Prepositions in English: ABOVE, OVER, ON, ON TOP

516,120 views ใƒป 2017-03-18

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hi. I'm Adam.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:03
Welcome to www.engvid.com.
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www.engvid.com ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
00:05
In today's video we're going to look at the difference between the prepositions:
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏ ใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž
00:10
"over", "above", "on", and "on top of".
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ใ€Œoverใ€ใ€ใ€Œaboveใ€ใ€ใ€Œonใ€ ใ€ใ€Œon top ofใ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:13
Now, in many cases you will find or you will hear native English speakers mixing these up.
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็พๅœจใ€ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใŸใ‚Šใ€่žใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:20
They're... In some cases they're interchangeable.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ... ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ใฏใ€ไบคๆ›ๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™ใ€‚
00:23
If you use "over" or "above" or "on", everybody will understand you, the idea will be clear,
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ใ€Œoverใ€ใ€ใ€Œaboveใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œonใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€่ชฐใ‚‚ ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใŒๆ˜Ž็ขบใซ
00:29
the image of the situation will be clear, but there are certain situations where you
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ใชใ‚Šใ€็Šถๆณใฎใ‚คใƒกใƒผใ‚ธใŒๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹็‰นๅฎšใฎ็ŠถๆณใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
00:35
must use one or the other.
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ใพใ™.
00:38
So, we're going to look at all of these and I'm going to give you the specifics, and then
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆ ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชๅ†…ๅฎนใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆฌกใซใ€
00:42
I'm going to give you some more sample sentences to see where they can be interchangeable and
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใ‚ตใƒณใƒ—ใƒซ ใ‚ปใƒณใƒ†ใƒณใ‚น ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒใฉใ“ใงไบคๆ›ๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ€ใฉใ“ใงไบคๆ›
00:47
where they can't.
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ใงใใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:48
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
00:49
So: "over", when do we use "over"?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œoverใ€ใ€ใ„ใค ใ€Œoverใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
00:51
So, first of all, all of these prepositions talk about a higher position.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใพใš็ฌฌไธ€ใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฏใ™ในใฆใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ซ˜ใ„ไฝ็ฝฎใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชžใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:57
When we use "over" we're generally speaking about the movement of something higher.
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"over" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ ใ€้€šๅธธใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ซ˜ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใฎๅ‹•ใใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:03
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
01:04
So: "The clouds moved over the city."
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œ้›ฒ ใฏ่ก—ใฎไธŠใ‚’็งปๅ‹•ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:07
What does this mean?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:09
It doesn't mean that the clouds came and then just stayed there.
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้›ฒ ใŒๆฅใฆใ€ใใ“ใซใจใฉใพใฃใŸใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:13
No.
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01:13
"Over" means they came and they passed, and they kept going. Right?
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€
ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒผใƒใƒผใ€ใจใฏใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๆฅใฆ ้€šใ‚Š้ŽใŽใ€ใใ—ใฆ้€ฒใฟ็ถšใ‘ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ
01:17
So we always have that idea of movement when we're talking about "over".
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒผใƒใƒผใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€็งใŸใกใฏๅธธใซใใฎๅ‹•ใใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™.
01:21
The sheep jumped over the fence.
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็พŠใŒๆŸตใ‚’้ฃ›ใณ่ถŠใˆใŸใ€‚
01:25
They didn't jump above the fence, because then they would just be stuck there.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒ•ใ‚งใƒณใ‚นใ‚’้ฃ›ใณ่ถŠใˆใพใ› ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:28
There's the fence, there's above, the sheep is in the middle of the air.
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ใƒ•ใ‚งใƒณใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ไธŠใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็พŠใŒ็ฉบไธญใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:32
Sounds a little bit strange.
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ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
01:33
So they jumped over the fence, with movement.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ ใฏๅ‹•ใใงใƒ•ใ‚งใƒณใ‚นใ‚’้ฃ›ใณ่ถŠใˆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:37
We use "over" with numbers.
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ๆ•ฐๅญ—ใงใฏใ€Œoverใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:39
Basically, it means more than, but we use it specifically with numbers.
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏไปฅไธŠใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ็‰นใซๆ•ฐๅญ—ใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:50
I think you got my message there.
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ใใ“ใซ็งใฎใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใŒๅฑŠใ„ใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใจใง
01:52
I'm going to have dirty fingers later, but that's okay.
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ๆŒ‡ใŒๆฑšใ‚Œใพใ™ ใŒใ€ๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€‚
01:55
There's soap.
