠžใŒ็งใŸใกใซใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ™ใ‚‚ใฎใฏไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใ€็งใŸใกใฏ็ตๆžœใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ
01:28
choices bring us. Okay? So there's a very, very slight difference in these three words,
15
88920
6517
ใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“. ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ. ใงใฏ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ3ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใซใฏใ€็‰นใซ้žๅธธใซใ‚ใšใ‹ใช้•ใ„
01:35
especially. These are the three that I want you to use most on essays if you're going
16
95463
4097
ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™.
01:39
to be writing essays. Okay? We use "therefore" -- again, it's more of a mathematical word,
17
99560
6376
ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ? ็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ -- ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ•ฐๅญฆ็š„ใช่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™
01:45
but we use it, obviously, to write, as well. When we have a premise, from there premise,
18
105962
6297
ใŒใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๆ›ธใใŸใ‚ใซใ‚‚ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™. ๅ‰ๆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎๅ‰ๆ eใ€
01:52
we generally reach a conclusion. Now, what is a "premise"? A "premise" is an idea that
19
112259
5900
็งใŸใกใฏไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซ็ต่ซ–ใซ้”ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏ ใ€ใ€Œๅ‰ๆใ€ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ ใ€Œๅ‰ๆใ€ใจใฏใ€
01:58
we believe to be true. And because we believe it is true, from that truth we reach a conclusion.
20
118159
7294
็งใŸใกใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹่€ƒใˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œ ใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใใฎ็œŸๅฎŸใ‹ใ‚‰็ต่ซ–ใ‚’ๅฐŽใๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:05
Okay? I think everybody knows a very famous "premise + conclusion" sentence. "I think"
21
125479
6455
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๆœ‰ๅใชใ€Œๅ‰ๆ๏ผ‹็ต่ซ–ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏๆ€ใ†
02:11
-- premise -- "I believe that I think, therefore I am." That's the conclusion I reach. Because
22
131960
6830
ใ€ๅ‰ๆใ€Œ็งใฏ็งใŒ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚†ใˆใซ ็งใฏใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŒๅˆฐ้”ใ—ใŸ็ต่ซ–ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:18
I think, I am. Okay. Don't be confused. It's not "because". Premise and conclusion, but
23
138790
7000
็งใŒๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใฏใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ๆททไนฑใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅ‰ๆใจ็ต่ซ–
02:25
I'm just trying to simplify it a little bit.
24
145816
2714
ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅ˜็ด”ๅŒ–ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ— ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:28
"Thus" means "result". Now, it's a little bit different from "consequence". "Result"
25
148530
5250
ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใฏใ€Œ็ตๆžœใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ ใ€Œ็ตๆžœใ€ใจใฏๅฐ‘ใ—้•ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ "Result"
02:33
means a result of the last argument. Okay? And "consequence" is -- again, it's a result,
26
153780
6230
ใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๅผ•ๆ•ฐใฎ็ตๆžœใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ—ใฆ ใ€Œ็ตๆžœใ€ใฏ - ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็ตๆžœใงใ™
02:40
but a consequence. Something's going to happen as a result of the thing before. Now, it's
27
160010
5250
ใŒใ€็ตๆžœใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅ‰ใฎใ“ใจใฎ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€
02:45
very, very important to remember, something had to be mentioned before you can use any
28
165260
6009
่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ๅŠใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
02:51
of these words. Okay? All of these words and whatever sentence or clause or whatever comes
29
171269
5791
ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎๅ˜่ชžใจใ€ ๆ–‡ใ‚„็ฏ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใใฎๅพŒใซ็ถšใใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ™ในใฆใ€
02:57
after it is in relation to what came before. Okay? I said something before; this is my
30
177060
7331
ๅ‰ใซๅ‡บใฆใใŸใ‚‚ใฎใจ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็งใฏๅ‰ใซไฝ•ใ‹่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ
03:04
conclusion now. Or this is the result of what happened or this is the consequence.
