Learn English Vocabulary: though, although, even though, despite, in spite of

3,606,440 views ใƒป 2013-01-23

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:02
Hi. Welcome again to www.engvid.com. My name is Adam. Today,
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ www.engvid.com ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใ ใ€‚ ็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ€
00:07
we're going to look at something that I get asked about all the time. Sorry
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ใ‚ˆใ ่žใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›
00:11
about that; I lost my cap, there. Okay, so people/students ask me all the time:
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ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใฏใใ“ใงๅธฝๅญใ‚’ใชใใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚ฑใƒผใ€ ใใ‚Œใงไบบใ€…/ๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚็งใซๅฐ‹ใญใพใ™:
00:15
"What's the difference between: 'though', 'although', and 'even though';
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ใ€Œ'ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš'ใ€'ใ—ใ‹ใ—'ใ€'ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚';
00:22
and 'despite', and 'in spite of'?" Very simple. It's not as complicated as
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ใจ 'ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš'ใ€'ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš' ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€ ใจใฆใ‚‚ ใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใปใฉ่ค‡้›‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
00:25
everybody thinks. First, let's start with these three. These three: "though",
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ใ€‚ ใพใšใฏใ“ใฎ3ใคใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ 3 ใค: ใ€ŒใŒใ€ใ€
00:29
"although", and "even though" โ€” these are used with adverb clauses. Now, just
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ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณใ€Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ โ€” ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ ใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€
00:36
to refresh your memory: What is a "clause"? A "clause" is any group of
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่จ˜ๆ†ถใ‚’ๆ–ฐใŸใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ ใ€Œๆก้ …ใ€ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹? ใ€Œๅฅใ€ใจ
00:40
words that has a subject and a verb. It must have a subject and a verb. And
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ใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒใคๅ˜่ชžใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€
00:47
these three are used to show contrast. So, what does all this mean, in general?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ 3 ใคใฏๅฏพๆฏ”ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
00:55
You're going to have a long sentence; this sentence is going to have two
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้•ทใ„ๆ–‡ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎ
00:59
clauses. One clause will have this adverb marker in it. The other clause
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็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ 1 ใคใฎๅฅใซใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๆ–นใฎ็ฏ€
01:05
will be an independent clause โ€” means that it's a sentence that can stand by
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ใฏ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใŸ็ฏ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ€ใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ใง็ซ‹ใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ๆ–‡ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
01:09
itself. What this does is it shows a contrast or something that's very
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใจใ€็ฏ€ใ”ใจใซ้žๅธธใซ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๅฏพๆฏ”ใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:13
different from one clause to the other clause. So, within that one sentence,
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ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใใฎ 1 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธญใซใ€ใƒใ‚ธใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใจใƒใ‚ฌใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–
01:19
you have contrasting ideas, like positive and negative; or you think this
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ใชใฉใฎๅฏพ็…ง็š„ใช่€ƒใˆใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ
01:24
is going to happen, but really, that happens โ€” something very different from
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ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใใ‚Œ ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ - ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใจใฏ้žๅธธใซ็•ฐใชใ‚‹
01:27
what you expect. Okay. "Despite" and "in spite of" โ€” these are prepositions, and
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ไฝ•ใ‹. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ "ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš" ใจ " ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš" โ€” ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚Š
01:39
they are used with a phrase. Now, what is a "phrase"? A "phrase" is also a
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ใ€ๅฅใจๅ…ฑใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏ ใ€ใ€Œๅฅใ€ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ ใ€Œใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ€ใ‚‚
01:43
group of words, but it doesn't need to have a subject and a verb. It can have a
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ๅ˜่ชžใฎ้›†ใพใ‚Šใงใ™ใŒใ€ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
01:49
noun, or it can have a verb, or it could have neither; but usually it has at
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ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ ๆŒใคใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๆŒใŸใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ้€šๅธธใฏ
01:53
least one, or a gerund, but we'll get to that. But it also shows contrast. Okay.
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ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ 1 ใคใ€ใพใŸใฏๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏใพใŸๅฏพ็…ง็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
02:02
Before I give you some example sentences to understand all this, let's look at
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎไพ‹ๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹็ดนไป‹ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ€‹ๅˆฅใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:06
each one separately. "Though" and "although" โ€” what is the difference? No
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใจ ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ โ€” ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
02:11
difference. "Though" is just a little bit more informal. Okay? You can use
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ๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ ใ€ŒThoughใ€ใฏ ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใช่กจ็พใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:17
either one at the beginning of a sentence or middle of a sentence. The
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ๆ–‡้ ญใงใ‚‚ๆ–‡ไธญใงใ‚‚ใฉใกใ‚‰ใงใ‚‚ไฝฟใˆใพใ™ ใ€‚
02:21
biggest difference is that you can end a sentence with "though"; you can't really
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ๆœ€ๅคงใฎ้•ใ„ใฏใ€ ใ€ŒใŒใ€ใงๆ–‡ใ‚’็ต‚ไบ†ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:26
end a sentence with "although". And, again, when you end a sentence with
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ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใงๆ–‡ใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซ
02:30
"though", it's a very informal sentence. Okay? So, you have to keep that in mind.
