Writing - Misplaced Modifiers

537,067 views ใƒป 2013-12-16

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:02
Hi. Welcome again to www.engvid.com. My name's Adam. Today's lesson is a little bit more
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ www.engvid.com ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏๅฐ‘ใ—
00:07
advanced. It's actually very useful for native English speakers as well, not only ESL learners.
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ไธŠ็ดšใงใ™ใ€‚ ESLๅญฆ็ฟ’่€…ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชžใจใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใซใจใฃใฆใ‚‚้žๅธธใซไพฟๅˆฉใงใ™ใ€‚
00:14
Today we're talking about misplaced modifiers. Now, this is a very important grammar point,
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ€้–“้•ใฃใŸไฟฎ้ฃพๅญใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆ
00:19
plus it's also very, very important for those of you who need to do English writing. Okay?
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ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ไบบใซใจใฃใฆใ‚‚้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
00:24
This is a very common mistake that people will see in all kinds of writing. It could
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹็จฎ้กžใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใง่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช้–“้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ
00:29
be very, very embarrassing sometimes because... You'll understand in a minute why. But I'll
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ๆ™‚ใ€…้žๅธธใซใ€้žๅธธใซๆฅใšใ‹ใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“...็†็”ฑใฏใ™ใใซ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—
00:35
show you the different types and we'll figure out a way to fix it as much as we can.
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ใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใ‚’็ดนไป‹ ใ—ใ€ใงใใ‚‹้™ใ‚Šไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใพใ™.
00:40
So, first of all, what is a "modifier"? A modifier is anything in a sentence, it could
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ใงใฏใ€ใพใšใ€Œใƒขใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใ‚ขใ€ใจใฏ๏ผŸ ไฟฎ้ฃพ่ชžใจใฏใ€ๆ–‡ไธญใฎใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใง
00:45
be an adjective or an adverb, a clause, a phrase, anything that modifies something else
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใพใŸใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€็ฏ€ใ€ ๅฅใ€ๆ–‡ไธญใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไฟฎ้ฃพใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใชใฉใงใ™
00:52
in the sentence. What does "modify" mean? Means to change, change the meaning of, change
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹? ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ€่€ƒใˆๆ–นใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณ
00:56
the idea of. Okay? So, for example: if you say: "A car", you have an idea of a car. You
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใŸใจใˆใฐ ใ€ใ€Œ่ปŠใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€่ปŠใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸ
01:03
say: "A red car", you have a different idea of the car probably. So "red" modifies "car".
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ใฏใ€Œ่ตคใ„่ปŠใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใใใฎ่ปŠใซใคใ„ใฆๅˆฅใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œ่ตคใ€ใฏใ€Œ่ปŠใ€ใ‚’ไฟฎ้ฃพใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:09
Okay, so what we're looking at is misplaced modifiers. We have misplaced modifiers, dangling
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใง่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใƒขใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใ‚ขใฎ้…็ฝฎใƒŸใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ ใƒขใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใ‚ขใ€ใƒ€ใƒณใ‚ฐใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐ
01:16
modifiers, squinting modifiers. Don't worry about the technical words. Worry about what
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ใƒขใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใ‚ขใ€็›ฎใ‚’็ดฐใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒขใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใ‚ขใฎ้…็ฝฎใ‚’้–“้•ใˆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฐ‚้–€็”จ่ชžใฏๆฐ—ใซใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
01:21
is actually happening here. So I'm going to start with these examples, and we'll look
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ใ“ใ“ใงๅฎŸ้š›ใซไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆ
01:25
at a few others in a minute. So look at these two sentences:
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ใ€ใ™ใใซไป–ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใฎ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
01:28
"I call only my mother when I'm sick." "I only call my mother when I'm sick."
