Learn English Vocabulary: OTHER, ANOTHER, OTHERS, THE OTHER, OTHERWISE

970,340 views ใƒป 2012-09-11

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:02
Adam: Hi. Welcome to www.engvid.com. My name is Adam. Today, I'm going to give
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ใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ : ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ www.engvid.com ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ็งใฎ ๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ
00:08
you a bit of a hybrid lesson; "hybrid" meaning a mix of two things. We're going
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ใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸใƒใ‚คใƒ–ใƒชใƒƒใƒ‰ ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒใ‚คใƒ–ใƒชใƒƒใƒ‰ใ€ใจ ใฏใ€2 ใคใฎใ‚‚ใฎใŒๆททๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:13
to look at some vocab, but it's also very important to remember that it's
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใง่ฆ‹ ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใ“ใจใ‚‚้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆ
00:17
actually a grammar topic that we're looking at here. So, it's both grammar
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ใงใ™ . ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใจ่ชžๅฝ™ใฎไธกๆ–น
00:21
and vocab. We're going to be looking at the word: "other", "others", "the
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œotherใ€ใ€ใ€Œothersใ€ใ€ใ€Œthe
00:26
other", "the others", and "another". Okay? Many students ask me how to use
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otherใ€ใ€ใ€Œthe otherใ€ใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณใ€Œanotherใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅคšใใฎๅญฆ็”ŸใŒ
00:32
these words, because they seem a little bit confusing; they don't know the
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’็งใซ ๅฐ‹ใญใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใซไป˜้šใ™ใ‚‹
00:35
numbers that go with them. But not to worry, we'll clear all this up today.
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ๆ•ฐๅญ—ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ๅฟƒ้…ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใ‚’็‰‡ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:40
Before we begin to look at each one individually, the most important thing
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ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ€‹ๅˆฅใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใๅ‰ใซ ใ€
00:44
to remember about these words is that they must refer to something already
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใในใๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใฏใ€ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ ใ™ใงใซ่จ€ๅŠใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๅ‚็…งใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ
00:49
mentioned, whatever the topic is. "Refer" means point back to. Good. So,
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ใงใ™. ใ€ŒReferใ€ใฏใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่‰ฏใ„ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€
00:57
here, my pretty, little students, we're going to look at: "my students". Okay?
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ใ“ใ“ใง็งใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใ„ๅฐใ•ใช็”Ÿๅพ’ใŸใก ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŸใกใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:05
And we're going to apply all these words to any situation where they can be used.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎๅ˜่ชž ใ‚’ใ€ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹็Šถๆณใซ้ฉ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:10
Okay? So, for example: I work in a school. I have my class; it's a small
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็งใฏๅญฆๆ กใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๅฐใ•ใช
01:17
class. "Other teachers" have their classes. So, right away, we're talking
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ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎไป–ใฎๆ•™ๅธซใ€ใซใฏ ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ™ใใซใ€็งใฏ
01:24
about my... me, as a teacher, and my class. We're talking about "other
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... ็งใ€ๆ•™ๅธซใจใ—ใฆใ€ใใ—ใฆ็งใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎไป–ใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™
01:28
teachers". So, right away, you notice the word "other" I'm using as an
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ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ™ใใซใ€ ็งใŒๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€Œใใฎไป–ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ™
01:33
adjective. Okay? When I use the word: "others", we must use it as a noun, but
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใใฎไป–ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ ใ€ๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œ
01:40
I'll explain that as we go. So, these are my students. And I know I'm not the
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ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅพŒใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ ใฏ็งใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใงใ™ใ€‚ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒๆœ€้ซ˜ใฎใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚นใƒˆใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆ
01:44
best artist, but I'll do my best. I have three students in my class. One student
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ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆœ€ๅ–„ใ‚’ๅฐฝใใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใซใฏ3ไบบใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€ไบบใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿ
01:50
is Japanese. I'll just say like this for short. Okay? I have two students left.