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ใ€ŒใŒใ€ใŒไป˜ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซใใ ใ‘ใŸๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฟƒใซ็•™ใ‚ใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:35
So, informal. Now, that doesn't mean that this is formal; it just means that
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใง้žๅ…ฌๅผใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆญฃๅผใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ๆ„ๅ‘ณ
02:40
this is informal, if that makes any sense. How about "even though"? "Even
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅ…ฌๅผใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ใ€ใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œ
02:44
though" also shows a contrast, but it's a much stronger contrast. It adds
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ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚‚ๅฏพๆฏ”ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œ ใฏใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซๅผทใ„ๅฏพๆฏ”ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅผท่ชฟใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™
02:49
emphasis. But what is the emphasis on? Okay? This is what is important. What is
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไฝ•ใซ้‡็‚นใ‚’็ฝฎใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•
02:55
the emphasis placed on? The expectation. So, for example, the beginning of a
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ใซ้‡็‚นใŒ็ฝฎใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๆœŸๅพ…ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๅ†’้ ญใซ
03:03
sentence has one idea, so you think this must be the second part; but no,
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ใฏ 1 ใคใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซ้•ใ„ใชใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€
03:09
something very different is the second part. And this is a very strong emphasis
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้žๅธธใซ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใฎใฏ2็•ช็›ฎใฎ ้ƒจๅˆ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
03:13
on this expectation. Okay? When I give you some example sentences, you'll
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ใ“ใฎๆœŸๅพ…ใ‚’้žๅธธใซๅผท่ชฟใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ไพ‹ๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ใจใ€
03:18
understand what I'm talking about. "Despite" and "in spite of" โ€” these are
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ไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใจใ€Œใซใ‚‚้–ขใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ โ€” ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ
03:23
exactly the same, except one word; three words for this one. Right? But they work
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ใ€1 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ 3 ใคใฎ ๅ˜่ชžใง่กจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰
03:29
the exact same way; you can interchange them. One mistake that many people do โ€”
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ใฏใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไบคๆ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒ็Šฏใ™้–“้•ใ„ใฎ 1 ใค
03:35
they say: "In despite of", or this: "Despite of something". They mix them.
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ใฏใ€ใ€Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใพใŸใฏ ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‹ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆททใœใพใ™ใ€‚
03:43
Be very careful. "Despite" your phrase; "In spite of" your phrase. Don't mix the
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ๅๅˆ†ๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ€Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ€‚ ใ€Œใซใ‚‚้–ขใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ€‚ 2 ใคใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
03:49
two up. They're two different things with the same meaning. Okay? This will
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใค 2 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:54
be much clearer once I put up some examples, so let's do that.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใใ†ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:58
Okay. Let's start with: "although", "though", and "even though". I have
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€ ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ็งใฏ
04:02
basically the same sentence four different ways. Okay? "Although the exam
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซๅŒใ˜ๆ–‡ใ‚’4ใคใฎ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ่ฉฆ้จ“
04:07
was difficult, I think I did well." Now, here, the contrast is between
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ใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ•ใฆใ€ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ
04:13
"difficult" and "doing well". Right? That's the contrast. "Difficult" means
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ใ€Œ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ€ใจใ€Œใ†ใพใใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใฎๅฏพๆฏ”ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ€ใฏๆ‚ชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณ
04:17
doing badly, but here's an opposite. Okay. Very easy. I start with
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ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏๅๅฏพใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใ€‚
04:22
"although"; I give you the opposite. Here's your subject, and here's your
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ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซๅๅฏพใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไธป่ชžใงใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ
04:27
verb; and here's your subject, and here's your verb again. We won't talk
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:32
about the extra clause at the end, there. That's your main one. Now, same
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซไฝ™ๅˆ†ใช็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ่งฆใ‚Œใพใ› ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒกใ‚คใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ๅŒใ˜
04:37
sentence, I can switch it around. I can say: "I think I did well although the
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ๆ–‡ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‘ใฉใ€ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ†
04:42
exam was difficult. Beginning/end โ€” doesn't matter. The only difference
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ใ€‚ๆœ€ๅˆใ‹ๆœ€ๅพŒใ‹ ใฏ้–ขไฟ‚ใชใ„ใ€‚ๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎ้•ใ„
04:46
would be the comma. If you beg-... if you put this as the second clause, no
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ใฏใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ™ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰... ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’2็•ช็›ฎใฎๅฅใจใ—ใฆ็ฝฎใใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€
04:51
comma. If you begin the sentence with the adverb marker, you have a comma. "I
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ใ‚ซใƒณใƒž. ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™. ใ€Œ
04:58
think I did well though the exam was difficult." Okay? Yeah, so that's... My
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่ฉฆ้จ“ใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใซใ†ใพใใ‚„ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ .ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ? ใˆใˆใ€ใใ‚Œใง... ็งใฎ
05:05
mistake there; sorry about that. Here, we have it in the second part. I could
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้–“้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™. ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“. ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ ็งใŸใกใฏ 2็•ช็›ฎใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใงใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„
05:08
put "although" here; I could put "though" here โ€” both would be okay;
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ใพใ™. ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™; ใ“ใ“ใซ ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ โ€“ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™. ๆ–‡
05:13
doesn't change the meaning of the sentence. One is just informal; one is
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ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ . 1ใคใฏๅ˜ใชใ‚‹้žๅ…ฌๅผใงใ™.
