Learn English Punctuation: How to use hyphens with compound adjectives

375,615 views ใƒป 2015-06-25

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hi again. Welcome back to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam. Today's lesson is grammar. And actually,
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ใพใŸไผšใฃใŸใญใ€‚ www.engvid.com ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ็งใฏ ใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎๆŽˆๆฅญใฏๆ–‡ๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€
00:07
I had quite a few requests for this lesson, because these seem to give people a lot of
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใซใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šใฎๆ•ฐใฎใƒชใ‚ฏใ‚จใ‚นใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ— ใŸใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€็‰นใซใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ไบบใ€…ใซๅคšใใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
00:12
trouble, especially in writing. Okay? "Compound Adjectives".
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ "่ค‡ๅˆๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž"ใ€‚
00:16
Firstly, what is a compound adjective? Mostly, you'll notice a compound adjective has the
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ใพใšใ€่ค‡ๅˆๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจใฏ๏ผŸ ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎ ๅ ดๅˆใ€่ค‡ๅˆๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซใฏ
00:22
hyphen in it. Right? It's a two- or three-part... Two- or three-word adjective that, together,
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ใƒใ‚คใƒ•ใƒณใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏ 2 ใคใพใŸใฏ 3 ใคใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚2 ใค ใพใŸใฏ 3 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ€
00:31
acts as one word. Okay? That's very important to remember. It may have one word, it may
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1 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใจใ—ใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏ ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ 1 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ€
00:36
have two words, it may have three words connected by a hyphen, but they work all together like
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2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ€3 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชž ใŒใƒใ‚คใƒ•ใƒณใงใคใชใŒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆ
00:43
one word, one adjective word. Okay. Let's look at a few examples before we get into
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1 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ€1 ใคใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไฝœๆˆๆ–นๆณ•ใฎ่ฉณ็ดฐ ใซๅ…ฅใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:48
the details of how to construct these.
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ใ€‚
00:51
"I heard a girl speaking English."
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ใ€ŒๅฅณใฎๅญใŒ ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใ€‚ใ€
00:55
"I have an English-speaking friend."
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ใ€Œ็งใซใฏ ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ๅ‹้”ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
00:57
Now, what's the difference between these two? "I heard a girl who was speaking English."
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰2ใคใฎ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฅณใฎๅญใฎๅฃฐใŒ่žใ“ใˆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:05
or: "I heard a girl with an", gerund. So, this could be a participle, this could be
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ใพใŸใฏ๏ผšใ€Œ็งใฏๅฅณใฎๅญใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใ€ใ€ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Š ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅˆ†่ฉžใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ—ใ€ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
01:10
a gerund; it doesn't matter. It comes after "the girl", and this is what she is doing.
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๅ•้กŒใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ ใ€Œๅฅณใฎๅญใ€ใฎๅพŒใซๆฅใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅฝผๅฅณใŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™.
01:15
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:16
"I have an English-speaking friend." Now, I can change this sentence and say: "I have
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ใ€Œ็งใซใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ๅ‹้”ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ•ใฆใ€ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใฆใ€ใ€Œ็ง
01:21
a friend who speaks English." But it's much easier just to say an adjective about the friend.
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ใซใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ๅ‹้”ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใ€ใใฎๅ‹้”ใซใคใ„ใฆๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’่จ€ใ†ๆ–นใŒใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:28
Now, it's very important to remember an adject-... Sorry, a compound adjective comes before a noun.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’่ฆšใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™... ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€่ค‡ๅˆๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
01:40
It always becomes before a noun; never after it. If it comes after it, it's no longer
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ๅธธใซๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œไปฅ้™ใฏๆฑบใ—ใฆ ใ€‚ ๅพŒใซๆฅใ‚‹ใจ
01:44
a compound adjective. There's no more need for the hyphen. Okay? Let's look at more examples.