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ใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ–ใฃใใ‚Šใ“ใ‚“ใชๆ„Ÿใ˜ใง่จ€ใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒ2ไบบๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:58
So, I mentioned my first student. So, this is now my topic. So, all of these
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใฏ็งใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใซ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ€ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไปŠใฎ็งใฎ่ฉฑ้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏใ™ในใฆใ€ใใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏ
02:04
words, now, are going to refer back to that topic: Students. Okay? So, I have
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ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅญฆ็”Ÿใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใซใฏ
02:11
three students; one student is Japanese, "another student"... "another student"
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3 ไบบใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบใ€ ใ€Œๅˆฅใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€... ใ€Œๅˆฅใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€
02:18
is, let's say, a Mexican. I have a very international class. I have a Japanese
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ใฏใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใƒกใ‚ญใ‚ทใ‚ณไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏ้žๅธธใซ ๅ›ฝ้š›็š„ใชใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใซใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบใฎ
02:25
student; "another student" is Mexican. Now, why did I use "another"? Because I
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ๅญฆ็”ŸใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅˆฅใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€ใฏใƒกใ‚ญใ‚ทใ‚ณไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใชใœใ€Œๅˆฅใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
02:31
have two students left, you don't know which one I'm going to speak about; it's
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็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒ 2 ไบบๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใฉใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ
02:36
very general. Okay? Remember: The difference between "the other" and
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้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„: "the other" ใจ
02:41
"another" is the same as the difference between "the" and "an"? Specific
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"another" ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏ ใ€"the" ใจ "an" ใฎ้•ใ„ใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ‹? ็‰นๅฎšใฎ
02:49
"other"; "any other". The difference is โ€” very important to remember โ€” this is
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ใ€Œใใฎไป–ใ€; "ไป–ใฎ"ใ€‚ ้•ใ„ใฏ - ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ - ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
02:54
always together; one word. You don't write: "An other". You don't separate;
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ๅธธใซไธ€็ท’ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€่จ€ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ ๏ผšใ€Œไป–ใฎใ€ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅˆ†้›ขใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:00
always together. So, I have three students. One student is Japanese;
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚ไธ€็ท’ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ€็”Ÿๅพ’ใฏ3 ไบบใ€‚ ไธ€ไบบใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบใงใ™ใ€‚
03:06
"another student" is Mexican. There's only one student left. What am I going
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ใ€Œๅˆฅใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€ใฏใƒกใ‚ญใ‚ทใ‚ณไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฎ‹ใ‚‹็”Ÿๅพ’ใฏไธ€ไบบใ€‚
03:12
to use to refer to this student? Because there's only one, I'm going to use: "the
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ใ“ใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝ•ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹? 1 ใคใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
03:17
other". So, one student is Japanese; "another" is Mexican; and "the other"
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ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไธ€ไบบใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅˆฅใฎใ€ใฏใƒกใ‚ญใ‚ทใ‚ณ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๆ–นใ€
03:22
is, let's say, Saudi. Okay? I have students from all over the world; I'm a
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ใฏใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ‚ตใ‚ฆใ‚ธใ‚ขใƒฉใƒ“ใ‚ขใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็งใซใฏ ไธ–็•Œไธญใ‹ใ‚‰ๅญฆ็”ŸใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏ
03:29
very happy teacher. Okay. So, now, I have my three students.