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ใ€‚ใ€Œ็งใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใฎใจใใ ใ‘ๆฏใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œ็งใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใฎใจใใ ใ‘ๆฏใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
01:34
Now, this word: "only" is the modifier we're looking at. It is very, very often misplaced;
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ€Œใฎใฟใ€ใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไฟฎ้ฃพๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ ้žๅธธใซ้ ป็นใซ่ฆ‹ๅฝ“้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:44
people don't realize that this word doesn't necessarily go where it should go half the
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ไบบใ€…ใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚ๅŠๅˆ†ใฎๆ™‚้–“ใง่กŒใในใๅ ดๆ‰€ใซ่กŒใใจใฏ้™ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
01:49
time. It's amazing how many people misplace it. So what does this sentence mean: "I call
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ใ€‚ ้–“้•ใˆใ‚‹ไบบใŒๅคšใ„ใฎใŒไธๆ€่ญฐใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ็—…ๆฐ—ใฎใจใใ ใ‘ๆฏใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–‡ใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณ
01:54
only my mother when I'm sick"? It means: when I'm sick, I don't call my friends, I don't
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ใงใ™ใ‹? ใคใพใ‚Š ใ€็—…ๆฐ—ใฎใจใใฏๅ‹้”ใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใชใ„
01:59
call my girlfriend or boyfriend, I don't call my aunt or uncle; only my mother. I'm sick:
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ใ€ใ‚ฌใƒผใƒซใƒ•ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚„ใƒœใƒผใ‚คใƒ•ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใชใ„ ใ€ๅ”ๆฏใ‚„ๅ”็ˆถใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใชใ„ใ€‚ ๆฏใ ใ‘ใ€‚ ็งใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ™๏ผš
02:07
"Mom, come make me some soup, please." You have to be polite, of course.
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ใ€ŒใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใ€็งใซใ‚นใƒผใƒ—ใ‚’ไฝœใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€็คผๅ„€ๆญฃใ—ใใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:12
"I only call my mother when I'm sick." It means: when I'm healthy, I don't call her.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใฎใจใใ ใ‘ๆฏใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฅๅบทใชใจใใฏๅฝผๅฅณใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:17
I never speak to her, only when I'm sick do I call her. She gets very angry at me, she
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็งใฏๅฝผๅฅณใจ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚็—…ๆฐ—ใฎใจใใ ใ‘ๅฝผๅฅณใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใซใจใฆใ‚‚่…นใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚็งใŒ
02:22
thinks I'm using her. But according to this sentence, I am, because I only call her when
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ๅฝผๅฅณใ‚’ๅˆฉ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใฎ ๆ–‡ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Œใฐใ€็งใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใฎใจใใ ใ‘ๅฝผๅฅณใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
02:27
I'm sick. So you understand what this word does to the sentence. Okay? Very, very important
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็งใฏใใ†ใงใ™. ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒๆ–‡ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:34
where you place it to know which word it's going to modify.
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ใฉใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒๅค‰ๆ›ดใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใฉใ“ใซ้…็ฝฎใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ ใ€‚
02:39
The secret about modifiers: place them close to the word you're trying to modify. But that
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ไฟฎ้ฃพๅญใฎ็ง˜ๅฏ†: ไฟฎ้ฃพใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซ้…็ฝฎใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œ
02:46
also doesn't always work. "People who whistle quickly become annoying."
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ใ‚‚ๅธธใซใ†ใพใใ„ใใจใฏ้™ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ใ™ใใซๅฃ็ฌ›ใ‚’ๅนใไบบใฏใ†ใ‚‹ใ•ใใชใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ€
02:51
Now, you're thinking: "This sentence looks okay." The problem is: what does it mean?
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ไปŠใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ†่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏๅคงไธˆๅคซใ ใ‚ใ† ใ€ใ€‚ ๅ•้กŒใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:56
Is it: "People who whistle quickly, become annoying"? Or: "People who whistle, quickly
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ใ€Œๆ—ฉใๅฃ็ฌ›ใ‚’ๅนใไบบใฏใ†ใ‚‹ใ•ใ„ใ€ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใพใŸใฏ๏ผšใ€Œๅฃ็ฌ›ใ‚’ๅนใไบบใฏใ™ใ
03:03
become annoying"? Which one do you mean? All people who whistle or just people who whistle
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ใซ่ฟทๆƒ‘ใซใชใ‚‹ใ€๏ผŸ ใฉใฃใกใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅฃ็ฌ›ใ‚’ๅนใไบบๅ…จๅ“กใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚้€Ÿใๅฃ็ฌ›ใ‚’ๅนใไบบใ ใ‘
03:08
quickly? I don't think I should whistle, I'll probably blow the mic, but very fast whistling.