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ใ€่ค‡ๅˆๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใฏใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒใ‚คใƒ•ใƒณใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ‚‚ใฃใจไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:51
"A strong, healing lotion". Or: "A fast-healing cut". Now, even though it's a fast-healing
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ใ€ŒๅผทๅŠ›ใช็™’ใ—ใฎใƒญใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ€ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏ๏ผšใ€Œ้ซ˜้€Ÿๆฒป็™’ ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒˆใ€ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฒปใ‚Šใฎๆ—ฉใ„
01:59
cut, I would still want to use a strong, healing lotion. What's the difference, here? Here,
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ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒˆใจใฏใ„ใˆใ€ใ‚„ใฏใ‚ŠๅผทๅŠ›ใชใƒ’ใƒผใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใƒญใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€
02:04
first of all, you notice the comma. I have two adjectives. It's a strong lotion, it's
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ใพใšใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ็งใซใฏ 2ใคใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒณใ‚ฐใƒญใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ
02:10
a healing lotion. These are two separate ideas about this noun. Okay? They're not joined
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ใ€ใƒ’ใƒผใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใƒญใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅ่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ 2 ใคใฎๅˆฅๅ€‹ใฎ่€ƒใˆ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏไธ€็ท’ใซ็ตๅˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
02:17
together. Each one affects the lotion. Here, "fast-healing lotion", it's fast and it's
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚ŒใŒใƒญใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใปใ‚‰ใ€ ใ€Œ้€Ÿๆฒปใƒญใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ€ใ€้€Ÿๆ”ปใง
02:25
healing... "A fast-healing cut", sorry. It's fast and it's healing about this cut.
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ๆฒปใ‚‹โ€ฆโ€ฆใ€Œ้€Ÿๆฒปใ‚ซใƒƒใƒˆใ€ใ€ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใญใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ‚ซใƒƒใƒˆใใ‚‰ใ„ใฏๆฒปใ‚ŠใŒๆ—ฉใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:32
So, for example, you go to a doctor and he needs to remove a mole. You have like a little
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅŒป่€…ใซ่กŒใใจ ใ€ใปใใ‚ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ
02:37
thing growing on your arm. So he cuts it, but he's a specialist, he's very professional.
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่…•ใซๅฐใ•ใชใ‚‚ใฎใŒ็”Ÿใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฝผใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒˆใ—ใพใ™ใŒ ใ€ๅฝผใฏใ‚นใƒšใ‚ทใƒฃใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้žๅธธใซใƒ—ใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ทใƒงใƒŠใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
02:42
It's a very fast-healing cut. In two days, you won't even know there was a cut there.
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ๆฒปใ‚ŠใŒใจใฆใ‚‚ๆ—ฉใ„ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ 2ๆ—ฅ ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใใ“ใซๅˆ‡ใ‚Šๅ‚ทใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ•ใˆใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:46
Right? So, both these words-this is an adverb-okay?-this is a participle-both work as one word about
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ๅณ๏ผŸ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏไธกๆ–นใจใ‚‚-ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ™-ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹?-ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™- ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใ€Œใ‚ซใƒƒใƒˆใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ 1 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใจใ—ใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—
02:55
"cut". Now, you don't really need to worry about this, but just in case you're interested,
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅฟƒ้…ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ ่ˆˆๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
03:00
if you're writing and you have a word count... For example, IELTS or TOEFL, you have to write
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ๅ ดๅˆใซๅ‚™ใˆใฆใ€ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใฆๅ˜่ชžๆ•ฐใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ... ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€IELTS ใ‚„ TOEFL ใงใฏใ€250 ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:05
250 words or 350 words, respectively. This is one word; not two words. Remember that.
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ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ350่ชžใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏไธ€่จ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ 2ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:12
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:13
Next: "A man eating lion". Now, I don't know if people actually eat lions. I don't know
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ๆฌก๏ผšใ€Œใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹็”ทใ€ใ€‚ ไบบใ€…ใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใซใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:19
how they would taste. I'm sure they're kind of gamey. It means a little bit strong taste.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅ‘ณใ‚ใ†ใ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒไธ€็จฎใฎใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ ใจ็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅ‘ณใŒๆฟƒใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
03:24
But I saw a man eating lion. So this man was eating that lion.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใ‚‹็”ทใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ ใ“ใฎ็”ทใฏใใฎใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:30
But, then I saw: "A man-eating lion" eat the man. How does that work? "A man-eating lion",
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใฎๅพŒใ€ใ€Œไบบ้ฃŸใ„ใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใ€ใŒไบบใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œไบบ้ฃŸใ„ใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใ€
03:38
so this is a compound clause describing "lion". A lion who eats people. Okay? Very different meaning.
