Advanced English Grammar: Participles

1,124,715 views ใƒป 2017-06-13

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hi.
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00:01
Welcome to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚
www.engvid.com ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:04
In today's video we're going to look at participles.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏ ใ€ๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:07
Now, this is a little bit more advanced grammar, but it's very useful and it's used in everyday
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—้ซ˜ๅบฆใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ใงใ™ ใŒใ€้žๅธธใซไพฟๅˆฉใงใ€ๆ—ฅๅธธไผš่ฉฑใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œ
00:13
speaking, but especially for writing and reading because you're going to see participles everywhere.
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ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใฉใ“ใซใงใ‚‚ๅˆ†่ฉžใŒ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€็‰นใซ่ชญใฟๆ›ธใใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
00:20
What participles do is they help you get sentence variety, they help you make your sentences
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ๅˆ†่ฉžใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใจใ€ๆ–‡ใซ ๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใ‚’ๆŒใŸใ›ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๆ–‡ใ‚’
00:25
shorter, if necessary, they give you a little bit of style.
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็Ÿญใใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅฟ…่ฆใซๅฟœใ˜ ใฆใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒซใ‚’ไธŽใˆใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
00:28
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
00:29
There are two participles that we need to look at, they are called the active or passive participle.
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ๆณจ็›ฎใ™ในใ 2 ใคใฎๅˆ†่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๅˆ†่ฉžใพใŸใฏๅ—ๅ‹•ๅˆ†่ฉžใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ็พๅœจๅˆ†่ฉžใพใŸใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉž
00:35
Sometimes you'll see them as present or past participle.
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ใจใ—ใฆ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:39
Past participles, you're familiar with.
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ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ€‚
00:41
Sometimes they're called the verb three, so: "eat", past tense "ate", past participle is "eaten".
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ๅ‹•่ฉž 3 ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€"eat"ใ€ ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฏ "ate"ใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฏ "eaten" ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:49
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
00:50
So that's the participle.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
00:51
Now, especially with the "ing" you have to be careful because "ing" words, although they
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ใ•ใฆใ€็‰นใซใ€Œingใ€ใซใฏ ๆณจๆ„ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œingใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€
00:57
are verbs with "ing", they can be pretty much anything.
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ใ€Œingใ€ใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใŒใ€ ใปใจใ‚“ใฉไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šๅพ—ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:01
They could be a gerund, as you know, so they're nouns; they could be part of the continuous
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ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใฎๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็ถ™็ถšๅ‹•่ฉžใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
01:07
verb, so "be going", so: "I am going", it's a continuous action; but "ing" words can also
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ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œ่กŒใใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ็งใฏ่กŒใใ€ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ ็ถ™็ถš็š„ใชใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œingใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏ
01:14
be adjectives and adverbs.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚„ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:17
When they are adjectives and adverbs they are actually participles.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
01:21
So it's very important to recognize them and know how to use them.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
01:25
So what I want to do first is I want to look at the adjective participles.
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ใพใš ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’่ชฟในใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:30
Now, what you have to remember about adjective participles, they are...
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžๅˆ†่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ ใ“ใจใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ...
01:35
They are reduced adjective clauses.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใฎ็ธฎๅฐใงใ™ใ€‚
01:38
You know an adjective clause, it's meant to modify a noun.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใฏใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฟฎ้ฃพใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
01:43
It identifies it or gives extra information about a noun.
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ๅ่ฉžใ‚’่ญ˜ๅˆฅใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅ่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:46
A participle, an adjective participle is that adjective clause minus the subject and the verb.
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ๅˆ†่ฉžใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžๅˆ†่ฉžใฏใ€ใใฎ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’้™คใ„ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
01:52
Okay? But we're going to look at that in a second.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ™ใใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:54
So let's look at this sentence first.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใพใšใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
01:57
Oh, sorry, let me...
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01:57
I made a little mistake here.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€็งใซใ•ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„...
็งใฏใ“ใ“ใงๅฐ‘ใ—้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:01
"Dressed in his class-A uniform, the marine looked like a recruitment poster."