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ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅนธใ›ใชๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ ใงใ€3 ไบบใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:33
Now, I want to talk about my whole class. Okay? "My students are very
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นๅ…จไฝ“ใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ็งใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใฏใจใฆใ‚‚
03:39
hardworking; other students", meaning in other classes, okay? โ€” "they don't work
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ๅ‹คๅ‹‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ไป–ใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใฏใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€ ไป–ใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ โ€” ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ
03:47
as hard as my students". But that's a good thing โ€” right? โ€” for me. So, I have
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็งใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใปใฉไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€. ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ - ็งใฎใŸใ‚ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใซ
03:53
my students; there are other students in other classes. "The others" โ€” now I'm
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ใฏ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไป–ใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใซใฏไป–ใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒ ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎไป–ใ€โ€”ไปŠใ€็งใฏ
03:59
talking specifically about those students. So, now, I'm talking about
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็‰นใซใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ . ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไปŠใ€็งใฏใ€Œใใฎไป–ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„
04:03
"the others". "The others" means the other students. Here, I used "the other"
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎไป–ใ€ใจใฏใ€ ไป–ใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œthe otherใ€
04:10
as an adjective, and I used "the others" as a noun โ€” very important to remember
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ใ‚’ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€ใ€Œthe otherใ€ใ‚’ๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚้•ใ„ ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆ
04:19
the difference; same thing with "other" and "others". "Other" you must always
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎไป–ใ€ใจใ€Œใใฎไป–ใ€ใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎไป–ใ€ใฎ
04:24
have a noun following โ€” "other" something; "others" is a noun. Some
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ๅพŒใซๅฟ…ใšๅ่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใใฎไป–ใ€ใฎ ไฝ•ใ‹ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎไป–ใ€ใฏๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€้ƒจใฎ
04:31
students are very hardworking; "others" not so much. Some students are very
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ๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏ้žๅธธใซๅ‹คๅ‹‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎไป–ใ€ ใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉใงใ‚‚ใชใ„ใ€‚ ไธ€้ƒจใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏ้žๅธธใซ
04:38
hardworking; "other students" not so much. Okay? So, now you understand
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ๅ‹คๅ‹‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œไป–ใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€ใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉ ๅคšใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€
04:44
basically the difference between the three. I must have a noun following
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ 3 ใคใฎ้•ใ„ใŒ็†่งฃใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎไป–ใ€ใฎๅพŒใซใฏๅ่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆ
04:49
"others". Following "other" โ€” sorry โ€” "others" is a noun; "the other"... Now,
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œotherใ€ใซ็ถšใ - ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ - ใ€Œothersใ€ใฏๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œthe otherใ€...ใ•ใฆใ€
04:57
"the other" can be an adjective or a noun. Let's say I only have two
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ใ€Œthe otherใ€ใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ‚‚ๅ่ฉžใงใ‚‚ใ‹ใพใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒ2ไบบใ—ใ‹ใ„ใชใ„ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:05
students. One student is Japanese; "the other" is Mexican. It's understood,
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ใ€‚ ไธ€ไบบใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ใฏใƒกใ‚ญใ‚ทใ‚ณ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
05:14
because I told you I only have two. So, if I told you one, you understand "the
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€2ใคใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ใฃใฆ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ็งใŒไธ€ๆ–นใ‚’่จ€ใฃใŸใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€Œ
05:19
other" is automatically the second one of the two. Okay? So, I don't need to
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ใŒ่‡ชๅ‹•็š„ใซ 2 ใค ใฎใ†ใกใฎ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
05:24
give you any more information. Now, in "another class", let's say they have
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ใ“ใ‚ŒไปฅไธŠๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ ใ€Œๅˆฅใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ€ใซ 4 ไบบใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:33
four students. There are two classes in the school. My class has two students;
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ใ€‚ ๅญฆๆ กใซใฏ2ใคใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ็งใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใซใฏ 2 ไบบใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:40
"the other" class has four. Okay? These students... the problem in this class โ€”
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ใ€Œไป–ใฎใ€ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใซใฏ4ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใฎๅ•้กŒใฏใ€
05:48
they don't like "one another". Okay? So, here, I'm using it as a noun as well. I
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒใ€ŒใŠไบ’ใ„ใ€ใ‚’ๅฅฝใใงใฏใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:56
could also use this as an adjective. This student is Chinese; "another
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ไฝฟใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏไธญๅ›ฝไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅˆฅใฎ
06:04
student" is Korean. I could say: "another student" again, or I could say:
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ๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€ใฏ้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€Œๅˆฅใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ€
06:10
"a third student is", let's say, Yemeni. I had a Yemeni student not too long ago.