31
184417
4986
ไปŠใฎ็งใฎ็ต่ซ–ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ“ใจใฎ็ตๆžœใง ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็ตๆžœใงใ™ใ€‚
03:09
More informally, we can use "so" also to talk about a consequence or a result. We use "then".
32
189429
6911
ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้žๅ…ฌๅผใซใ€"so" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ— ใฆใ€็ตๆžœใพใŸใฏ็ตๆžœใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:16
So, "This happened. Then, I did this." Not "then" like time, like sequence. "Then" means
33
196340
6569
ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ€‚ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€ใ€‚ ๆ™‚้–“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ€ŒใใฎๅพŒใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใ‚นใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใฏ
03:22
more like, "This happened, so I did this." "This happened. Then, I did that as a result
34
202909
5450
ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ†ใชใฃใŸใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ†ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ“ใ†ใชใฃใŸใ€‚ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆใ€็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’
03:28
of the first thing."
35
208359
1160
ใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€
03:29
Now, a lot of people ask me about this word, "hence". The first thing I will say is don't
36
209519
5271
ไปŠใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒใ“ใฎใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‹ใญใฆใ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใซ่จ€ใฃใฆใŠใใพใ™ใŒใ€ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ„
03:34
use it. One, it's a bit old-fashioned and a bit snobby. And two, most people don't use
37
214790
7423
ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ 1ใค็›ฎใฏใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅค้ขจใงใ€ ๅฐ‘ใ—ใŠใ—ใ‚ƒในใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ 2 ใค็›ฎใฏใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎไบบใŒๆญฃใ—ใไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„
03:42
it correctly anyway. I personally don't like this word, but if you must use it, then, remember
38
222239
6420
ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏๅ€‹ไบบ็š„ใซใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒๅฅฝใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
03:48
it's also like a consequence. Use it instead of "thus" -- probably instead of "therefore".
39
228659
4508
ใ€็ตๆžœใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:53
And of course, very casual, "as a result". Okay? So before we look at this -- all of
40
233193
6686
ใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ใ€Œ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆใ€้žๅธธใซใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œ
03:59
these individually, let's look at some examples. "I am cold." Okay? This is the situation.
41
239879
5691
ใ‚’ๅ€‹ๅˆฅใซ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ "็งใฏๅฏ’ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚" ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็Šถๆณใงใ™ใ€‚
04:05
"I am cold. Therefore, I'll put on a coat." [Coughs] Excuse me. Actually, you know what?
42
245596
5940
ใ€Œๅฏ’ใ„ใฎใงใ‚ณใƒผใƒˆใ‚’็€ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ [ๅ’ณ] ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:11
Let me change this. Sorry. I'll put a period here. If I were going to use "therefore" with
43
251562
6562
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ•ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใซใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ชใƒ‰ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
04:18
this, I would start a new sentence. All of these words can be used to start a sentence
44
258150
6220
ใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ–‡ใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏใ™ในใฆใ€ๆ–‡ใฎ้–‹ๅง‹ใพใŸใฏๆ–‡ใฎ้€”ไธญใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™
04:24
or mid-sentence. But some of them are better used to start. Some of them are better used
45
264370
5199
ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฏใ€้–‹ๅง‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซ้ฉใ—ใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฏ
04:29
in the middle. "I'm cold. Therefore, I'll put on a coat."
46
269569
3541
ใ€้€”ไธญใงใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚ˆใไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฏ’ใ„ ใฎใงใ‚ณใƒผใƒˆใ‚’็€ใพใ™ใ€
04:33
Now, if I'm grading your essay -- let's say you're writing IELTS or TOEFL, etc. -- and
47
273110
4630
ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆŽก็‚นใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ IELTS ใ‚„ TOEFL ใชใฉ
04:37
you wrote "therefore, I'll put on a coat", I would actually take off points. Why? Because
48
277740
4910
ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ
04:42
you're trying to impress me. For something this casual, don't use "therefore"; use "so".
