Learn English Vocabulary: though, although, even though, despite, in spite of

3,641,961 views ใƒป 2013-01-23

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:02
Hi. Welcome again to www.engvid.com. My name is Adam. Today,
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์•ˆ๋…•. www.engvid.com์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋‚ด ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์•„๋‹ด์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜์€
00:07
we're going to look at something that I get asked about all the time. Sorry
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฌป๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:11
about that; I lost my cap, there. Okay, so people/students ask me all the time:
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; ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค/ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
"What's the difference between: 'though', 'although', and 'even though';
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" '๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„', '๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„', '๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„'
00:22
and 'despite', and 'in spite of'?" Very simple. It's not as complicated as
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์™€ '์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ '์™€ '์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ '์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?" ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
everybody thinks. First, let's start with these three. These three: "though",
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€: "~์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ "
00:29
"although", and "even though" โ€” these are used with adverb clauses. Now, just
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, "~์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ " โ€” ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ ˆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ
00:36
to refresh your memory: What is a "clause"? A "clause" is any group of
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๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด "์ ˆ"์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? "์ ˆ"์€
00:40
words that has a subject and a verb. It must have a subject and a verb. And
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์ฃผ์–ด์™€ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด์™€ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
00:47
these three are used to show contrast. So, what does all this mean, in general?
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์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
00:55
You're going to have a long sentence; this sentence is going to have two
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ธด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜
00:59
clauses. One clause will have this adverb marker in it. The other clause
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์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์ ˆ ์—๋Š” ์ด ๋ถ€์‚ฌ ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ˆ์€
01:05
will be an independent clause โ€” means that it's a sentence that can stand by
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๋…๋ฆฝ์ ˆ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€” ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ์„ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:09
itself. What this does is it shows a contrast or something that's very
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. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ ๋˜๋Š”
01:13
different from one clause to the other clause. So, within that one sentence,
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ํ•œ ์ ˆ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ
01:19
you have contrasting ideas, like positive and negative; or you think this
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
01:24
is going to happen, but really, that happens โ€” something very different from
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์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:27
what you expect. Okay. "Despite" and "in spite of" โ€” these are prepositions, and
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. ์ข‹์•„์š”. "์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ "์™€ "์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ " โ€” ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ
01:39
they are used with a phrase. Now, what is a "phrase"? A "phrase" is also a
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๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž, "๋ฌธ๊ตฌ"๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? "๊ตฌ"๋„
01:43
group of words, but it doesn't need to have a subject and a verb. It can have a
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๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์™€ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:49
noun, or it can have a verb, or it could have neither; but usually it has at
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๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ
01:53
least one, or a gerund, but we'll get to that. But it also shows contrast. Okay.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:02
Before I give you some example sentences to understand all this, let's look at
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
02:06
each one separately. "Though" and "although" โ€” what is the difference? No
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ"๊ณผ "ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ"- ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:11
difference. "Though" is just a little bit more informal. Okay? You can use
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์ฐจ์ด ์—†์Œ. "Though"๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”? ๋ฌธ์žฅ
02:17
either one at the beginning of a sentence or middle of a sentence. The
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์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
biggest difference is that you can end a sentence with "though"; you can't really
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ "though"๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
end a sentence with "although". And, again, when you end a sentence with
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"ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ"์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
02:30
"though", it's a very informal sentence. Okay? So, you have to keep that in mind.
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"though"๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋๋‚ด๋ฉด ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”? ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
So, informal. Now, that doesn't mean that this is formal; it just means that
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๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜•์‹์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
this is informal, if that makes any sense. How about "even though"? "Even
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . "๋น„๋ก"์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? "
02:44
though" also shows a contrast, but it's a much stronger contrast. It adds
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„"๋„ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:49
emphasis. But what is the emphasis on? Okay? This is what is important. What is
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. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์ข‹์•„์š”? ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡์—
02:55
the emphasis placed on? The expectation. So, for example, the beginning of a
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์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ธฐ๋Œ€. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๋Š”
03:03
sentence has one idea, so you think this must be the second part; but no,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”,
03:09
something very different is the second part. And this is a very strong emphasis
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๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
03:13
on this expectation. Okay? When I give you some example sentences, you'll
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”? ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด
03:18
understand what I'm talking about. "Despite" and "in spite of" โ€” these are
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ "์™€ "์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ " โ€” ์ด๋“ค์€
03:23
exactly the same, except one word; three words for this one. Right? But they work
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ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋™์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ ๋‹จ์–ด. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ? ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
03:29
the exact same way; you can interchange them. One mistake that many people do โ€”
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š”
03:35
they say: "In despite of", or this: "Despite of something". They mix them.