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ใ€ŒA็ดšใฎๅˆถๆœใ‚’็€ใŸ ๆตทๅ…ต้šŠๅ“กใฏๅ‹Ÿ้›†ใƒใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใŸ.ใ€
02:07
So this is the passive or the past participle ending in "ed", it's a regular verb, so: "dressed".
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏใ€Œedใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใพใŸใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้€šๅธธใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œdressedใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:15
"Dressed in his class-A uniform".
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฎ ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นAใฎใƒฆใƒ‹ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใซ่บซใ‚’ๅŒ…ใ‚“ใ ใ€.
02:17
Now, if I rearrange the sentence, really, it says:
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไธฆในๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‹ใจ ใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€
02:21
"The marine, who was dressed in his class-A uniform, looked like a recruitment poster."
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ใ€ŒAใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใฎๅˆถๆœใ‚’็€ใŸๆตทๅ…ต้šŠๅ“กใฏ ใ€ๅ‹Ÿ้›†ใƒใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ—ใŸใ€.
02:30
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:31
Like a poster that wants people to join the marines, etc.
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ไบบใ€… ใซๆตทๅ…ต้šŠใซๅ…ฅ้šŠใ—ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใƒใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€‚
02:34
But I can take that adjective clause, I get rid of the "who was" or "who is", depending
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใฏใใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
02:40
on the tense.
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ใ€‚
02:42
Get rid of that, and I'm left with a participle phrase.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใใจใ€ๅˆ†่ฉžๅฅใŒๆฎ‹ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:45
Now, I can take that participle phrase and move it to the beginning of the sentence,
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใใฎๅˆ†่ฉžๅฅ ใ‚’ๆ–‡้ ญใซ็งปๅ‹•ใงใ
02:50
just like I have here.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ†’้ ญใงๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’
02:51
The key when you're using participles at the beginning...
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ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฎ้ต
02:56
A participle phrase at the beginning of a sentence, you must make sure that the subject,
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... ๆ–‡ใฎๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅˆ†่ฉžๅฅใงใฏ ใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใใ“ใซใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€
03:02
which is not there but it is understood: who was, who is the marine,
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็†่งฃใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹: ่ชฐใŒใ€่ชฐใŒๆตทๅ…ต้šŠใ ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ€
03:07
so the marine who was dressed in his class-A,
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ ๅฝผใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นAใซ่บซใ‚’ๅŒ…ใ‚“ใ ๆตทๅ…ต้šŠๅ“กใ€
03:10
and then the subject of the independent clause must be the same subject.
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ใใ—ใฆ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ ็ฏ€ใฎไธป้กŒใฏๅŒใ˜ไธป้กŒใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:16
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:17
We're going to look at a couple more examples.
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:20
"Standing near the window, Marie could see the entire village."
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ใ€Œ็ช“ใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซ็ซ‹ใคใจใ€ใƒžใƒชใƒผ ใฏๆ‘ๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
03:24
Look at the other example: "Standing near the window, the entire village was in view."
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ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€Œ็ช“ใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซ็ซ‹ใค ใจใ€ๆ‘ๅ…จไฝ“ใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
03:31
Now, many people will look at both sentences and think:
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒ ไธกๆ–นใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ
03:34
"Yeah, okay, I understand them. They're both correct."
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ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:37
This sentence is incorrect.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏๆญฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:40
Why?
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ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ
03:41
Because the subject here is "the village".
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ใ“ใ“ใฎไธป้กŒ ใฏใ€Œๆ‘ใ€ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:45
Can the village stand near the window?
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ๆ‘ ใฏ็ช“ใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซ็ซ‹ใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:48
No, it can't.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:49
So: "Standing near the window" means Marie.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็ช“ใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซ็ซ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใ€ใจใฏใ€ใƒžใƒชใƒผใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:53
"Marie, who was standing near the window, could see the entire village."