49
282650
6710
ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใ‚’ๆ„Ÿๅ‹•ใ•ใ›ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใชใ“ใจใซใฏใ€ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ†ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:49
"I'm cold, so I'll put on a coat." This is the situation. This is what I'm going to do
50
289360
6440
ใ€Œๅฏ’ใ„ใฎใงใ‚ณใƒผใƒˆใ‚’็€ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œ ใŒ็Šถๆณใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ซธไบ‹ๆƒ…ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅฝขใซใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ
04:55
as a result of the situation. "I'm cold" -- and then, I would put period. "Then, I'll put
51
295800
7284
ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏๅฏ’ใ„ใงใ™ใ€ - ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฏๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ™. ใ€Œใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚
05:03
on a coat." I've made a decision. "I'll put on a coat as a result of being cold." Don't
52
303110
4660
ใ€ใ‚ณใƒผใƒˆใ‚’็€ใพใ™ใญใ€‚ใ€ ็งใฏๆฑบๆ–ญใ‚’ไธ‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œ ๅฏ’ใ„ใฎใงใ‚ณใƒผใƒˆใ‚’็€ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
05:07
use "therefore". Don't use "thus". "Consequently" -- I won't take off points, but I won't give
53
307770
5679
ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใฏไฝฟใ‚ใชใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใฏไฝฟใ‚ใชใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ โ€•โ€•ๆธ›็‚นใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€
05:13
you points either, okay? "Hence" -- don't do it. And "as a result" -- again, a little
54
313449
8374
ใ‚ใชใŸใซใ‚‚ๆธ›็‚นใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ -- ใ— ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€Œ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆใ€ - ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—
05:21
bit too formal for this context. But let's look at a slightly more sophisticated context,
55
321849
6040
ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡่„ˆใงใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฝขๅผ็š„ใ™ใŽใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆด—็ทดใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆ–‡่„ˆ
05:27
a little bit better-written sentence and see what the difference is.
56
327889
3548
ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ใ‚ˆใๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸๆ–‡ ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€้•ใ„ใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.
05:31
Okay. So let's look at this sentence now. It's a little bit more formal. We're talking
57
331463
4697
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆทฑๅˆปใชใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
05:36
about something a little bit more serious. We're going to look at the situation and the
58
336160
4750
ใ€‚ ็Šถๆณใจ
05:40
result or the consequence, etc. "Sales shrank, and the competition was increasing its market
59
340910
5740
็ตๆžœใ€ใพใŸใฏใใฎ็ตๆžœใชใฉใ‚’่ฆ‹ ใฆใ„ใ
05:46
share." Okay? You're talking -- maybe this is a business article, or you're talking about
60
346650
4180
ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ -- ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚น่จ˜ไบ‹ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€
05:50
some sort of product, etc. So this is the situation. This is what is happening with
61
350830
4920
ใ‚ใ‚‹็จฎใฎ่ฃฝๅ“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ ็Šถๆณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ€
05:55
this product or this company. And they want to do something. So you can say, "Therefore"
62
355750
5814
ใ“ใฎ่ฃฝๅ“ใพใŸใฏใ“ใฎไผš็คพใง่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„ ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒ
06:01
-- you're starting the sentence, capital T, beginning of the sentence. "Therefore, the
63
361590
4009
ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ๅคงๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฎ T ใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๅ…ˆ้ ญใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€
06:05
company decided to invest more in R and D". Research and development. "Consequently" -- so
64
365599
6720
ๅŒ็คพใฏ็ ”็ฉถ้–‹็™บใซใ•ใ‚‰ใซๆŠ•่ณ‡ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€. ็ ”็ฉถ้–‹็™บใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎ็ตๆžœใ€ --
06:12
as a consequence of this situation -- "the company decided to invest." "Thus, the company
65
372319
6600
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใฎ็Šถๆณใฎ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆ -- ใ€Œ ไผš็คพใฏๆŠ•่ณ‡ใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไผš็คพ
06:18
decided to invest." So all of these show that this is came about as a result of this situation.