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ใงใ™ใ‹? ๅฃ็ฌ›ใ‚’ๅนใในใใงใฏใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŠใใ‚‰ใใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฏใ‚’ๅนใใพใ™ใŒใ€้žๅธธใซ้€Ÿใๅฃ็ฌ›ใ‚’ๅนใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:13
Right? So, this is called a squinting modifier; you're not sure which word the modifier is
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ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็›ฎใ‚’็ดฐใ‚ใ‚‹ไฟฎ้ฃพๅญใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ไฟฎ้ฃพๅญใŒใฉใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›
03:20
going with. How can I fix this? You can probably cut it into two sentences. "I get quickly
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ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใงใใพใ™ใ‹? ใŠใใ‚‰ใ 2ใคใฎๆ–‡ใซๅˆ†ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
03:28
annoyed by people who whistle." Or: "People who whistle become annoying quickly." Or just
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ๅฃ็ฌ›ใ‚’ๅนใไบบใซใ™ใใ‚คใƒฉใ‚คใƒฉใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ€ ใพใŸใฏ๏ผšใ€Œ ๅฃ็ฌ›ใ‚’ๅนใไบบใฏใ™ใใซใ†ใ‚‹ใ•ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใพใŸใฏ
03:35
change the location or again, just split it into two different sentences, that's another
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ใ€ๅ˜ใซๅ ดๆ‰€ใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ 2 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ–‡ใซๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘
03:39
solution. Here's another one, this is called more...
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ๅˆฅใฎ่งฃๆฑบ็ญ–ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ more ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™...
03:43
This is more of a dangling modifier: "I went to see a movie last night with my
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใถใ‚‰ไธ‹ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไฟฎ้ฃพ่ชžใงใ™
03:47
friend, which was really boring." Okay, maybe you understand the sentence. I
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ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ ๅคšๅˆ†ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ง
03:53
don't. What was boring, the movie or the going out with the friend? This is called a dangling
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ใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆ˜ ็”ปใจๅ‹้”ใจใฎๅค–ๅ‡บใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒ้€€ๅฑˆใงใ—ใŸ ใ‹? ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
04:00
modifier because I don't actually know what it is modifying. I'm not sure what this "which"
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ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ใƒ€ใƒณใ‚ฐใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐไฟฎ้ฃพๅญใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ€Œใฉใ‚Œใ€
04:05
is, the situation or the movie. So again, to fix it, just bring it closer to the actual
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ใŒไฝ•ใชใฎใ‹ใ€ใ‚ทใƒใƒฅใ‚จใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใชใฎใ‹ๆ˜ ็”ปใชใฎใ‹ใ€ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ ไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใซ่ฟ‘ใฅใ‘ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘
04:12
thing. I'm going to assume you're talking about the movie. "I went to see a movie last
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ˜ ็”ปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจไปฎๅฎšใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏ
04:18
night which was really boring, with my friend." No, that's not a very good way to fix it either.
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ๆ˜จๅคœใ€ๅ‹้”ใจไธ€็ท’ใซๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใคใพใ‚‰ใชใ„ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ใ‚ใพใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„ไฟฎๆญฃๆ–นๆณ•ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:25
"I went to see a movie which was really boring last night with my friend." That's much better,
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๆ˜จๅคœใ€ๅ‹้”ใจๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใคใพใ‚‰ใชใ„ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซ่‰ฏใ„ใงใ™ใ€
04:30
it's right next to the thing you're modifying. So you want to put this right here, so it
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒไฟฎๆญฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฎใ™ใ้šฃใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™. ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ“ใ“ใซ้…็ฝฎ
04:36
modifies the movie itself. Okay? So here're three different examples of misplaced modifiers.
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใƒ ใƒผใƒ“ใƒผ่‡ชไฝ“ใŒๅค‰ๆ›ดใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ไฟฎ้ฃพๅญใฎ้…็ฝฎใƒŸใ‚นใฎ 3 ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๆฌกใซ็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:42
Let's look at a few more. Okay, let's look at a few more examples, and
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟ
04:46
eventually, we'll get to some funny ones that you'll understand why it could be embarrassing.