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็Ÿณ้นธใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:56
More than.
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01:56
"Over 100 people came to the party."
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใ„ใ€‚
ใ€Œ100ไบบไปฅไธŠ ใŒใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:59
Means more than 100 people came to the party.
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100ไบบไปฅไธŠใŒ ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซๆฅใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:02
So, sometimes you'll see something like this: "100+" it just basically means "over", or:
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ใ€Œ100+ใ€ใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ€Œ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏ
02:10
"100+ people came".
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ใ€Œ100+ ไบบใŒๆฅใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:12
We use this with numbers.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ•ฐๅญ—ใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:13
"Cover".
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"ใ‚ซใƒใƒผ"ใ€‚
02:14
"To cover something" means to put something on top of, but it doesn't necessarily have
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ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ†ใ†ใ€ใจใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไธŠใซ้‡ใญใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณ ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚้‡ใญใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›
02:18
to be one on top of the other.
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ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:20
It just means to cover, to put some sort of protection on something.
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ใ‚ซใƒใƒผใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไฟ่ญทใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:24
So: "Put a hand over your mouth when you cough."
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ ๅ’ณใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๅฃใซๅฝ“ใฆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€
02:28
[Coughs] That's my pen thing.
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[ๅ’ณ] ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:31
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
02:32
Prefix.
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ใƒ—ใƒฌใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ€‚
02:33
We also use "over" as a prefix with nouns, adjectives, or verbs sometimes to, again,
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ใพใŸใ€ๅ่ฉžใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€ใพใŸใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆŽฅ้ ญ่พžใจใ—ใฆใ€Œoverใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™.
02:40
it's...
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02:40
The idea is more than, but it's also in terms of the verb it means extra, beyond what is
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02:47
normal or beyond what is necessary.
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ๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
02:50
So, if someone is "overweight" means they have too much weight.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ€Œๅคชใ‚Šใ™ใŽใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ไฝ“้‡ใŒๅคšใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:54
Okay? Obese.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ่‚ฅๆบ€ใ€‚
02:56
Not necessarily obese.
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ๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚่‚ฅๆบ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:57
Obese is even more overweight than overweight, but again, not thin.
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่‚ฅๆบ€ใฏๅคชใ‚Šใ™ใŽใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ ๅคชใ‚Šใ™ใŽใงใ™ใŒใ€็—ฉใ›ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:03
To "overestimate", so you have to guess a certain level of something.
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ใ€Œ้Žๅคง่ฉ•ไพกใ€ใ™ใ‚‹ใซ ใฏใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆŽจๆธฌใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:09
So I think there will be 100 people at my party, but I overestimated.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซใฏ100ไบบใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใŒใ€้Žๅคง่ฉ•ไพกใ—ใพใ—ใŸ.
03:15
What does that mean?
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ใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:16
It means that only 75 people came, so I guessed too far.
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75ไบบใ—ใ‹ๆฅใชใ‹ใฃใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ ใงใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ‚„ใ‚Š้ŽใŽใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:21
I reached too far with my guess.
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็งใฎๆŽจๆธฌใงใฏ่กŒใ้ŽใŽใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:23
"Override" basically means take control of.
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ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒผใƒใƒผใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใ€ใจใฏใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ ็š„ใซใฏๅˆถๅพกใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:27
So if I...
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ใ‚‚ใ—็งใŒ
03:28
If a system, whatever system we're looking at is controlled by a computer, I can override
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... ใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใŒใ€็งใŸใกใŒ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ  ใŒใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅˆถๅพกใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€็งใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’ใ‚ชใƒผใƒใƒผใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:34
the computer, I can basically put my power over the computer's power-higher than, stronger
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03:40
than-and I can take control of the system.
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ใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใฎๅˆถๅพกใ€‚
03:44
"Overzealous", too much zealous.
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ใ€Œ็†ฑๅฟƒใ€ใ€็†ฑๅฟƒใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚
03:47
So, another way to think of it is "too".
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅˆฅใฎ ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใฏใ€Œtooใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:50
"Zealous" means like eager, really wanting to do, really have a very focused motivation
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ใ€Œ็†ฑๅฟƒใ€ใจใฏใ€็†ฑๅฟƒใช ใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ้žๅธธใซ้›†ไธญใ—ใŸๅ‹•ๆฉŸใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
03:55
for something.
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ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:56
If you're overzealous, you have too much of this thing, above the normal level.