05:17
just regular โ€” no problem. Here, what I did is I wanted to show you how to put
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. ใ“ใ“ใงใ€็ง ใŒใ—ใŸใ“ใจใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใŸใ‹ใฃใŸ
05:22
it at the end, so I split up the sentence into two. "The exam was
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ใฎใงใ€ๆ–‡ใ‚’2ใคใซๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ—ใพใ—ใŸ . ใ€Œ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฏ
05:26
difficult." Period. Sentence is finished. "I think I did well, though."
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้›ฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸ.ใ€ ใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ชใƒ‰. . "
05:33
Now, here, I put a comma when I put "though" at the end. Now, again, this is
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œใ‘ใ‚Œใฉใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ . ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
05:37
informal; this is how people speak. Sometimes you can have it in writing,
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้žๅ…ฌๅผใงใ™. ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไบบใ€…ใฎ่ฉฑใ—ๆ–นใงใ™. ๆ™‚ใซใฏๆ›ธ้ขใงใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใŒ
05:42
but not in formal writing. But you see how I can put this at the end? I can't
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ใ€ๆญฃๅผใชๆ›ธ้ขใงใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“. ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Š๏ผŸ
05:45
put "although" here; that doesn't work. You have to use the "though" at the end
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ†ใพใใ„ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ้žๅ…ฌๅผใช็Šถๆณใงใฏใ€ ๆ–‡ๆœซใซใ€ŒใŒใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
05:50
of the sentence in informal situations. Now, here, I changed the sentence a
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ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅค‰ใˆใฆ
05:55
little bit: "Even though the exam was easy, I failed." Now, what's the
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ใ€ใ€Œ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใ ใฃใŸใฎใซ ใ€่ฝใกใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ•ใฆ
06:00
difference, here? "The exam was difficult. I think I did well", so there
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ใ€ใ“ใ“ใง้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฏ ้›ฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ†ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ
06:05
is a contrast, but it's not very strong contrast. Right? Here: "The exam was
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ใงใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Šๅผทใ„ใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ“ใกใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฏ
06:10
easy." So if I hear: "The exam was easy", I expect that you did very well.
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็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใ ใฃใŸ ใ€ใจ่žใ‘ใฐใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:14
Right? That's the whole idea. "But I failed" โ€” that's drastic. "Drastic"
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ๅณ๏ผŸ ใใ‚ŒใŒๅ…จไฝ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใฏ ๅคฑๆ•—ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€โ€”ใใ‚ŒใฏๅŠ‡็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใ€
06:19
means that, like, it's a completely different result than what I expected.
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ใจใฏใ€ๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใฎใจใฏๅ…จ็„ถ ้•ใ†็ตๆžœใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
06:23
That's why I'm using the "even though". "Even though it was easy, I failed."
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็ฐกๅ˜ใชใฎใซๅคฑๆ•—ใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
06:29
This should not happen after this. Right? So, the difference is so strong
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅพŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใฆใฏใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œ
06:35
from the expectation that you want to use "even though" to emphasize that...
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ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆœŸๅพ…ใจใฎ้•ใ„ใฏ้žๅธธใซๅผทใ„ใงใ™...