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ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใ€ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹่ค‡ๅˆๅฅใงใ™ใ€‚ ไบบใ‚’้ฃŸใ†ใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ้žๅธธใซ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณ.
03:46
So, now you're saying: "Okay, well, where do I put the adjective? Where do I put the
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ†่จ€ใฃ
03:49
compound adjective? Like, before, after, not at all, with a hyphen, without the hyphen?"
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ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:54
So this is what we're going to look at next. But, before we do that, this is where people
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ€ๆฌกใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใฎใฏใ“ใ‚Œใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ๅ‰ใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไบบใ€…
03:59
make the most mistakes in writing, especially English learners. Okay? "My nephew is 10 years
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ใ€็‰นใซ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’่€…ใŒๆ›ธใ้š›ใซๆœ€ใ‚‚้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ™ๅ ดๆ‰€ ใงใ™. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ็งใฎ็”ฅใฃๅญใฏ10
04:08
old." Okay? With the "s", no hyphen; after the noun, after the "be" verb. But: "I have
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ๆญณใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œsใ€ใซใฏใƒใ‚คใƒ•ใƒณใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅ่ฉžใฎๅพŒใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—๏ผšใ€Œ็งใซ
04:19
a 10-year-old nephew." No "s", and two hyphens, and they become before the noun "nephew".
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ใฏ10ๆญณใฎ็”ฅใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œsใ€ใŒใชใใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ•ใƒณใŒ 2 ใคใ‚ใ‚‹ ใจใ€ๅ่ฉžใ€Œnephewใ€ใฎๅ‰ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:29
Now, it doesn't matter if you print the number "10" or if you write the word "ten". If you're
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œ10ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ•ฐๅญ—ใ‚’ๅฐๅˆทใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ ใ€Œ10ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ‹ใฏๅ•้กŒใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅ่ฉžใฎ
04:34
using it as a compound adjective before the noun, then you have the hyphens, you don't
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ๅ‰ใฎ่ค‡ๅˆๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ•ใƒณ
04:39
have the "s". But let's look at more specific details to know how to use and what sort of
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใช่ฉณ็ดฐใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ ไฝฟ็”จๆ–นๆณ•ใจใ€่ค‡ๅˆๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช
04:45
words we can combine to make a compound adjective.
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ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† .
04:49
Okay, so let's see how we construct compound adjectives. There's a few ways to construct
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ใงใฏใ€่ค‡ๅˆๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
04:56
them. We're going to look at two. We're going to look at a few more after that. First of
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ 2ใค่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎๅพŒใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:59
all, you can begin by using an actual adjective or an adverb plus a participle. Again, two
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ใพใšใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใพใŸใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใจๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ้–‹ๅง‹ใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€2
05:06
types of participles; "ing" like: "talking" or "looking", or there's the past participle,
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็จฎ้กžใฎๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œingใ€ใฏใ€Œtalkingใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€Œlookingใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใพใŸใฏ
05:12
which is "ed" or irregular verb, however that ends. Right? Oh, sorry. My mistake here. There
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ใ€Œedใ€ใพใŸใฏไธ่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใง ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใ€ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใง็งใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ€‚ ใปใ‚‰
05:20
you go. "Known" or "eyed". We'll talk about that "eyed" in a second.