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็†ฑๅฟƒใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใจ ใ€้€šๅธธใฎใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใ‚’่ถ…ใˆใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใ“ใจใŒๅคšใ™ใŽใพใ™ใ€‚
04:02
So, now, speaking of the normal level: "above".
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒŽใƒผใƒžใƒซใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใจ่จ€ใˆใฐ ใ€ŒไธŠใ€ใ€‚
04:06
Two...
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2 ใค...
04:07
Two ways to use this.
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2 ใคใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:08
One is, of course, in terms of like physical relationship.
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ไธ€ใคใฏใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ ๅŒๆง˜ใฎ่บซไฝ“็š„้–ขไฟ‚ใฎ่ฆณ็‚นใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:12
Something is higher in relation to something else.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ ไป–ใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใจใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใงใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ซ˜ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:15
But generally it is on the same plane.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซ ใฏๅŒใ˜ๅนณ้ขไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:18
Now, what does "plane" mean?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใ€ใจใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
04:20
In terms of space, something is on a same line I guess you could say.
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ใ‚นใƒšใƒผใ‚น็š„ใซใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ ใŒๅŒใ˜็ทšไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:26
Right? If you have a wall, so something is above something on the wall.
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ๅณ๏ผŸ ๅฃใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ ใŒๅฃใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใฎไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:31
So, "over" is listed above "above" because they're on a flat plane, on the flat whiteboard,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ŒไธŠใ€ใฏใ€ŒไธŠใ€ใฎไธŠใซใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ•ใ‚Œ ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅนณใ‚‰ใชๅนณ้ขไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅนณใ‚‰ใชใƒ›ใƒฏใ‚คใƒˆใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€
04:38
one is higher than the other.
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ไธ€ๆ–นใŒไป–ๆ–นใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚้ซ˜ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:41
Now, if we go back to the clouds: "The clouds lingered above the city."
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ใ•ใฆใ€้›ฒใซ่ฉฑใ‚’ๆˆปใ™ใจใ€ ใ€Œ้›ฒใฏ่ก—ใฎไธŠใซๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใ€‚
04:46
"Lingered" means basically hung around or stayed for a little while.
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ใ€ŒLingeredใ€ใจใฏใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใถใ‚‰ใถใ‚‰ ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ใ—ใฐใ‚‰ใๆปžๅœจใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:50
So here came the clouds.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใง้›ฒใŒๅ‡บใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:52
Everybody thought the clouds would go over the city, but the clouds came and then they
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่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒ้›ฒใŒ่ก—ใ‚’่ฆ†ใ†ใ ใ‚ใ†ใจๆ€ใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€้›ฒใŒๆฅใฆ
04:57
just sort of lingered above the city.
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ใ€่ก—ใฎไธŠใซใจใฉใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ.
04:59
Here is the city, here are the clouds.
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ใ“ใ“ใŒ่ก— ใ€ใ“ใ“ใŒ้›ฒใ€‚
05:01
They're on the same plane, on the same general area of space.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅŒใ˜ๅนณ้ขไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ็ฉบ้–“ใฎๅŒใ˜ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช้ ˜ๅŸŸใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:07
One is higher than the other.
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ไธ€ๆ–นใŒไป–ๆ–นใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ซ˜ใ„ใ€‚
05:09
So that's the most common use of "above".
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ใใ‚Œ ใŒใ€ŒไธŠใ€ใฎๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใงใ™ใ€‚
05:12
We also use "above" when we refer to a higher position than a reference point.
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ใพใŸใ€ๅŸบๆบ–็‚นใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚้ซ˜ใ„ไฝ็ฝฎใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚‚ใ€ŒไธŠใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
05:19
Now, what is a "reference point"?
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ใงใฏใ€ ใ€ŒๅŸบๆบ–็‚นใ€ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
05:21
Means the point by which we compare everything to or that we relate everything to.
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ใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๆฏ”่ผƒใ™ใ‚‹ใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ™ในใฆใ‚’้–ข้€ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:27
So, if we talk about average...
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ใงใฏใ€ๅนณๅ‡ใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ€ใˆใฐโ€ฆ
05:29
Okay?
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ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใฎไฝๅฎ…ไพกๆ ผ
05:31
Let's say we're talking about the house prices in the city.
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ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
05:34
The average house price is half a million dollars.