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ใ€Œ็ช“ใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซ็ซ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใƒžใƒชใƒผใฏใ€ ๆ‘ๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ๆธกใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
03:59
This subject cannot do this action, so you have to make sure that the implied or the
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ใ“ใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใงใ ใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅˆ†่ฉžใฎๆš—้ป™ใฎใพใŸใฏ็†่งฃใ•
04:06
understood subject in the participle is the exact same as the subject of the independent
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ใ‚ŒใŸไธป่ชžใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใซ็ถšใ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใฎไธป่ชžใจใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:12
clause that follows it.
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ใ€‚
04:14
Okay?
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04:14
That's very, very important.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
04:16
So now what we're going to do, I'm going to look at a few more examples and I want to
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ
04:20
show you that you can start the sentence with a participle phrase, but you can also leave
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ใ€ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅˆ†่ฉžๅฅใงๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ–‡ใฎ้€”ไธญใซ ็ฝฎใใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™.
04:25
it in the middle of the sentence.
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.
04:27
Okay? Let's look at that.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:28
Okay, let's look at these examples now and you'll see the different positions the participles
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
04:33
can take.
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ใ€‚ๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅ–ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชไฝ็ฝฎใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:34
And again, we're talking about participle phrases for the most part.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใŒใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅˆ†่ฉžๅฅใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:38
"The jazz musician, known for his tendency to daydream, got into a zone and played for an hour straight."
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ใ€Œ็ฉบๆƒณใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ธใƒฃใ‚บใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒฃใƒณใฏ ใ€ใ‚พใƒผใƒณใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใ€1ๆ™‚้–“ใถใฃ้€šใ—ใงๆผ”ๅฅใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
04:45
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
04:46
So what we're doing here, we're giving you a little bit more information about the musician.
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ใ“ใ“ใง่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ ใ€ใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒฃใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
04:50
We're not identifying him.
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็งใŸใกใฏๅฝผใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใŒไป˜ใ„
04:52
We're giving you extra information, which is why we have the commas.
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ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ— ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:57
Because if this was a...
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ...
04:59
If this were a regular adjective clause, it would be a non-identifying adjective clause
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ้€šๅธธใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œ ใฏ้ž่ญ˜ๅˆฅๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€
05:04
and I would have...
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ใซใชใ‚Šใ€็งใฏ
05:12
The tense is not important.
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... ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏ้‡่ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“.
05:14
It can be both.
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ใใ‚Œใฏไธกๆ–นใงใ‚ใ‚Šใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ็Šถๆณ
05:15
"He is known" or "He was known", depending on the situation.
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ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ ใ€‚
05:18
"Who was known", but whenever I have the relative pronoun of the adjective clause working also
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ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใงใ™ใŒใ€ไธป่ชžใจใ—ใฆ ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ไปฃๅ่ฉžใŒ
05:26
as the subject, and I have a "be" verb, I can take them both out and leave only the
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ใ€ไธกๆ–นใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ—ใฆใ€
05:32
participle and whatever else comes with it.
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ๅˆ†่ฉžใจใใ‚Œใซ ไป˜้šใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ‘ใ‚’ๆฎ‹ใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™.
05:36
If we have a participle and it's only the participle with nothing else after it, that
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ๅˆ†่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€ใใฎๅพŒใซไฝ•ใ‚‚ใชใ„ๅˆ†่ฉžใฎใฟใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
05:41
becomes the adjective and it goes before the noun, but I'll show you that after.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซใชใ‚Š ใ€ๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซ็ฝฎใ‹ใ‚Œใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅพŒใงใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:46
So this basically is telling you something about the musician, so it comes in the middle.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒฃใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไผใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€็œŸใ‚“ไธญใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
05:51
Now, in this sentence: "The woman talking to Jeff is his sister."
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใง ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ•ใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฅณๆ€งใฏๅฝผใฎๅฆนใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
05:56
The woman who is talking to Jeff is his sister.