66
378919
7745
ใฏๆŠ•่ณ‡ใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฏใ€ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ“ใฎ็Šถๆณใฎ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆ็”Ÿใ˜ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:26
Okay? That's one way.
67
386690
1722
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏไธ€ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:28
You can also do it mid-sentence. Again, "Sales shrank, and the competition was increasing
68
388438
5152
ๆ–‡ใฎ้€”ไธญใงใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€ŒๅฃฒไธŠ ใŒๆธ›ๅฐ‘ใ—ใ€็ซถไบ‰ใŒ
06:33
its market share. The company therefore decided to invest..." Now, you could put -- actually,
69
393590
7654
ๅธ‚ๅ ดใ‚ทใ‚งใ‚ขใ‚’ๆ‹กๅคงใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ไผš็คพใฏๆŠ•่ณ‡ ใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ—ใพใ—ใŸ...ใ€ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™-ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€็งใฏ
06:41
I'll do it in purple. You could put commas here. Okay? And many people do that. The only
70
401270
6160
ใใ‚Œใ‚’็ดซ่‰ฒใง่กŒใ„ใพใ™. ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒใใ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:47
difference between with commas and without commas is pace. "The company, therefore, decided
71
407470
7614
ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใ‚ใ‚Šใจใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใชใ—ใฎๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎ้•ใ„ ใฏใƒšใƒผใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไผš็คพใฏ
06:55
to..." Without commas, "The company therefore decided to..." Okay? You want to emphasize
72
415110
6160
๏ฝžใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใชใ—ใงใ€ใ€Œไผš็คพใฏใ€ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ๏ฝžใ‚’ ๆฑบๅฎšใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใ„ใ€
07:01
this or you want to emphasize the decision. Okay? It depends. "They drew this decision
73
421270
6859
ใพใŸใฏๆฑบๅฎšใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็ต่ซ–ใจใ—ใฆใ“ใฎๆฑบๅฎšใ‚’ไธ‹ใ—
07:08
as a conclusion." Okay? "Therefore decided." "The company decided" -- you can even take
74
428129
6410
ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฑบใ‚ใŸใ€ ใ€Œไผš็คพใŒๆฑบใ‚ใŸใ€ใƒปใƒปใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ๆŒใกๅ‡บใ—ๅฏ่ƒฝ
07:14
this out. "The company decided to invest more." But you want to show the transition. You want
75
434539
6181
ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎไผš็คพใฏใ•ใ‚‰ใซๆŠ•่ณ‡ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้ท็งปใ‚’็คบใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:20
to show the direct link between the two sentences. So again, the commas, just for pace and what
76
440720
6419
2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“ใฎ็›ดๆŽฅ็š„ใชใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’็คบใ—ใŸใ„ใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏใ€ใƒšใƒผใ‚นใจ
07:27
you want to emphasize or not. "The company, consequently, decided to..." "The company
77
447139
5780
ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใจๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใฎใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎ ็ตๆžœใ€ไผš็คพใฏโ€ฆใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ—ใŸใ€ใ€Œใใฎ็ตๆžœใ€ไผš็คพใฏ
07:32
consequently decided to invest." "The company thus decided to invest." Okay?
78
452919
6261
ๆŠ•่ณ‡ใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ—ใŸใ€ ใ€Œใใฎ ไผš็คพใฏใ“ใ†ใ—ใฆๆŠ•่ณ‡ใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ—ใŸใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:39
"Thus" -- okay. I would not put commas. Don't put commas with "thus" because it slows it
79
459180
9523
ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ - ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฐ‘ใ— ้…ใใชใ‚Šใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€"thus" ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
07:48
down a little bit too much. "The company thus decide today invest." Okay? This is a bit
80
468729
5101
ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไผš็คพใฏ ไปŠๆ—ฅใ€ๆŠ•่ณ‡ใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
07:53
more of a direct link, so you can't put the commas to de-emphasize. It's a direct emphasis.