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" ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ "๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์„ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
Be very careful. "Despite" your phrase; "In spite of" your phrase. Don't mix the
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์ •๋ง ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ "์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ "; ๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ "์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ".
03:49
two up. They're two different things with the same meaning. Okay? This will
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ž์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”?
03:54
be much clearer once I put up some examples, so let's do that.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
Okay. Let's start with: "although", "though", and "even though". I have
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์ข‹์•„์š”. "๋น„๋ก", "๋น„๋ก", "๋น„๋ก"์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š”
04:02
basically the same sentence four different ways. Okay? "Although the exam
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”? "์‹œํ—˜์ด
04:07
was difficult, I think I did well." Now, here, the contrast is between
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์–ด๋ ค์› ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”." ์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋Š”
04:13
"difficult" and "doing well". Right? That's the contrast. "Difficult" means
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"์–ด๋ ค์›€"๊ณผ "์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ" ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์–ด๋ ค์›€"์€
04:17
doing badly, but here's an opposite. Okay. Very easy. I start with
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๋‚˜์˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”. ์•„์ฃผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ. ๋‚˜๋Š”
04:22
"although"; I give you the opposite. Here's your subject, and here's your
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"๋น„๋ก"์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—
04:27
verb; and here's your subject, and here's your verb again. We won't talk
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๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
04:32
about the extra clause at the end, there. That's your main one. Now, same
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์กฐํ•ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๊ฐ™์€
04:37
sentence, I can switch it around. I can say: "I think I did well although the
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค: "
04:42
exam was difficult. Beginning/end โ€” doesn't matter. The only difference
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์‹œํ—˜์€ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”. ์‹œ์ž‘/๋์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€
04:46
would be the comma. If you beg-... if you put this as the second clause, no
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์‰ผํ‘œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฑธํ•˜๋ฉด-... ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ ˆ๋กœ ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด
04:51
comma. If you begin the sentence with the adverb marker, you have a comma. "I
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์‰ผํ‘œ. ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‰ผํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ธ๋‹ค. "
04:58
think I did well though the exam was difficult." Okay? Yeah, so that's... My
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์‹œํ—˜์€ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”." ์•Œ์•˜์–ด์š”? ๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ๊ฑด.. ์ œ
05:05
mistake there; sorry about that. Here, we have it in the second part. I could
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์‹ค์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
put "although" here; I could put "though" here โ€” both would be okay;
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— "~ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ"์„ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— "~ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ"์„ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์žฅ
05:13
doesn't change the meaning of the sentence. One is just informal; one is
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์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
05:17
just regular โ€” no problem. Here, what I did is I wanted to show you how to put
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€” ๋ฌธ์ œ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ฑด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์„œ
05:22
it at the end, so I split up the sentence into two. "The exam was
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋‘˜๋กœ ์ชผ๊ฐฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. .
05:26
difficult." Period. Sentence is finished. "I think I did well, though."
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"
05:33
Now, here, I put a comma when I put "though" at the end. Now, again, this is
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์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋์— "though"๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์„ ๋•Œ ์‰ผํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ž, ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
05:37
informal; this is how people speak. Sometimes you can have it in writing,
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๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜
05:42
but not in formal writing. But you see how I can put this at the end? I can't
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์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์„œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค ๋? ๋‚˜๋Š”
05:45
put "although" here; that doesn't work. You have to use the "though" at the end
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— "๋น„๋ก"์„ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค; ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋์— "though"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:50
of the sentence in informal situations. Now, here, I changed the sentence a
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. ์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:55
little bit: "Even though the exam was easy, I failed." Now, what's the
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. "์‹œํ—˜์€ ์‰ฌ์› ์ง€๋งŒ , ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์–ด." ์ž, ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
06:00
difference, here? "The exam was difficult. I think I did well", so there
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? "์‹œํ—˜์ด ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋‹ค. ์ž˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค"๋Š”
06:05
is a contrast, but it's not very strong contrast. Right? Here: "The exam was
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๋Œ€๋น„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธด ํ•œ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋น„๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ? ์—ฌ๊ธฐ : "์‹œํ—˜์€
06:10
easy." So if I hear: "The exam was easy", I expect that you did very well.