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ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใซใฏใ€ ใชใœใใ‚ŒใŒๆฅใšใ‹ใ—ใ„ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹้ข็™ฝใ„ไพ‹ใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:51
First, let's look at these two: "The doctor had to cancel the appointment,
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ใพใšใ€ใ€Œ ๅŒป่€…ใฏไบˆ็ด„ใ‚’ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใ‚ปใƒซใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
04:55
but the patient came anyway because he was sick."
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ใŒใ€ๆ‚ฃ่€… ใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใ ใฃใŸใฎใงใจใซใ‹ใๆฅใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ† 2 ใคใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:59
Okay, makes sense, no problem. It doesn't make sense in terms of the context because
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:04
if the doctor cancelled the appointment, the patient shouldn't come. But...
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ๅŒปๅธซใŒไบˆ็ด„ใ‚’ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใ‚ปใƒซใ—ใŸๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใฏๆฅใ‚‹ในใใงใฏใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใฎ่ฆณ็‚นใ‹ใ‚‰ใฏๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—โ€ฆ
05:08
"The doctor had to cancel the appointment because he was sick, but the patient came
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ใ€ŒๅŒป่€…ใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใงไบˆ็ด„ใ‚’ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใ‚ปใƒซใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ ใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใŒใ€ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใฏใจใซใ‹ใๆฅใพใ—
05:13
anyway." Also okay. Now, technically, both of these
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ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚‚ๅคงไธˆๅคซใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Š
05:17
sentences are okay. The question is: which do you mean? So this is the modifier. Okay?
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ่ณชๅ•ใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ‹? ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไฟฎ้ฃพๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:27
"Because he was sick". First of all, who was sick, the doctor or the patient? We can assume
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใ ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€‚ ใพใš็ฌฌไธ€ใซใ€ ็—…ๆฐ—ใ ใฃใŸใฎใฏๅŒป่€…ใ‹ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:33
the patient was sick, but we also want to know why the doctor cancelled the appointment.
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ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใŒ็—…ๆฐ—ใ ใฃใŸใจๆŽจๆธฌใงใใพใ™ใŒ ใ€ๅŒปๅธซใŒไบˆ็ด„ใ‚’ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใ‚ปใƒซใ—ใŸ็†็”ฑใ‚‚็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:38
Okay? So be very, very careful where you place your modifier to make sure that you get across
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไฟฎ้ฃพๅญใ‚’้…็ฝฎใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซ้žๅธธใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใ€็†่งฃใ—ใŸใ„ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’็ขบๅฎŸใซ็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
05:44
the meaning that you want to get across. Okay? I'm going to assume that this is the correct
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ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใŒๆฅ ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€
05:49
sentence because I want to know why he cancelled an appointment when he has a patient coming.
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ใชใœๅฝผใŒไบˆ็ด„ใ‚’ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใ‚ปใƒซใ—ใŸใฎใ‹็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ๆ–‡ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:55
Okay? So... Next:
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใง... ๆฌก:
05:58
"Covered in dirt" - this should be a capital, sorry it doesn't look like a capital - "Covered
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ใ€ŒๅœŸใซ่ฆ†ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ - ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ฆ–้ƒฝใฎใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚ ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€้ฆ–้ƒฝใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใฏ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ - ใ€Œ
06:02
in dirt, I didn't want to eat the apple." Now you're thinking: "Okay, great. No problem.