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ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ•ใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฅณๆ€ง ใฏๅฝผใฎๅฆนใงใ™ใ€‚
06:03
Now I'm identifying the woman, so I don't have a comma here because it's an identifying
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ไปŠใฏๅฅณๆ€งใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็‰นๅฎš
06:08
adjective clause and I take out the relative pronoun subject, and again, the "be" verb.
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ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้–ขไฟ‚ ไปฃๅ่ฉžใฎไธป่ชžใจใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:14
Now, don't get me wrong.
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ใ•ใฆใ€่ชค่งฃใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž
06:16
You can make participles with other verbs beside the "be" verb, but we're going to look
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ไปฅๅค–ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใงๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใŒ ใ€ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ
06:21
at that another time.
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ใพใŸๅˆฅใฎๆฉŸไผšใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:22
For now this is just the basic structure, the basic way to make participles.
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ไปŠใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชๆง‹้€ ใงใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€ๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:26
And again, identifying the woman.
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ใใ—ใฆใพใŸ ๅฅณๆ€งใฎ่บซๅ…ƒ็ขบ่ชใ€‚
06:30
Remember, when we're...
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€็งใŸใกใŒ
06:31
When we leave the participle inside a sentence then it's going to come right after the noun
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... ๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ๆ–‡ใฎไธญใซๆฎ‹ใ™ใจใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒไฟฎ้ฃพใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใฎ็›ดๅพŒใซๆฅ
06:36
it's modifying.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:37
So you don't have to worry too much about making sure the subjects agree.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€่ขซ้จ“่€…ใŒๅŒๆ„ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ใพใ‚Šๅฟƒ้…ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใจใซใ‹ใ
06:40
When you put it at the beginning make sure that the subjects agree,
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ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใซใใ‚Œใ‚’็ฝฎใใจใใฏ ใ€ไธป่ชžใŒๆš—้ป™ใฎไธป่ชžใจไธ€่‡ดใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—
06:46
with the implied subject, anyway.
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ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„.
06:48
"The station chief was fired, meaning there's an open position."
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ใ€Œ้ง…้•ทใŒ่งฃ้›‡ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใงใ€ ๅฝน่ทใŒ็ฉบใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€
06:52
Open position means, like, a job you can apply for.
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ใ‚ชใƒผใƒ—ใƒณใƒใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใจใฏใ€ๅฟœๅ‹Ÿใงใใ‚‹ไป•ไบ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:55
Now, here, again: "which means".
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใพใŸใ€Œใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:05
Basically, again, I have the relative pronoun, that's also the subject.
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ้–ขไฟ‚ ไปฃๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ไธป่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
07:10
I have an active verb.
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใชๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:12
I squeeze them both together and I get a participle.
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ไธกๆ–นใ‚’ไธ€็ท’ใซ็ตžใ‚‹ ใจใ€ๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
07:15
The "which" refers to the entire independent clause.
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ใ€Œwhichใ€ใฏ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:19
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:20
So it doesn't have to be a "be" verb, it can be other verbs, too.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใชใใ€ไป–ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ‚‚ใ‹ใพใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:23
But, again, I'll show you construction in another time because it's a little bit more tricky.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใชใฎใงใ€ๅˆฅใฎๆฉŸไผšใซๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ™ . ใ™ในใฆใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใง
07:28
You can't do it with every adjective clause.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
07:31
You can't do it.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:32
But this "meaning" is about the entire independent clause and it comes after the comma, because
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใฎใ€Œๆ„ๅ‘ณใ€ใฏ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ๅ…จไฝ“ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใง ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใฎๅพŒใซๆฅใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
07:40
again, it's not an identifying adjective clause and it ends the sentence.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ญ˜ๅˆฅๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž ็ฏ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ๆ–‡ใ‚’็ต‚ไบ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:44
Now, before I mentioned that if you don't have anything after...
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‰ใซ ่จ€ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€ใใฎๅพŒไฝ•ใ‚‚ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ...
07:49
Right.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
07:50
So if I have, for example: "The broken window".
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ใ€ŒๅฃŠใ‚ŒใŸ็ช“ใ€ใ€‚
07:59
"The broken window was fixed."