81
473830
5922
ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็›ดๆŽฅ็š„ใชใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ็›ดๆŽฅๅผท่ชฟใงใ™ใ€‚
07:59
That's one.
82
479778
989
ใใ‚Œใฏ1ใคใงใ™ใ€‚
08:00
Now, let's look at another way of doing this. "It was too expensive." Okay? Let's say we're
83
480793
6091
ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ๅˆฅใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ้ซ˜ใ™ใŽใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:06
talking about same article. We're talking about research and development. They wanted
84
486910
3479
ๅŒใ˜่จ˜ไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏ็ ”็ฉถ้–‹็™บใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ
08:10
to invest more. But then, they realized that it was too expensive. So here, if I'm using
85
490389
5430
ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆŠ•่ณ‡ใ—ใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใฎๅพŒใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ใใ‚ŒใŒ้ซ˜ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œsoใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
08:15
"so" -- remember; in an essay, if you've used "therefore", "thus", and "consequently" already,
86
495819
6373
่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใงใ€ ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚’ใ™ใงใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
08:22
you don't want to repeat many words. In this case, it's okay to use "so". Don't use "so"
87
502218
5827
ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅคšใใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“. ใ“ใฎ ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œsoใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ‚‚ๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ†ใ€ใ‚’ใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใซไฝฟใ‚ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
08:28
casually. But if you've used the other ones too many times, you want variety. So you can
88
508071
4999
ใ€‚ ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ไป–ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ
08:33
start using "so" as well. "It was too expensive, so they decide today do something else." "It
89
513070
5659
ใ€ใ€Œsoใ€ใ‚‚ไฝฟใ„ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ้ซ˜ใ™ใŽใŸใฎใงใ€ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅˆฅใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œใใ‚Œ
08:38
was too expensive." See here? Semicolon. I hope you can see that. "Consequently" is a
90
518729
7805
ใฏ้ซ˜ใ™ใŽใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ“่ฆ‹ใฆ๏ผŸ ใ‚ปใƒŸใ‚ณใƒญใƒณใ€‚ ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆใ€ใฏ
08:46
perfect word to use after a semicolon. "Consequently, it was too expensive." It's like a stop, but
91
526560
6300
ใ€ใ‚ปใƒŸใ‚ณใƒญใƒณใฎๅพŒใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๆœ€้ฉใชๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ้ซ˜ใ™ใŽใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ๅœ่ปŠๅ ดใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใŒใ€
08:52
it's not. But it's not a comma, either. "Consequently, they decided to do something else."
92
532860
6909
ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎ็ตๆžœใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅˆฅใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
09:00
"It was too expensive, and thus..." So here, I'm using "thus" instead of the semicolon.
93
540490
5699
ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šใซใ‚‚้ซ˜ไพกใ ใฃใŸใฎใง...ใ€ ใ“ใ“ ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ปใƒŸใ‚ณใƒญใƒณใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:06
You could use "thus" after the semicolon as well. You could use "and so". Notice that
94
546215
5755
ใ‚ปใƒŸใ‚ณใƒญใƒณใฎๅพŒใซ "thus" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใชใฉใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
09:11
I'm not using "therefore". Okay? Because this is more of a consequence than it is a conclusion.
95
551970
5770
ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็ต่ซ–ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚็ตๆžœใซ่ฟ‘ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:17
I'm not taking this to be a truth and because of this truth, I'm reaching a conclusion.
96
557740
3994
็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็œŸๅฎŸใจใฏ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ใ“ใฎ็œŸๅฎŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€็งใฏ็ต่ซ–ใซ้”ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:21
There's a consequence. So you see there's a slight -- very slight difference between
97
561760
4889
็ตๆžœใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Š ใ€
09:26
"therefore" and "thus" or "consequently". And if you can use the words correctly in
98
566649
5731
ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใจใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฟ…็„ถ็š„ใซใ€ใฎ้–“ใซใฏใ€ใ‚ใšใ‹ใชใ€ใคใพใ‚Š้žๅธธใซใ‚ใšใ‹ใช้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใงๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚Œ
09:32
an essay, extra points for you, especially if I'm marking it because I like that. Okay?