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ใญใ€‚ ใ€Œๆ—ข็Ÿฅใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ็›ฎใ€ใ€‚ ใใฎใ€Œ็›ฎใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ™ใใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:24
So, what you do, you join the adjective or the adverb, plus the hyphen, plus the participle.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใพใŸใฏ ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใซใƒใ‚คใƒ•ใƒณใจๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’็ตๅˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:30
So: "Fast-talking", like a fast-talking salesman. He knows exactly what to say. He talks fast;
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆ—ฉๅฃใฎใ‚ปใƒผใƒซใ‚นใƒžใƒณใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ€Œๆ—ฉๅฃใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ในใใ‹ใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏๆ—ฉๅฃใงใ™ใ€‚
05:35
you can't keep up. You don't understand what he's saying. Next thing you know, you're signing
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ฟฝใ„ใคใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅฝผใฎ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ็†่งฃใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆฌกใซ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ
05:40
for a brand new car. You don't even know what you paid. He's a fast-talking salesman.
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ใฏใ€็œŸๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ปŠใซ็ฝฒๅใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆ‰•ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏๆ—ฉๅฃใฎใ‚ปใƒผใƒซใ‚นใƒžใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
05:44
"Good-looking". A good-looking girl, a good-looking boy, etc.
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"ใƒใƒณใ‚ตใƒ "ใ€‚ ใ‚คใ‚ฑใƒกใƒณใฎ ๅฅณใฎๅญใ€ใ‚คใ‚ฑใƒกใƒณใฎ็”ทใฎๅญใชใฉ
05:48
"Blue-eyed". Somebody who has blue eyes, you could say: "A blue-eyed man", or: "A blue-eyed
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ใ€Œ้’ใ„็›ฎใ€ใ€‚ ้’ใ„็›ฎใ‚’ใ—ใŸไบบใฏใ€ ใ€Œ้’ใ„็›ฎใฎ็”ทใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ้’ใ„็›ฎใฎ
05:54
woman", "A blue-eyed child".
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ๅฅณๆ€งใ€ใ€ใ€Œ้’ใ„็›ฎใฎๅญไพ›ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:57
"Well-known". A well-known professor. Now, again, very, very important to remember, all
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ใ€Œใ‚ˆใ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚ ่จ€ใ‚ใšใจ็Ÿฅใ‚ŒใŸๆ•™ๆŽˆใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจ
06:03
of these would come before the noun.
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ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆ ๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
06:06
So: "She is a good-looking girl.", "She is good looking." They mean the same. The two
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆ ผๅฅฝ่‰ฏใ„ๅฅณใฎๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ ๆ ผๅฅฝ่‰ฏใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ 2
06:13
sentences mean exactly the same way, but... Mean exactly the same thing, but different
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ใคใฎๆ–‡ใฏใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใŒใ€ใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใŒ ใ€ๆง‹้€ ใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚Š
06:19
structure. Okay. Sorry, I just realized another one. "Participle". Okay. Participle. So, this
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ใคๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ "ๅˆ†่ฉž"ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ๅˆ†่ฉžใ€‚
06:30
is the participle, this is the participle, but: after the verb, no hyphen; before the
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅˆ†่ฉžใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅˆ†่ฉž ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซใƒใ‚คใƒ•ใƒณใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:37
verb, hyphen. Both of these about the noun.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซใƒใ‚คใƒ•ใƒณใ€‚ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ ๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚
06:42
Now, I talked about blue-eyed. Now you're thinking: "'Eye' is not a verb." I mean, it
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ใ•ใฆใ€้’ใ„็›ฎใฎ่ฉฑใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไปŠใ€ ใ€Œใ€Ž็›ฎใ€ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œ
06:47
is a verb, you can eye something. Means you can see it and want it. But in this case,
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ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใซ็›ฎใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸ ใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆœ›ใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€
06:51
it just means to have something.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅ˜ใซไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:54
So, body parts, for some reason, we can turn into participles. "Hair", "a dark-haired woman",
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไฝ“ใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎ็†็”ฑใงๅˆ†่ฉžใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ€Œ้ซชใ€ใ€ใ€Œ้ป’้ซชใฎๅฅณใ€ใ€
07:02
"a brown-eyed boy", "a long-nosed man", "a thick-lipped woman", "a wide-bodied truck".