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ๅนณๅ‡็š„ใชๅฎถใฎไพกๆ ผใฏ 50 ไธ‡ใƒ‰ใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
05:37
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:38
We look at all the houses that have been sold in the last little while, the most, the least,
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ใ“ใ“ๆ•ฐๅนดใง่ฒฉๅฃฒใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ™ในใฆใฎๅฎถใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ ใ€ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅคšใ„ใ€ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅฐ‘ใชใ„
05:43
etc., we add them all together, divide by how many houses, and that's your average.
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ใชใฉใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใ™ในใฆ่ถณใ—ๅˆใ‚ใ› ใ€ๅฎถใฎๆ•ฐใงๅ‰ฒใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅนณๅ‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:48
So from this average if a house is selling for 700,000, it is above average price, above
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅนณๅ‡ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅฎถใŒ 700,000 ใง่ฒฉๅฃฒใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅนณๅ‡ไพกๆ ผใ€
05:56
average cost.
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ๅนณๅ‡ใ‚ณใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ไธŠๅ›žใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:57
If it's selling for 300,000, it's below average.
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300,000 ใง่ฒฉๅฃฒใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏๅนณๅ‡ใ‚’ไธ‹ๅ›žใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:01
We're going to look at "below" in another lesson.
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ใ€Œไธ‹ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ๅˆฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:03
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:04
"Above average", "above freezing".
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ใ€Œๅนณๅ‡ไปฅไธŠใ€ ใ€Œๆฐท็‚นไธ‹ไปฅไธŠใ€ใ€‚
06:06
Now, "freezing" basically means zero degrees.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅ‡็ตใ€ใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ 0ๅบฆใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:09
So although zero is a number, it's not the same as this number.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ผใƒญใฏๆ•ฐๅญ—ใงใ™ใŒใ€ ใ“ใฎๆ•ฐๅญ—ใจๅŒใ˜ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:13
It's a point, a point on a scale, a temperature scale.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใ€ใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒผใƒซไธŠใฎใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆ ใ€ๆธฉๅบฆใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
06:18
Zero is freezing, then plus one, plus two degrees, minus one, minus two degrees.
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ใ‚ผใƒญใฏๆฐท็‚นไธ‹ใ€ๆฌกใซใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚น 1ใ€ใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚น 2 ๅบฆใ€ใƒžใ‚คใƒŠใ‚น 1ใ€ใƒžใ‚คใƒŠใ‚น 2 ๅบฆใงใ™ใ€‚
06:24
Celsius, of course, I'm talking about.
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๆ‘‚ๆฐ ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:27
"Above expectations".
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ใ€ŒๆœŸๅพ…ไปฅไธŠใ€ใ€‚
06:29
So, for example, I hire you to work for me.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็งใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’้›‡ใฃใฆ็งใฎใŸใ‚ใซๅƒใ‹ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:32
I'm the boss.
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็งใฏไธŠๅธใงใ™ใ€‚
06:33
I have certain expectations.
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็งใซใฏไธ€ๅฎšใฎๆœŸๅพ…ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:35
This is where I expect you to work or certain standards.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ๅƒใใ“ใจใ€ใพใŸใฏ็‰นๅฎšใฎๅŸบๆบ–ใ‚’ๆœŸๅพ…ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:38
If you work at this level, more than I expected, then you have gone above expectations.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€็งใŒไบˆๆƒณใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅคšใ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆœŸๅพ…ใ‚’ไธŠๅ›žใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™.
06:44
Okay? And I'm very happy about that, of course.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€็งใฏใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใจใฆใ‚‚ๅนธใ›ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:48
Lastly, we have "on" or "on top of".
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€"on" ใพใŸใฏ "on top of" ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:51
"On"...
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ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒณใ€
06:52
They're basically more the same.
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... ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:54
"On top of" is on, on something usually.
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ใ€ŒไธŠใซใ€ใจใฏใ€้€šๅธธใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
06:57
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:58
We talk about in relation to something, so you're always going to have an object, but
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็งใŸใกใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใซ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ ๅธธใซใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€
07:03
most commonly you have a surface.
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซ ใฏ้ขใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:06
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:07
So put the books...
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆœฌใ‚’็ฝฎใ„ใฆโ€ฆ
07:08
"Put the book on the table."
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ใ€Œใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใซๆœฌใ‚’็ฝฎใ„ใฆใ€
07:10
Here's a table, put the book on it.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ ใใฎไธŠใซๆœฌใ‚’็ฝฎใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:13
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:14
Now, if I have a table and I have some books on it:
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใใฎไธŠใซๆœฌใŒไฝ•ๅ†Šใ‹
07:18
"Put the books on top of the books on the table."