99
572380
5647
ใฐใ€็‰นใซ ็งใŒใใ‚ŒใŒๅฅฝใใชใฎใงใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใŒไธŽใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
09:38
Now, we're going to look at one more example, and then, we'll understand it a little bit better.
100
578053
5726
ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็†่งฃใ‚’ๆทฑใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:44
Okay. So let's look at the last example here -- actually, last couple of examples here.
101
584085
4475
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใงๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ 2 ใคใฎไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:48
I want you to also realize that you can use two of these transitions in one sentence or
102
588560
4690
ใพใŸ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎใ†ใก 2 ใคใ‚’ 1 ใคใฎๆ–‡
09:53
in one situation. "The job was too demanding, so many people quit. Consequently, the company
103
593250
7503
ใพใŸใฏ 1 ใคใฎ็Šถๆณใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚็†่งฃใ—ใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œไป•ไบ‹ใŒใใคใ™ใŽใŸ ใฎใงใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒ่พžใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ€ไผš็คพ
10:00
hired new employees." So this "so" shows the connection between these two ideas within
104
600779
8055
ใฏๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅพ“ๆฅญๅ“กใ‚’้›‡ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใ€Œใใ†ใ€ใฏใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฎใคใชใŒใ‚Šใ‚’
10:08
one sentence. And then, the next sentence shows the consequence of the last sentence, okay?
105
608860
6618
1 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธญใง็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ ใฏๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใฎ็ตๆžœใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใญใ€‚
10:15
So don't be afraid to mix them up. You can have more than one idea. One situation resulted
106
615504
5830
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚‹็ŠถๆณใŒ
10:21
in another situation. Is this entire situation resulted in a whole other consequence, for
107
621334
5833
ๅˆฅใฎ็Šถๆณใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๅ…จไฝ“็š„ใช็Šถๆณ ใฏใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใพใฃใŸใๅˆฅใฎ็ตๆžœใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
10:27
example, right?
108
627193
1034
ใ‹?
10:28
And another thing I want to mention, "so" is used in many different ways. Be careful
109
628253
6836
ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ใค่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใฎใฏใ€ใ€Œใใ†ใ€ ใฏใ„ใ‚ใ„ใ‚ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใงไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ†ใ€
10:35
that you're using the right form or the right function of "so". I could've written, "The
110
635089
5891
ใฎๆญฃใ—ใ„ๅฝขใพใŸใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
10:40
job was so demanding that many people quit." Okay? That's a little bit of a different form
111
640980
7653
ไป•ไบ‹ใŒใใคใ„ใฎใงใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒ่พžใ‚ใŸใ€ใจๆ›ธใใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
10:48
of "so" because here, we're talking about modifying "demanding". And the "that" would
112
648659
6661
ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ€ŒๅŽณใ—ใ„ใ€ใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใใ†ใ€ใฎๅฐ‘ใ—็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๅฝขๅผใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€
10:55
be the result part of it. Okay? I don't want to confuse you. I don't want to get into that.
113
655320
4679
ใฏใใฎ็ตๆžœ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็งใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๆททไนฑใ•ใ›ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใฏใใ‚Œใซๅ…ฅใ‚ŠใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:00
Just understand "so" has many uses. Make sure you're using it correctly to join another
114
660025
7778
ใ€Œใใ†ใ€ใซใฏๅคšใใฎ็”จ้€”ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๅˆฅใฎๅฅใ‚’ๅˆฅใฎๅฅใซ็ตๅˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๆญฃใ—ใไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ
11:07
clause to another clause, and they have a logical consequence relationship. And then,
115
667829
5831
ใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณ ่ซ–็†็š„ใช็ตๆžœ้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ
11:13
the next sentence begins with a clause relating again to the last sentence completely.