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ๅœŸใซ่ฆ†ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚็งใฏใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ไปŠใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ†่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ๅ•้กŒใชใ„
06:08
A dirty apple, you don't want to eat it." The only problem is that you're starting your
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ใ€‚ๆฑšใ‚ŒใŸใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใ€้ฃŸในใŸใใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚ ๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎๅ•้กŒใฏใ€ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅˆ†่ฉžใงๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
06:13
sentence with a participle. When you start a sentence with a participle, the subject
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ใ€‚ ๅˆ†่ฉžใงๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
06:18
of the participle must be the same as the subject of the next clause. Right? So technically,
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ใ€ๅˆ†่ฉžใฎไธป่ชžใฏๆฌกใฎ็ฏ€ใฎไธป่ชžใจๅŒใ˜ใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซใฏใ€
06:25
you are covered in dirt, not the apple. "Covered in dirt, I didn't want to eat the apple.",
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใงใฏใชใๆฑšใ‚Œใซ่ฆ†ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ๅœŸใพใฟใ‚Œใงใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”้ฃŸในใŸใใชใ„
06:30
"Oh, I'm so dirty, I don't want to eat this apple." Does that make sense? No, not really.
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ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ€ๆฑšใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใฎใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”้ฃŸในใŸใใชใ„ ใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ็†ใซใ‹ใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:35
You can eat an apple even if you're dirty. Right? Maybe it'll clean you up a little bit
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ใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”ใฏๆฑšใ‚Œใฆใ„ใฆใ‚‚้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใŸใถใ‚“ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธญใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ใใ‚Œใ„ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
06:38
inside. How can I fix this? You can say: "I didn't want to eat the apple that was dirty.",
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ใ€‚ ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใงใใพใ™ใ‹? ใ€Œ ๆฑšใ‚Œ
06:46
"I didn't want to eat the apple which was dirty." Depending on the situation. Right?
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ใŸใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใฏ้ฃŸในใŸใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ€Œ ๆฑšใ‚ŒใŸใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใฏ้ฃŸในใŸใใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ็Šถๆณใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ
06:50
Or: "Covered in dirt, the apple didn't seem so appetizing anymore." Just make sure you
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ใพใŸใฏ๏ผšใ€Œใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใฏๅœŸใซใพใฟใ‚Œใ€ ใ‚ใพใ‚ŠใŠใ„ใ—ใ่ฆ‹ใˆใชใใชใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€ ่ขซๅ†™ไฝ“ใŒไธ€่‡ดใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆ
06:57
match your subjects. Okay. "She saw dark rain clouds on the way to the
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซ ่กŒใ้€”ไธญใงๆš—ใ„้›จ้›ฒใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸ
07:04
park." So you think: "Oh, yeah, she's going to the
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ใ€‚ใ€ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ†ๆ€ใ†๏ผšใ€Œ ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซ่กŒใใฎใซ
07:08
park and there're clouds." She's going to get a... Maybe a little bit bummed out. The
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้›ฒใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏโ€ฆ ๅคšๅˆ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ใŒใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:12
only problem is she's not on the way to the park, the clouds are on the way to the park
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ๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎๅ•้กŒใฏใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใŒๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซๅ‘ใ‹ใ†้€”ไธญใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ้›ฒใŒๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซๅ‘ใ‹ใ†้€”ไธญใซ
07:17
because that's the way you placed them. The clouds are going to the park. "Oh wow, have
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้…็ฝฎใ—ใŸใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ ้›ฒใฏๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซๅ‘ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ†ใ‚ใƒผ
07:24
a good time at the park, clouds." Doesn't really work. Right? So you would say: "On
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ใ€ๅ…ฌๅœ’ใงๆฅฝใ—ใ„ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’้Žใ”ใ—ใฆใญใ€้›ฒใ€‚ใ€ ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ†ใพใใ„ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ
07:29
the way to the park, she saw dark rain clouds." So I understand that it's she who is on the
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ๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซ่กŒใ้€”ไธญใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆš—ใ„้›จ้›ฒใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซ่กŒใ้€”ไธญใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๅฝผๅฅณใ ใจ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„
07:35
way to the park. Now, remember: all you have to do is put the modifier next to the thing
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„: ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ— ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฎๆจชใซใƒขใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใ‚ขใ‚’้…็ฝฎใ™ใ‚‹
07:40
you're trying to modify. She was on the way to the park, not the rain clouds.