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ใ€ŒๅฃŠใ‚ŒใŸ็ช“ใŒ็›ดใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
08:02
So imagine the window that was broken, "that" out, "was" out, all I have is "broken".
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅฃŠใ‚ŒใŸ็ช“ใ‚’ๆƒณๅƒ ใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:09
I don't have a whole phrase.
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็งใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใชใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:11
So when I have only one-word participle, when I only have the one word left over after the
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅˆ†่ฉž ใŒ 1 ๅ˜่ชžใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€้‚„ๅ…ƒๅพŒใซ 1 ๅ˜่ชžใ—ใ‹ๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
08:17
reduction, then I just treat it like a regular adjective and I put it before the noun.
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’้€šๅธธใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ‰ฑใ„ ใ€ๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซ็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:22
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
08:23
And I can do it with an "ing" as well.
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ใใ—ใฆ ใ€ใ€Œingใ€ใงใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:25
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
08:26
So far so good.
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ใ“ใ“ใพใงใฏ้ †่ชฟใงใ™ใญใ€‚
08:28
Now we're going to look at adverbs where it gets a little bit more confusing.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็ด›ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ—ใ„ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ ใ€‚
08:32
Okay, so now we're going to look at participles used as adverbs.
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
08:37
So, again, it's very important to understand: What's the difference between an adjective
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆ
08:41
clause and an adverb clause?
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใจๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
08:44
An adjective clause modifies a noun, it gives you extra information about it or it identifies it.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใฏๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฟฎ้ฃพใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œ ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€่ญ˜ๅˆฅใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:50
An adverb clause shows you a relationship between the adverb clause itself and the independent clause.
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฏใ€ ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€่‡ชไฝ“ใจ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใจใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:58
Same thing with the participle because an adverb participle phrase is also a reduced clause,
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅˆ†่ฉžๅฅใ‚‚ๆธ›ๆ•ฐ็ฏ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅˆ†่ฉžใจๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
09:05
it's a reduced adverb clause, but it works in the same way which sometimes can
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ๆธ›ๆ•ฐๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใŒ ใ€ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹
09:10
be a little bit confusing.
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ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:12
So let's look at the examples.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:13
"Given the choice, most people would probably choose good health over good fortune."
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ใ€Œ้ธๆŠž่‚ขใŒไธŽใˆใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎไบบใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใ ๅนธ้‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅฅๅบทใ‚’้ธใถใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
09:20
So right now you can say: "Most people who are given a choice would probably choose",
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ใคใพใ‚Š ใ€ใ€Œ้ธๆŠž่‚ขใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎไบบใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใ้ธๆŠžใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€
09:29
you could say that.
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09:29
You could tell me about which people, or you can show me the relationship about when they
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ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
ใฉใฎไบบใซใคใ„ใฆๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏ ใ„ใคใ“ใฎ้ธๆŠžใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
09:34
would make this choice.
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.
09:36
Now, this would give you a hint: "would choose".
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ๏ผšใ€Œ้ธใถใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใ€‚
09:39
It's a hypothetical.
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ไปฎ่ชฌใงใ™ใ€‚
09:40
So, technically, this is:
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
09:45
"If they were given the choice, most people would probably choose..."
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใซ้ธๆŠž่‚ขใŒไธŽใˆใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎ ไบบใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใ้ธๆŠžใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†...ใ€
09:55
So this is a conditional adverb clause reduced to a conditional participle, adverb participle.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆกไปถไป˜ใๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€ๆกไปถไป˜ใๅˆ†่ฉžใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅˆ†่ฉžใซ็ธฎๅฐใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
10:02
So you have your conjunction, your subject, and your verb all squeezed into the participle.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ€ไธป่ชž ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ™ในใฆๅˆ†่ฉžใซๆŠผใ—่พผใพใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
10:09
But again, the subject must agree.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ ไธป้กŒใฏๅŒๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:14
Okay? There must be the same subject.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅŒใ˜้กŒๆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚
10:16
Even if you don't see the subject here, even though it's not a clause, there is no subject,
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ใ“ใ“ใซไธป่ชžใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œ ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ€็ฏ€ใงใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใชใใ€ๅฅใง
10:20
it's a phrase, there is an implied...