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ใ€Œ่Œถ้ซชใฎๅฐ‘ๅนดใ€ใ€ใ€Œ้ผปใฎ้•ทใ„็”ทใ€ใ€ใ€Œ ๅ”‡ใฎๅŽšใ„ๅฅณใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅน…ๅบƒใฎใƒˆใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใ€ใ€‚
07:13
It doesn't have to be about a person, actually. We can use body for many things, but you could
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏไบบใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใซไฝ“ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ
07:18
say... You know, so say: "Bone", like... Sometimes people say like for heavy people, we say:
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่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒ
07:27
"Big-boned". Not very nice thing to say, but people say it. Just so you know... And there's
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ใงใใพใ™. ่จ€ใ†ใฎใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ ไบบใ€…ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ”ๅญ˜็ŸฅใฎใจใŠใ‚Š
07:33
other verbs, but I'm not going to talk about those today; they don't have anything to do
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ใ€ไป–ใซใ‚‚ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใจใฏไฝ•ใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
07:37
with this lesson. So, body parts, you can turn into participles, add an adjective, and
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ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไฝ“ใฎ้ƒจๅˆ† ใ‚’ๅˆ†่ฉžใซๅค‰ใˆใฆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ 
07:42
you have a compound adjective.
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€่ค‡ๅˆๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:44
Now, you can also use a noun plus a participle to create a compound adjective. Okay?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ๅ่ฉžใจๅˆ†่ฉž ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ่ค‡ๅˆๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:53
"Sun-dried tomatoes", these are very delicious. You put them on your pasta, whatever you do.
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ใ€Œๅคฉๆ—ฅๅนฒใ—ใƒˆใƒžใƒˆใ€ใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚็พŽๅ‘ณใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใƒ‘ใ‚นใ‚ฟใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
07:58
"A blood-sucking leech", now, I'm not sure if you know what a leech is. A leech is a
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ใ€Œๅธ่ก€ใƒ’ใƒซใ€ใ€ ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒ’ใƒซใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ”ๅญ˜ใ˜ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ ใƒชใƒผใƒใฏ
08:02
very, very tiny, little worm that it comes onto your body, like usually in a tropical
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้žๅธธใซ้žๅธธใซๅฐใ•ใชใƒฏใƒผใƒ  ใงใ€
08:08
place, humid, lots of water, standing water. It'll crawl up, you won't even know it's there.
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็†ฑๅธฏใฎๆนฟๆฐ—ใฎๅคšใ„ใ€ๆฐดใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆฐดใŒๆบœใพใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ไฝ“ใซๅฏ„็”Ÿใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ้€™ใ„ไธŠใŒใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚ŒใŒใใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ•ใˆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.
08:14
It'll start sucking your blood, and it gets bigger, and bigger, and bigger. Sometimes
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ก€ใ‚’ๅธใ„ๅง‹ใ‚ ใ€ใฉใ‚“ใฉใ‚“ๅคงใใใชใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ™‚ใ€…
08:18
they can get this big, full of your blood. And they're very hard to get off; they like
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ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ก€ใงใ„ใฃใฑใ„ใซใชใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใปใฉๅคงใใใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€้™ใ‚Šใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้žๅธธใซ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅ›บๅŸทใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฅฝใ
08:23
to stick. But they are blood-sucking leeches. Okay? So, this, we have "blood", we have the
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅธ่ก€ใƒ’ใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏใ€Œ่ก€ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
08:30
participle "sucking" about the "leech". This is what they do.
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ใ€ใ€Œใƒชใƒผใƒใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅˆ†่ฉžใ€Œๅธใ†ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:34
Now, let's say Beyoncรฉ, I don't know, whoever you like, releases a new album and she has
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒ“ใƒจใƒณใ‚ปใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚่ชฐใŒๅฅฝใใ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ ใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ‚ขใƒซใƒใƒ ใ‚’ใƒชใƒชใƒผใ‚นใ—ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ
08:41
record-breaking sales. Huge sales. The records, the most sales by an artist, broke them. But
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่จ˜้Œฒ็ ดใ‚Šใฎๅฃฒใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใ‚’่จ˜้Œฒใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅทจๅคงใช่ฒฉๅฃฒใ€‚ ใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚นใƒˆใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅคšๅฃฒไธŠ่จ˜้Œฒใฏ็ ดใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
08:51
again, this, an adjective for that. Okay, we have adjectives, adverbs, and participles.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใใ‚Œใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆ ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€ๅˆ†่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:58
We have nouns and participles. Let's look at a few more.