06:41
excuse me. That difference. Okay? I hope everybody understands that, more or
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ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใฎ้•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:45
less, they're the exact same. In most situations, you can use any one of the
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ๅคšใ‹ใ‚Œๅฐ‘ใชใ‹ใ‚Œใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎ ๅ ดๅˆใ€3 ใคใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™
06:50
three; it won't make that much of a difference. This one has a certain
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใปใฉๅคงใใช้•ใ„ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ“ใกใ‚‰
06:53
feeling to it of a strong difference. So, when you're writing an essay, for
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ใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šใฎๅทฎใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€
06:57
example, sometimes it will make a difference โ€” "even though" or "although"
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใจใ„ใ†้•ใ„ใŒ็”Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ
07:02
โ€” but usually not. Okay? Let's look at "despite" and "in spite of".
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€้€šๅธธใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใจใ€Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
07:06
Okay. Now, let's look at "despite" and "in spite of". So, first of all:
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใจใ€Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใพใš็ฌฌไธ€ใซใ€
07:11
"Despite his best efforts, the man just couldn't succeed." Sorry, I forgot to
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฎๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๅŠชๅŠ›ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใใฎ็”ท ใฏๆˆๅŠŸใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€
07:16
put a lot of period there at the end. Okay. Now, first of all, what does it
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ชใƒ‰ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใพใšใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ
07:20
mean? It means he tried his best; he tried, and tried, and tried, but always
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ใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฝผใŒๆœ€ๅ–„ใ‚’ๅฐฝใใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏ ่ฉฆใฟใ€่ฉฆใฟใ€่ฉฆใฟใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ๅธธใซ
07:24
failed; could never succeed. Now, what do you notice about this sentence? Here,
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ๅคฑๆ•—ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆˆๅŠŸใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ“ใ“ใซ
07:30
there's no verb. Right? It's only a phrase. This is what we call a "phrase".
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ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใใ‚ŒใฏใŸใ ใฎ ๅฅใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ€Œใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
07:34
Here, you have your regular independent clause with your subject and your verb โ€”
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ€ ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€้€šๅธธใฎ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ โ€”
07:39
no problem. "In spite of his best efforts, the man just couldn't succeed."
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ๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆœ€ๅ–„ใ‚’ ๅฐฝใใ—ใŸใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใใฎ็”ทใฏๆˆๅŠŸใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
07:45
Exactly the same meaning. Okay? Just one expression versus the other. Again, I
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ใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉ 1 ใคใฎ ่กจ็พใจไป–ใฎ่กจ็พใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€็ง
07:51
can change it around. "The man just couldn't succeed despite his best
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ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎ็”ท ใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅ–„ใ‚’ๅฐฝใใ—ใŸใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€
07:55
efforts. The man just couldn't succeed in spite of his best efforts." Same
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ๆˆๅŠŸใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใใฎ็”ท ใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅ–„ใ‚’ๅฐฝใใ—ใŸใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ๆˆๅŠŸใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ ๅŒใ˜
08:00
meaning. Another way we can use "despite" and "in spite of" is with a
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ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ€‚ ใ€Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใจใ€Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ๅˆฅใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ€
08:06
gerund; an "ing" verb. This is called a "gerund". It's an "ing" verb, but we use
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ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œingใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ ใ€Œๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใ€ใจๅ‘ผใณใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œingใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใŒ
08:15
it like a noun. So, here, the phrase is: "Being on time" โ€” "to the lecture" not
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ใ€ๅ่ฉžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใฏใ€ ใ€Œๆ™‚้–“ใฉใŠใ‚Šใซใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ่ฌ›็พฉใซใ€ใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉ้‡่ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
08:21
so important. So, "Despite being on time" โ€” means although he was on time...
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ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ ๆ™‚้–“้€šใ‚Šใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€โ€”ๅฝผใฏๆ™‚้–“้€šใ‚Šใ ใฃใŸใฎใซโ€ฆ
08:27
See? I can mix them up; it's exact same meaning โ€” "we were not admitted; we were
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ใปใ‚‰๏ผŸ ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:31
not allowed inside". So, keep in mind: "Despite" and "in spite of" mean the
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ใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใจใ€Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€
08:36
same as "although", but "despite" and "in spite of" we use with a phrase;
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ใฏใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใจๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใจ ใ€Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใฏใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:42
"although" we use with a clause. Otherwise, same meaning. Okay? If you're
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ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็ฏ€ใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ†ใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:47
not sure, and you still have some questions, please go to www.engvid.com.
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ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ‚„ใ€ใพใ  ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:52
There's a quiz there; you can try all these things out and ask your questions.
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ใใ“ใซใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใ‚’่ฉฆใ—ใฆใ€่ณชๅ•ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:56
And, yeah. I'll see you next time. Thanks.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใˆใˆใ€‚ ใพใŸไผšใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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