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆš—็คบใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™...
10:27
An implied or a suggested subject in that participle, and that's the key to remembering
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ใใฎๅˆ†่ฉžใฎๆš—็คบใพใŸใฏๆๆกˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸไธป่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒ่ฆšใˆใ‚‹้ตใงใ™ใ€‚
10:32
and to using participles.
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ใใ—ใฆๅˆ†่ฉžใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ€‚
10:34
Here: "Realizing that the...
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ใ“ใ“ใง: ใ€Œใใฎ... ใใฎ... ใ‚’ๅฎŸ็พใ™ใ‚‹
10:37
The..." Sorry.
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10:37
"Realizing that the police were on to him, Bernie quickly moved his millions off shore."
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ใ€ ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
ใ€Œ่ญฆๅฏŸใŒๅฝผใซ่ฟ‘ใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใ„ใŸ ใƒใƒผใƒ‹ใƒผใฏใ€ใ™ใใซๆ•ฐ็™พไธ‡ใƒ‰ใƒซใ‚’ๆฒ–ๅˆใซ็งปใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
10:43
Now, here is where you have a little bit of a problem.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใง ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅ•้กŒใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:46
This sentence, this participle could be an adjective or it could be an adverb.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ€ใ“ใฎๅˆ†่ฉžใฏ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ—ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
10:54
When it's not entirely clear, most people will assume or will think of this as an adjective participle.
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใซๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎไบบ ใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžๅˆ†่ฉžใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ™ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
11:02
So, Bernie who realized that the police were on to him, quickly moved his millions off shore.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€่ญฆๅฏŸใŒๅฝผใซ่ฟ‘ใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใ„ใŸใƒใƒผใƒ‹ใƒผใฏ ใ€ใ™ใใซๆ•ฐ็™พไธ‡ใƒ‰ใƒซใ‚’ๆฒ–ๅˆใซ็งปใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:10
Or as he realized or because he realized that the police were on to him,
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ๅฝผใŒๆฐ—ใฅใ„ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใพใŸใฏ ่ญฆๅฏŸใŒๅฝผใซ่ฟ‘ใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใ„ใŸใŸใ‚ใซใ€
11:16
Bernie quickly moved his millions off shore.
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ใƒใƒผใƒ‹ใƒผใฏใ™ใใซ ๆ•ฐ็™พไธ‡ใƒ‰ใƒซใ‚’ๆฒ–ๅˆใซ็งปใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:19
Both of them are correct, both of them are okay.
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ใฉใฃใกใ‚‚ๆญฃ่งฃใ€ใฉใฃใก ใงใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใ€‚
11:22
But if you ever want to make very sure that your adverb participle is understood as an
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅˆ†่ฉžใจใ—ใฆ็†่งฃใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
11:29
adverb participle, sometimes add the conjunction.
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ใ€ๆ™‚ใ€… ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:33
You can have the participle, but add the conjunction just to make sure.
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ๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ ๅฟตใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:37
So if I say: "Delivering his speech to the council, Frank had a heart attack."
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ใ‚‚ใ—็งใŒใ€Œ่ฉ•่ญฐไผšใซๆผ”่ชฌใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใจใใซใ€ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฏใฏๅฟƒ่‡“็™บไฝœใ‚’่ตทใ“ใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€‚
11:43
So, Frank, who was delivering his speech to the council, had a heart attack.
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ใใฎ ใŸใ‚ใ€่ฉ•่ญฐไผšใงใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฏใฏๅฟƒ่‡“็™บไฝœใ‚’่ตทใ“ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:48
But I don't want you to understand that I'm saying something about Frank.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŒ ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฏใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใปใ—ใใชใ„.
11:53
I'm not saying that.
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็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:54
I'm talking about what happened during the time.