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ๅ่ฉžใจๅˆ†่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:01
Okay, last few examples to look at. Very important to remember, when you're using numbers, numbers
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๆ•ฐๅญ—ใ€ๆ•ฐๅญ—ใจๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๅˆฅใฎๅ่ฉžใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
09:08
plus nouns to describe another noun, although there's no adjective involved here, although
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€
09:15
technically numbers are adjectives, but the whole thing becomes an adjective to that noun.
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ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซใฏๆ•ฐๅญ—ใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใŒใ€ ๅ…จไฝ“ใŒใใฎๅ่ฉžใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:21
Okay? So, "a 10-storey building". So: "Across the street they're building a 10-storey building."
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œ10้šŽๅปบใฆใฎใƒ“ใƒซใ€ใ€‚ ไพ‹: ใ€Œ้€šใ‚Šใฎๅ‘ใ“ใ†ๅดใซ 10 ้šŽๅปบใฆใฎใƒ“ใƒซใŒๅปบใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
09:27
Okay? They're putting up a 10-storey building. So notice we have "10". Even if you write
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ10้šŽๅปบใฆใฎๅปบ็‰ฉใ‚’ๅปบใฆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ10ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:31
the word "ten", it doesn't matter. It's still a number plus a noun that, together, are used
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ใ€Œๅใ€ใจๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ ใพใ ๆ•ฐๅญ—ใซๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ไธ€็ท’ใซใชใฃ
09:38
as an adjective for the building, for the other noun. So make sure you have the dash.
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ใฆๅปบ็‰ฉใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใ€ ไป–ใฎๅ่ฉžใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™. ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใƒ€ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:44
But if you talk about the building and you talk about how many stories it has and you
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅปบ็‰ฉ ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•้šŽๅปบใฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆ
09:50
put it after the building, then that building has "10 stories" with the "s", okay?
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ใ€ๅปบ็‰ฉใฎๅพŒใซ็ฝฎใใจใ€ใใฎๅปบ็‰ฉ ใฏใ€Œsใ€ใŒไป˜ใ„ใŸใ€Œ10้šŽๅปบใฆใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:01
"That building has 10 stories." Just remember add the "s" after the noun; with a hyphen, no "s".
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ใ€Œใ‚ใฎใƒ“ใƒซใฏ10้šŽๅปบใฆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ๅ่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใƒใ‚คใƒ•ใƒณใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใชใ—ใ€‚
10:10
Your teacher in university, and this is very common, so when you get to university, be
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ๅคงๅญฆใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใชใฎใงใ€ๅคงๅญฆใซๅ…ฅๅญฆใ—ใŸใ‚‰
10:14
prepared to write "10-page essays". Not "10 pages essays", "10-page essays". You can put
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ใ€Œ10ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ€ใ‚’ๆ›ธใๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œ10 ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€Œ10ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ€ใ€‚
10:24
a "one-page"... Sorry, "A one 10-page essay", or: "10 page essays". Again, if you put it
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ใ€Œ1ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™... ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใ€Œ10ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚ค1ใคใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ10ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ€. ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€
10:31
after, the essay needs to be 10 pages.
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ๅพŒใ‚ใซ็ฝฎใใจใ€ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใฏ 10 ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
10:35
We already spoke about this. "10-year-old boy". "A boy who is 10 years old". Now, you'll
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ™ใงใซ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œ10ๆญณใฎ็”ทใฎๅญใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œ10ๆญณใฎ็”ทใฎๅญใ€ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใพใŸใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ
10:41
also notice I said you will have to write... Let's say I'm the professor. You're joining
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ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†... ็งใŒๆ•™ๆŽˆใ ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ
10:45
my course. Over the whole year, you will have to write five 10-page essays. So don't worry
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็งใฎใ‚ณใƒผใ‚นใซๅ‚ๅŠ ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ้€šๅนดใงใ€ 10ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’5ใคๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใฎๆ•ฐๅญ—ใฏๆฐ—ใซใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
10:53
about this number. This is a different 5 essays, 10 pages each. So: "Five 10-page essays".