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ใ€Œ3 ไบบ็›ฎใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚คใ‚จใƒกใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅ‰ใพใงใ‚คใ‚จใƒกใƒณใฎๅญฆ็”ŸใŒใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:17
And "the last student"... Now, here, you notice I'm not using "other" anymore;
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€... ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ ใ€Œใใฎไป–ใ€ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:22
when you get... your list becomes too long, you don't want to use: "other",
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ๅ–ๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ...ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใŒ้•ทใใชใ‚Šใ™ใŽ ใฆใ€ใ€Œotherใ€ใ€
06:26
"another", "the other", "the other" โ€” too many. So, here, I would say: "the
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ใ€Œanotherใ€ใ€ใ€Œthe otherใ€ใ€ใ€Œthe otherใ€ใชใฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ โ€” ๅคšใ™ใŽใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ€Œๆœ€ๅพŒใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎ
06:29
last" because this is the last person I'm speaking about. "He or she is from
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ใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ ็งใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไบบ็‰ฉใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒๅฝผใพใŸใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฏ
06:35
Germany." Okay, good. So, everybody clear on what we're going here? Now, for
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ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„ๅ‡บ่บซใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ ็งใŸใกใŒใ“ใ“ใงไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ•ใฆ
06:42
those of you who are going to be taking a test โ€” IELTS, TOEFL, TOEIC, etcetera โ€”
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ใ€IELTSใ€TOEFLใ€TOEICใชใฉใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใฎไบบใซใจใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ
06:48
these are very, very good and practical words to use on your essay. And
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ใ‚‰ใฏใ‚จใƒƒ ใ‚ปใ‚คใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ้žๅธธใซๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸๅฎŸ็”จ็š„ใช่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™. ใพ
06:54
understanding how they work will also very much help your reading. Okay? So,
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ ใ€่ชญๆ›ธใซใ‚‚้žๅธธใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
06:59
I'm going to... we're going to look now at a few examples of how this is used in
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰... ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆ›ธ้ขใงใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
07:03
writing.
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ใ€‚
07:05
Okay, so what we're looking at now is, for those of you taking... again, taking
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใŒไปŠ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใ
07:09
the TOEFL, IELTS TOEIC, etcetera, when you're going to write your essay โ€” now,
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ใจใใซTOEFLใ€IELTS TOEICใชใฉใ‚’ๅ—้จ“ ใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€
07:14
the most common question on these tests is: "Which do you prefer?" or "Which is
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒ
07:19
better?" or things like that. "A or B?" for example. Okay? So, you're gonna have
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่‰ฏใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใพใŸใฏใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚ ใ€ŒAใ‹Bใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้ธๆŠžใ‚’ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
07:25
to make a choice; you're going to choose A, and you're gonna have to say why you
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ Aใ‚’้ธใณใ€ใชใœAใ‚’้ธใ‚“ใ ใฎใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Š
07:31
chose A. You have reasons X, Y, Z, for example. You could have fewer; you could
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€Xใ€Yใ€Zใชใฉใฎ็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸ
07:38
have more. Not important right now. You're gonna write your introduction,
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ใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠใฏ้‡่ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่‡ชๅทฑ็ดนไป‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ€
07:43
telling me your opinion, telling me why you think so. You're gonna start your
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’่ฟฐในใ€ใใ†ๆ€ใ†็†็”ฑใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:48
body paragraph; you're gonna give me the first reason you chose A. "A is better
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ๆœฌๆ–‡ใฎๆฎต่ฝใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ A ใ‚’้ธใ‚“ใ ๆœ€ๅˆ
07:55
because of reason X." Make it more concrete. "Is it better to live in the
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ใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ้ƒฝไผšใซไฝใ‚€ใฎใจ็”ฐ่ˆŽใซไฝใ‚€ใฎใจใงใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒใ„ใ„
08:03
big city or in the countryside?" Very common TOEFL question. Okay? So, you're
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ใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€ ้žๅธธใซ ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชTOEFLใฎ่ณชๅ•. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:09
gonna say: "It's better to live in the big city. The big city is better because
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ใ€Œๅคง้ƒฝๅธ‚ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ ๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใ€‚ๅคง้ƒฝๅธ‚ใฎๆ–น
08:16
there are more job opportunities." Okay? Great. You're going to explain why;
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ใŒไป•ไบ‹ใฎๆฉŸไผšใŒๅคšใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅ‰ๅคงใชใ€‚ ใใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:20
you're going to give examples, etcetera. Now, you can start your next body
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ไพ‹ใชใฉใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ๆฌกใฎๆœฌๆ–‡
08:26
paragraph by saying: "Another reason A is better is", etcetera. "Another reason
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ๆฎต่ฝใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ŒA ใฎ ๆ–นใŒๅ„ชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎ็†็”ฑใฏใ€ใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
08:34
the big city is better is because there is more cultural life; better nightlife.