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์‰ฌ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ "์‹œํ—˜์ด ์‰ฌ์› ๋‹ค"๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
Right? That's the whole idea. "But I failed" โ€” that's drastic. "Drastic"
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ? ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค" - ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ด๋‹ค. "Drastic"์€
06:19
means that, like, it's a completely different result than what I expected.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
That's why I'm using the "even though". "Even though it was easy, I failed."
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ "๋น„๋ก"์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์‰ฌ์› ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
06:29
This should not happen after this. Right? So, the difference is so strong
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์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ? ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
06:35
from the expectation that you want to use "even though" to emphasize that...
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๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด "๋น„๋ก"์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค...
06:41
excuse me. That difference. Okay? I hope everybody understands that, more or
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์‹ค๋ก€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด. ์ข‹์•„์š”? ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€
06:45
less, they're the exact same. In most situations, you can use any one of the
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:50
three; it won't make that much of a difference. This one has a certain
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. ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ โ€‹โ€‹์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
06:53
feeling to it of a strong difference. So, when you're writing an essay, for
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๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์—์„ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ
06:57
example, sometimes it will make a difference โ€” "even though" or "although"
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"๋น„๋ก" ๋˜๋Š” "๋น„๋ก"๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ
07:02
โ€” but usually not. Okay? Let's look at "despite" and "in spite of".
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”? "์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ "์™€ "์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ "๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
Okay. Now, let's look at "despite" and "in spite of". So, first of all:
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ์ด์ œ "์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ "์™€ "์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ "๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ์„ 
07:11
"Despite his best efforts, the man just couldn't succeed." Sorry, I forgot to
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"๊ทธ์˜ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
put a lot of period there at the end. Okay. Now, first of all, what does it
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๋์— ๋งˆ์นจํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žŠ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”. ์ž, ์šฐ์„ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„
07:20
mean? It means he tried his best; he tried, and tried, and tried, but always
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์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์„ ์„ ๋‹คํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ
07:24
failed; could never succeed. Now, what do you notice about this sentence? Here,
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์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž, ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
07:30
there's no verb. Right? It's only a phrase. This is what we call a "phrase".
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๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ? ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ "๋ฌธ๊ตฌ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
Here, you have your regular independent clause with your subject and your verb โ€”
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ฃผ์–ด์™€ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
no problem. "In spite of his best efforts, the man just couldn't succeed."
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๋ฌธ์ œ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ทธ์˜ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
07:45
Exactly the same meaning. Okay? Just one expression versus the other. Again, I
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”? ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋Œ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‘œํ˜„. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚˜๋Š”
07:51
can change it around. "The man just couldn't succeed despite his best
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:55
efforts. The man just couldn't succeed in spite of his best efforts." Same
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. ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๊ฐ™์€
08:00
meaning. Another way we can use "despite" and "in spite of" is with a
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์˜๋ฏธ. "์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ "์™€ "์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ "๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
08:06
gerund; an "ing" verb. This is called a "gerund". It's an "ing" verb, but we use
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๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "ing"๋™์‚ฌ. ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ "gerund"๋ผ๊ณ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "ing"๋™์‚ฌ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
08:15
it like a noun. So, here, the phrase is: "Being on time" โ€” "to the lecture" not
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๋ช…์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ "Being on time"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์€
08:21
so important. So, "Despite being on time" โ€” means although he was on time...
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ "Despite being on time"์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธด ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ...
08:27
See? I can mix them up; it's exact same meaning โ€” "we were not admitted; we were
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์•Œ๊ฒ ์–ด? ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์„ž์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
08:31
not allowed inside". So, keep in mind: "Despite" and "in spite of" mean the
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์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." "์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ "์™€ "์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ "๋Š” "
08:36
same as "although", but "despite" and "in spite of" we use with a phrase;
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜"์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ "์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ "์™€ "์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ "๋Š” ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
"although" we use with a clause. Otherwise, same meaning. Okay? If you're
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"๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜" ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ˆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”?
08:47
not sure, and you still have some questions, please go to www.engvid.com.
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ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ www.engvid.com์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
08:52
There's a quiz there; you can try all these things out and ask your questions.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ํ€ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
And, yeah. I'll see you next time. Thanks.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ž˜. ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ต™๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ด์š”.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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