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ 10 ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ 5 ใคใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚ค ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œ5ใคใฎ10ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ€ใ€‚
11:01
Okay? And again, when you're speaking, you'll have to make that pause on the comma. In writing,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ ใฏใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใงไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ‚ใ‚‹
11:07
it's obvious, it's clear.
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ใ“ใจใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:09
Last one, when you have number plus measure... time or any other measure. So, I have to work
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€ๆ•ฐๅ€คใจๆธฌๅฎšๅ€คใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใงใ™... ๆ™‚้–“ใพใŸใฏใใฎไป–ใฎๆธฌๅฎšๅ€คใงใ™ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ€
11:15
an "8-hour shift" today. An "8-hour" is an adjective for the type of shift. "8-hour".
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ€Œ8ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใ€ใงๅƒใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œ8 ๆ™‚้–“ใ€ใฏใ€ ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใฎ็จฎ้กžใ‚’่กจใ™ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ8ๆ™‚้–“ใ€ใ€‚
11:23
Any other measure, like you're talking about feet, you're talking about pounds, you're
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใƒใƒณใƒ‰
11:25
talking about ounces, you're talking about litres. It doesn't matter what the unit of
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ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚ชใƒณใ‚นใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ ใƒชใƒƒใƒˆใƒซใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใชใฉใ€ไป–ใฎๅฐบๅบฆ. ๆธฌๅฎšๅ˜ไฝใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใใฎ
11:30
measure is, if you're putting a number before it, and the number plus the measure describe
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ๅ‰ ใซๆ•ฐๅญ—ใ‚’็ฝฎใใ€ๆ•ฐๅญ—ใจๆธฌๅฎšๅ€ค
11:35
the noun, make sure you have your hyphen. And again, not: "five-feet wall", "five-foot
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ใŒๅ่ฉžใ‚’่กจใ™ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ•ใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„. ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œ5ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒˆใฎๅฃใ€ใ€ใ€Œ5ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒˆใฎๅฃใ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
11:43
wall". That wall is five feet high. It is a five-foot-high wall. And if you want to
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ใ€‚ ใใฎๅฃใฏ้ซ˜ใ• 5 ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ้ซ˜ใ•5ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒˆใฎๅฃใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ
11:52
put the "high", you don't need to, but if you want to, then you got a three-word compound
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ใ€ใ€Œ้ซ˜ใ„ใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใใฎๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ไป˜ใ‘ ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€3 ่ชžใฎ่ค‡ๅˆๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œ
11:56
adjective; you have two hyphens. Okay? Same story applies for plural before or after.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ 2 ใคใฎใƒใ‚คใƒ•ใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅ‰ๅพŒใฎ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜่ฉฑใ€‚
12:03
This is an irregular plural; "one-foot", "two feet", doesn't matter. Same rule applies.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไธ่ฆๅ‰‡ใช่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็‰‡่ถณใ€ใ€Œ ไธก่ถณใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใงใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅŒใ˜ใƒซใƒผใƒซใŒ้ฉ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
12:08
After the noun, "feet"; before the noun, "foot".
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ๅ่ฉžใฎๅพŒใ€ใ€Œ่ถณใ€ใ€‚ ๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซใ€Œ่ถณใ€ใ€‚
12:12
Now, if you have any questions about compound adjectives, please feel free to ask me on
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่ค‡ๅˆๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€www.engvid.com ใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใฎไธ‹ใฎใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆ ใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ ใงใŠๆฐ—่ปฝใซใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใใ ใ•ใ„
12:18
www.engvid.com in the comment section under the quiz. Of course, take the quiz and practice
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ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ€
12:24
all of this. And don't forget to subscribe to my YouToo channel... YouTube channel. Sorry.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ็งใฎ YouToo ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใ€YouTube ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใฎ่ณผ่ชญใ‚‚ใŠๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใใ€‚ ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:29
See you again soon. Bye.
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ใพใŸใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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