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ๅคง้ƒฝๅธ‚ใฎๆ–นใŒๅ„ชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎ็†็”ฑใฏใ€ ๆ–‡ๅŒ–็š„ใช็”ŸๆดปใŒๅ……ๅฎŸใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ใƒŠใ‚คใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ•ใŒๅ……ๅฎŸใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
08:41
You can meet more people", whatever your reason. But this is an excellent
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ใ€‚ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎไบบใซๅ‡บไผšใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€ใจใ€็†็”ฑใฏใฉใ†ใ‚ใ‚Œ ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸ
08:48
transition point; an excellent transition term, if you can't think of
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็งป่กŒใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ไป–ใซ ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸ็งป่กŒ็”จ่ชžใงใ™
08:53
any other one. Okay? Now you're using "another" because I don't know how many
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ไปŠใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ใ€Œๅˆฅใฎใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€
08:59
you're gonna talk about here. You talk about this one. If you only had two
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ“ใ“ใงไฝ•ไบบใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™. ใ‚ใชใŸ ใฏใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็†็”ฑใŒ 2 ใคใ—ใ‹ใชใ„
09:04
reasons, how would you begin this? You would begin by saying: "The other reason
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ใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ‹? ใ€ŒAใŒๅ„ชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใ†1ใคใฎ็†็”ฑใ€ใชใฉใจ่จ€ใฃใฆๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™
09:10
A is better", etcetera. But because you're gonna go to three, and this is
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ 3 ใคใซ่กŒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
09:16
only your second, you're using "another". Now, not all of you are going
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใซใ™ใŽใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œๅˆฅใฎใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ๅ…จๅ“กใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
09:21
to be taking these tests; but at some point, you're probably gonna have to
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ ๆ™‚็‚นใงใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใ่ชญ่งฃ
09:25
take some sort of test that involves reading. Very important: When you're
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ใ‚’ไผดใ†ใ‚ใ‚‹็จฎใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† . ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆ:
09:30
reading โ€” excuse me โ€” and you're seeing the word: "another", or "the other", or
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่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซ โ€” ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ โ€” ใ€Œๅˆฅใฎใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅˆฅใฎใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅˆฅใฎ่€…ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’
09:36
"others" โ€” right away, what must you understand? That something was already
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ใ™ใใซ็›ฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ‹? ใใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใฏใ™ใงใซ
09:41
mentioned before. This is at least the second; maybe third or fourth, but
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ไปฅๅ‰ใซ่จ€ๅŠใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใงใ™ใ€‚ 3ๅ›ž็›ฎใ‹4ๅ›ž็›ฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œ
09:48
definitely not the first time. So, if you're taking a test and they're asking
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๅˆใ‚ใฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ„ใฆ
09:52
you to give the two reasons for something โ€” when you see this, you know
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ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ 2 ใคใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’ๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œ
09:57
you have to go back to look for that first reason. Okay? So, very, very
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ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใจใใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’ๆŽขใ™ใŸใ‚ใซๆˆปใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใจใฆใ‚‚ใจใฆใ‚‚
10:02
simple. "Another" โ€” when there's more than one available; "the other" โ€” when
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ใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅˆฅใ€ โ€” ๅˆฉ็”จๅฏ่ƒฝใชใ‚‚ใฎใŒ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ โ€”
10:04
there's only one available; "the others" โ€” when it's groups, let's say; "other" โ€”
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ๅˆฉ็”จๅฏ่ƒฝใชใ‚‚ใฎใŒ 1 ใคใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎไป–ใ€ โ€”ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎไป–ใ€
10:13
with an adjective, "other reasons"; and "others" is a noun โ€” means the same
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โ€” ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ€Œใใฎไป–ใฎ็†็”ฑใ€; ใ€Œothersใ€ใฏๅ่ฉžใงใ™ โ€”
10:19
thing as "other" โ€” noun, etcetera. Good. But two more things I want to talk about
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ใ€Œotherใ€ใจๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ โ€” ๅ่ฉžใชใฉใ€‚ ่‰ฏใ„ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็ต่ซ–ใ‚’ๅ‡บใ™ๅ‰ใซใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ 2 ใคใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใจ
10:26
before we conclude, and also very good transitions; very common expressions.