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ใใฎๆ™‚ใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:56
So at the same time two things were happening, a longer action and a quick action:
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๅŒๆ™‚ใซ 2 ใคใฎใ“ใจใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ— ใŸใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ„่กŒๅ‹•ใจ่ฟ…้€Ÿใช่กŒๅ‹•ใงใ™
12:01
Delivering his speech and had a heart attack.
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ใ€‚ๆผ”่ชฌใ‚’่กŒใ„ใ€ๅฟƒ่‡“็™บไฝœใ‚’่ตทใ“ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
12:04
So, I would add the conjunction "while" to make sure you understand that I'm focusing
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€Frank ใ‚’ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงไฟฎ้ฃพใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใซ ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ€Œwhileใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™
12:12
on the adverb relationship, not modifying Frank with an adjective.
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ใ€‚
12:18
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
12:19
If you're not sure use the conjunction.
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ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
12:22
Now: "She refused to cooperate while targeted by the media."
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็พๅœจ๏ผšใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใฎๆจ™็š„ใซใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€ๅ”ๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆ‹’ๅฆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
12:27
In some cases you have to include the conjunction.
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ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
12:31
"She refused to cooperate targeted by the media" doesn't make sense.
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใฎๆจ™็š„ใซใ•ใ‚Œใฆๅ”ๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆ‹’ๅฆใ—ใŸ ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:35
because if you have this as an adjective, then there must be a noun just before it.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจใ—ใฆๆŒใคๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใใฎ็›ดๅ‰ใซๅ่ฉžใŒใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:41
But here we don't have a noun, we have a verb.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏๅ่ฉžใŒใชใ ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:44
So right away we understand that it's an adverb clause, but we have to use the conjunction
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ™ใใซ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€
12:49
because by itself it doesn't work.
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ใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ ใงใฏๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:51
It looks like it could be an adjective.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซใชใ‚Šใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹
12:54
We want to make sure you understand it's an adverb so we add the conjunction, and then
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ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบๅฎŸใซ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ ใฎใงใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰
12:58
we can use the participle.
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ใ€ๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:00
"She refused to cooperate while she was targeted by the media."
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ใ€Œ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใฎๆจ™็š„ใซใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€ๅ”ๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆ‹’ๅฆใ—ใŸ.ใ€
13:05
Okay, so there you are, an introduction to participles.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ๅˆ†่ฉžใฎ็ดนไป‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:09
I know they're a little bit confusing and a little bit tricky,
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ๅฐ‘ใ—ใ‚„ใ‚„ใ“ใ—ใใฆใ‚„ใ‚„ใ“ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€
13:12
but they're used all the time.
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ๅธธใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:14
And especially if you're going to be doing a reading, if you're going to be doing a test,
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็‰นใซใ€ ่ชญๆ›ธใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’่กŒใ†
13:17
if you're in school and you need to read, if you just want to read newspapers because
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅญฆๆ กใซ้€šใฃใฆใ„ใฆ่ชญใ‚€ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅ˜ใซๆ–ฐ่žใ‚’่ชญใฟใŸใ„ใ ใ‘ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆ–ฐ่žใŒ
13:22
newspapers use them a lot, they can make all their writing shorter, you have to understand
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ๆ–ฐ่žใ‚’้ ป็นใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ ๅˆ†่ฉžใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใงๅˆ†่ฉž
13:27
how participles work and you have to know how to use them yourself.
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:32
So, if you have any questions about this, please go to www.engvid.com, you can ask questions
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚น
13:39
there in the forum.
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ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒฉใƒ ใง่ณชๅ•ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:40
If you like this video, please subscribe to my YouTube channel.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใŒๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใฃใŸใ‚‰ ใ€็งใฎ YouTube ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซ็™ป้Œฒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:44
Don't forget to take the quiz back at www.engvid.com.
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www.engvid.com ใงใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:48
And come again, see us soon and we'll have more lessons like this for you.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใพใŸๆฅ ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚่ฟ‘ใ„ใ†ใกใซไผšใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:52
Thanks.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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