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎๆœฌใฎไธŠใซๆœฌใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
07:22
So I'm not going to use "on, on" twice.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒณใ€ใ‚ชใƒณใ€ใ‚’ 2 ๅ›žไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‹ใซ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆ
07:24
I'm not going to use "on" twice to relate to something.
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ใ€Œonใ€ใ‚’ 2 ๅ›žไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
07:28
I'll use "on" for one, I'll use "on top of" for the other.
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ไธ€ๆ–นใซใฏใ€ŒไธŠใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ ใ—ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๆ–นใซใฏใ€ŒไธŠใซใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:32
And "on top of" usually has the idea of touching.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€ŒไธŠใซใ€ใซใฏ้€šๅธธ ใ€่งฆใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:36
So something is touching something else, but it's higher than it.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒไป–ใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใซ่งฆใ‚Œใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚้ซ˜ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:38
"Above" there's space, "on" usually no space or "on top of" there's no space.
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ใ€ŒไธŠใ€ใซใฏใ‚นใƒšใƒผใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€ŒไธŠใ€ใซใฏ้€šๅธธใ‚นใƒšใƒผใ‚นใŒใชใใ€ใ€ŒไธŠใ€ใซใฏ ใ‚นใƒšใƒผใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:44
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:45
So, again, these are the specifics.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ ใฏ่ฉณ็ดฐใงใ™ใ€‚
07:48
Now we're going to look at a few sample sentences to see where they're sometimes interchangeable,
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใ‚ตใƒณใƒ—ใƒซ ใ‚ปใƒณใƒ†ใƒณใ‚น ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒๆ™‚ใ€…ไบคๆ›ๅฏ่ƒฝใง
07:52
where you can use one or the other and get the same meaning.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ— ใฆใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:57
Okay, so we're going to...
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใงใฏ...
07:58
We're going to look at a couple of sentences, or three sentences actually to show you that
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–‡ใ€ ใพใŸใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซ 3 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€
08:02
sometimes they are interchangeable.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒไบคๆ›ๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
08:04
So, you have a little fireplace where in the winter you have a nice fire,
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅฐใ•ใชๆš–็‚‰ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ†ฌใซใฏ็ด ๆ•ตใช็ซ
08:08
you have a nice painting.
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็ด ๆ•ตใช็ตตใŒๆใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:09
"Let's hang the painting over the fireplace.",
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ใ€Œ ๆš–็‚‰ใฎไธŠใซ็ตตใ‚’ๆŽ›ใ‘ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€ใ€
08:12
"Let's hang the painting above the fireplace."
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ใ€Œๆš–็‚‰ใฎไธŠใซ็ตตใ‚’ๆŽ›ใ‘ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ใ€
08:15
In this case both would be acceptable.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ ใ‚‚่จฑๅฎนใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
08:17
People use either one interchangeably.
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ไบบใ€…ใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ไธ€ๆ–นใ‚’ ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:20
The idea is very clear.
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ใใฎ่€ƒใˆใฏ้žๅธธใซๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใ™ใ€‚
08:22
Now, technically, "over" there's nothing moving, but we use "over" to mean when two things
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒผใƒใƒผใ€ใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚ๅ‹•ใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒผใƒใƒผใ€ใฏใ€2 ใคใฎใ‚‚ใฎ
08:28
are very related and stationary as well.
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ใŒ้žๅธธใซ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ ้™ๆญขใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:31
Do you want to use it?
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ไฝฟใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:33
That's up to you.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸๆฌก็ฌฌใงใ™ใ€‚
08:34
If you don't, "above" is okay.
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ใใ†ใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€ŒไธŠใ€ใงๆง‹ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็Šถๆณใงใฏใ€
08:35
Keep in mind people do use "over" regularly in these situations, and therefore it's acceptable.
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ไบบใ€…ใฏๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซใ€Œoverใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่จฑๅฎนใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
08:41
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
08:42
"Can you please put a blanket over my legs?"
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ใ€Œ ็งใฎ่ถณใซๆฏ›ๅธƒใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
08:45
I'm lying down, I'm cold.
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็งใฏๆจชใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€็งใฏๅฏ’ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฎ่ถณใซ
08:46
Can you put a blanket over my legs?
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ๆฏ›ๅธƒใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:49
Means cover.