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ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ ้›จ้›ฒใงใฏใชใใ€ๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซๅ‘ใ‹ใ†้€”ไธญใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:46
I have to admit: I borrowed this last example. I made it up, but I borrowed the idea from
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็งใฏ่ชใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“: ็งใฏใ“ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ. ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€Groucho Marx ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
07:50
Groucho Marx. He said: "Once in the... Once, I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How it got
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ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†
07:58
into my pajamas, I have no idea." So that's a funny joke if you understand what he's talking
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ใซ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฎ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ็†่งฃใงใใ‚Œใฐใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้ข็™ฝใ„ๅ†—่ซ‡ใงใ™
08:03
about. So let's look at this one: "Jeremy ran away from the bear in his underwear."
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ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒฌใƒŸใƒผ ใฏไธ‹็€ๅงฟใงใ‚ฏใƒžใ‹ใ‚‰้€ƒใ’ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
08:08
You're thinking: "Yeah, bear, I don't care. I'm wearing underwear, I'm still running."
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œใˆใˆใ€ใ‚ฏใƒžใ€็งใฏๆฐ—ใซใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใฏไธ‹็€ใ‚’็€ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€็งใฏใพใ ่ตฐใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™.ใ€
08:11
Like you're camping, whatever, you come out of your tent in your underwear, there is a
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ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใƒ—ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ† ใซใ€ใƒ†ใƒณใƒˆใ‹ใ‚‰ไธ‹็€ๅงฟใงๅ‡บใฆใใ‚‹ใจใ€
08:15
bear, you're running. But no, what you said here or what I wrote here anyway is that the
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ใ‚ฏใƒžใŒใ„ใฆใ€่ตฐใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ใ“ใ“ใง่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ€ใพใŸใฏ็งใŒใ“ใ“ใซๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ“ใจใฏใ€
08:21
bear is wearing the underwear, and Jeremy's running because the bear is wearing the underwear.
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ใ‚ฏใƒžใŒไธ‹็€ใ‚’็€ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ใ‚ฏใƒžใŒไธ‹็€ใ‚’็€ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚ธใ‚งใƒฌใƒŸใƒผใŒ่ตฐใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™.
08:26
Maybe he thinks the bear has some strange intentions or something like that. So: "Jeremy
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ๅคšๅˆ†ๅฝผใฏใ‚ฏใƒžใŒไฝ•ใ‹ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใชๆ„ๅ›ณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒฌใƒŸใƒผ
08:32
ran away from the bear while in his underwear." would make a bit more sense. But then: "While
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ใฏไธ‹็€ๅงฟใงใ‚ฏใƒžใ‹ใ‚‰้€ƒใ’ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็†ใซใ‹ใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใฎๅพŒ๏ผšใ€Œ
08:39
in... While still in his underwear, Jeremy ran away from the bear." That would be the
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ไธญใซ... ไธ‹็€ใ‚’็€ใŸใพใพใ€ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒฌใƒŸใƒผ ใฏใ‚ฏใƒžใ‹ใ‚‰้€ƒใ’ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒ
08:44
best solution. Okay? So, again, lots of ways to use modifiers,
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ๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎ่งฃๆฑบ็ญ–ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Š ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใƒขใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใ‚ขใฎไฝฟ็”จๆ–นๆณ•ใฏ
08:49
lots of different types of modifiers. Make sure you're putting them as close as possible
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ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็จฎ้กžใฎใƒขใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใ‚ขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅค‰ๆ›ด ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฎใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘่ฟ‘ใใซ้…็ฝฎใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
08:55
to the thing you're modifying. This way, you avoid misunderstandings and you avoid very
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆ ใ€่ชค่งฃใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใ€้žๅธธใซ
09:00
embarrassing sentences that could be. Okay? Again, this needs practice, it needs a little
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ๆฅใšใ‹ใ—ใ„ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏ็ทด็ฟ’ใŒๅฟ…่ฆ
09:06
bit of looking very carefully at what you've written. Go to www.engvid.com. There's a quiz
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ใงใ™ใ€‚่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’้žๅธธใซๆณจๆ„ๆทฑใ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ“ใซใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บ
09:12
there, you can practice this a little bit more. Please check out my channel on YouTube
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็ทด็ฟ’ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ YouTube ใง็งใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ€ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซ
09:17
and subscribe to it. And I'll see you again very soon. Bye.
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็™ป้Œฒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใพใŸใ™ใใซใŠ ไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚

Original video on YouTube.com
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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