116
673660
5700
ใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏ ใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใซๅฎŒๅ…จใซ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹็ฏ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:19
Now, one other thing. Some of you may be reading, and you may actually come across this, for
117
679334
4762
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ใคใ€‚ ่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ๆ–นใ‚‚ใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
11:24
example, in TOEFL or IELTS, "thus". "Thus" is sometimes mean "like this" or "like that".
118
684122
10472
ใ—ใ€TOEFL ใ‚„ IELTS ใชใฉใงๅฎŸ้š›ใซใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใซๅ‡บใใ‚ใ™ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใฏใ€ใ€Œ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:34
Okay? "If the model is thus constructed" -- so if the model is constructed this way or like
119
694620
5670
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใŒใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆง‹ๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใŒใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆง‹ๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ๅ ดๅˆใจใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆง‹ๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
11:40
this, the result will vary, and we won't know what the real answer is. So be careful. "Thus"
120
700290
5919
ใ€็ตๆžœใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Š ใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใฎ็ญ”ใˆใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใฎใงๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
11:46
has a completely different meaning. Again, a little bit old-fashioned. People don't really
121
706209
4481
ใฏใ€ใพใฃใŸใๅˆฅใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅค้ขจใงใ™ใ€‚ ไบบใ€…ใฏ
11:50
use it very much anymore. But you may see it. Make sure you understand what it means.
122
710690
5862
ใ‚‚ใฏใ‚„ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚ใพใ‚Šไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ› ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’ๅฟ…ใš็†่งฃใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:56
And I didn't mention -- so far, I didn't mention "then". "It's too difficult." Person A says,
123
716578
6662
ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฏ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ -- ใ“ใ‚Œใพใงใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ใ€ŒใใฎๅพŒใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ€Œ้›ฃใ—ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ€ A
12:03
"It's too difficult." The person says, "Then practice more." This "then" means this is
124
723240
5728
ใ•ใ‚“ใ€Œ้›ฃใ—ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€ ใใฎไบบใฏใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใชใ‚‰ ใ‚‚ใฃใจ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ€ŒใใฎๅพŒใ€ใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็Šถๆณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
12:08
the situation; this is what you should do, the result. I could say, "So practice more.
125
728994
5340
ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ™ในใใ“ใจ ใ€็ตๆžœใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใฃใจ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใฃใจ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆ
12:14
Then practice more." I will not say, "As a result of it being difficult, you should practice
126
734360
4875
ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใฃใจ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใŸๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
12:19
more." Don't say that. Very, very casual. In very casual -- especially spoken -- situations,
127
739261
7138
ใ€‚ ใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใงใ€‚ ใจใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใ€‚ ้žๅธธใซใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใชใ€็‰นใซ่ฉฑใ—่จ€่‘‰ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็Šถๆณใงใฏใ€
12:26
you might want to use "then". Again, I could put "hence" here. But I don't want to. I don't
128
746425
7959
"then" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใฏใ—ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใ‚‚ใ‚ใชใŸใซใใ†ใ—ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›
12:34
want you to, either. But if you insist on using "hence", you could put it here. It's
129
754410
4570
ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใซ็ฝฎใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
12:38
basically showing the relationship of situation, result. Okay?
130
758980
5279
ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ ใฏ็Šถๆณใจ็ตๆžœใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
12:44
If you're still not sure, go to www.engvid.com. I've put a quiz up there. You can practice
131
764285
5135
ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ“ใซใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
12:49
some more with these. Leave questions and comments in the comment section. And also
132
769420
4620
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใงใ•ใ‚‰ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆๆฌ„ใซ่ณชๅ•ใ‚„ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๆฎ‹ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
12:54
subscribe to my YouTube channel. And I'll see you again soon. Thanks.
133
774040
4609
ใ€็งใฎYouTubeใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚’่ณผ่ชญใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใพใŸ ใ™ใใซใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7