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ใ‚ซใƒใƒผใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:50
So we said, like, cover your hand when you cough.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ๅ’ณใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏๆ‰‹ใ‚’่ฆ†ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:52
Cover my legs.
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็งใฎ่ถณใ‚’ใ‚ซใƒใƒผใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:53
Same idea.
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ๅŒใ˜่€ƒใˆใงใ™ใ€‚
08:54
Or: "Put them on my legs".
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ใพใŸใฏ๏ผšใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’็งใฎ่ถณใซ็ฝฎใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใ€‚
08:56
So I'm lying down, just put it on top.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏๆจชใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไธŠใซ็ฝฎใใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:59
Okay? Now, I just want to show you another use of "on top of", a very common expression:
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œon top ofใ€ใฎๅˆฅใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏ้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่กจ็พใงใ™ใ€‚
09:05
"On top of all my other problems, I have a new boss to deal with."
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ใ€Œไป–ใฎใ™ในใฆใฎๅ•้กŒ ใซๅŠ ใˆใฆใ€ๅฏพๅ‡ฆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ไธŠๅธใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€
09:09
So now technically there's no thing here.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ ใซใฏใ“ใ“ใซใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:12
A problem is an abstract noun, it's just an idea.
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ๅ•้กŒใฏๆŠฝ่ฑก็š„ใช ๅ่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ™ใ€‚
09:16
But you can stack things, one on top of the other.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€็‰ฉใ‚’็ฉใฟ้‡ใญใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:19
So when you have a pile, one goes on top of the other, you can do this with imaginary
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฑฑใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธ€ๆ–นใŒ ไป–ๆ–นใฎไธŠใซ็ฉใฟไธŠใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๆžถ็ฉบใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚‚่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
09:25
things as well.
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ใ€‚
09:26
Another way to think of this:
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅˆฅใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใง่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจใ€
09:28
"In addition to all my other problems, I have another one."
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ใ€Œไป–ใฎใ™ในใฆใฎๅ•้กŒใซๅŠ ใˆใฆใ€ๅˆฅใฎ ๅ•้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
09:33
But we use this very commonly because it's like my problems are stacking up.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใฎๅ•้กŒใŒ็ฉใฟ้‡ใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใฎใงใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซไฝฟ็”จ ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™.
09:38
Okay? But the same idea, something on top of something else, touching.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ€ ไฝ•ใ‹ไป–ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฎไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ€ๆ„Ÿๅ‹•ใ€‚
09:41
Touching, making a pile.
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่งฆใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ๅฑฑใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใ€‚
09:44
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
09:47
So that's basically it.
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใฏใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:48
So, more or less...
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅคšใ‹ใ‚Œๅฐ‘ใชใ‹ใ‚Œ...
09:49
Again, if you sometimes mix them up, don't worry about it.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ™‚ใ€… ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:52
Whoever you're speaking to or writing to will understand you most likely.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ‚Šๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใฏ่ชฐใงใ‚‚ใ€ ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:57
However, certain situations need the specific preposition that they need based on what we
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎ็Šถๆณใงใฏใ€ ๅ…ˆใปใฉ่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆใ€ๅฟ…่ฆใช็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™
10:03
looked at just a while ago.
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ใ€‚
10:05
So practice these, get comfortable with them, and use them as you would.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใ€ ๆ…ฃใ‚Œใฆใ€ๅฅฝใใชใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:10
So, I hope this was all clear and I hope you enjoyed this lesson.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ™ในใฆใŒๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใชใ‚Šใ€ ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:14
If you did, please subscribe to my YouTube channel if you haven't already.
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใพใ ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซ็™ป้Œฒใ—ใฆ ใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€็งใฎ YouTube ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซ็™ป้Œฒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:18
If you have any questions, go to www.engvid.com and join the forum.
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่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒฉใƒ ใซๅ‚ๅŠ ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:23
I will be happy to answer your...
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ๅ–œใ‚“ ใงใŠ็ญ”ใˆใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™...
10:24
All your questions there.
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ใใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ™ในใฆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ€‚
10:26
There's also a quiz testing your knowledge of "over", "above", "on", "on top of".
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ใ€ŒไธŠใ€ใ€ใ€ŒไธŠใ€ใ€ใ€ŒไธŠใ€ใ€ใ€ŒไธŠใ€ใฎ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:31
And, of course, come back again soon, watch our next videos, and enjoy.
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ใ™ใใซๆˆปใฃใฆใใฆ ใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:36
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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