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ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่กจ็พใ€‚
10:32
Sometimes students get confused with them. Let's have a look at these.
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ๆ™‚ใ€…ๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใจๆททๅŒใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:38
Okay, so here I have a little bonus for you: Two more expressions that are
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸใŠใพใ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹่กจ็พใŒใ‚ใจ 2 ใคใ‚ใ‚Š
10:42
commonly used; especially good for writing; also for reading: "otherwise"
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็‰นใซ ๆ›ธใใฎใซ้ฉใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ†ใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใจใ€Œไปฅๅค–ใ€ใฎ่ชญใฟๆ–นใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Š
10:47
and "other than". Okay? These often confuse students who are learning
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ ใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ๅญฆ็”Ÿใ‚’ใ—ใฐใ—ใฐๆททไนฑใ•ใ›
10:52
English. "Otherwise" basically means if not what was mentioned before, then
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ•ใ‚‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใจใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ ใซใ€ๅ‰ใซ่ฟฐในใŸใ“ใจใŒใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€
10:59
something will happen. It's the same as an "if not, then something will happen"
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ†ใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†
11:05
clause. So, for example: "Practice every day." This is good advice, but also for
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็ฏ€ใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€ŒๆฏŽๆ—ฅ็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ ใ€ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่‰ฏใ„ใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใงใ™ใŒใ€
11:11
grammar. "Practice every day." And a little bonus for you: You can use the
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใซใ‚‚ๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒๆฏŽๆ—ฅ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€ ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸใŠใพใ‘: ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ‚ปใƒŸใ‚ณใƒญใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™
11:18
semicolon here; people love to see the semicolon. If you can use this on an
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ใ€‚ ไบบใ€…ใฏใ‚ปใƒŸใ‚ณใƒญใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅคงๅฅฝใ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚Œใฐใ€
11:23
essay โ€” extra bonus points. Semicolon: "otherwise, you won't improve". What
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่ฟฝๅŠ ใฎใƒœใƒผใƒŠใ‚นใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ปใƒŸใ‚ณใƒญใƒณ๏ผš ใ€Œใใ†ใ—ใชใ„ใจไธŠ้”ใ—ใชใ„ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ‚’
11:29
does this mean? This means: "If you don't practice every day, you will not
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ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ€Œ ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚ŒใฐไธŠ้”ใ—ใชใ„
11:36
improve." It's very simple. You can put it any way you like; you can even start
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ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใจใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฅฝใใชใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้…็ฝฎใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
11:42
a sentence with this word. Excellent, excellent transition points. Let's use a
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ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใงๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸใ€ ๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸ็งป่กŒใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใ€‚
11:47
semicolon bonus. "Other than". "Other than" can mean more than or not
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ใ‚ปใƒŸใ‚ณใƒญใƒณใƒœใƒผใƒŠใ‚นใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œไปฅๅค–ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ไปฅๅค–ใ€ใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒไปฅไธŠใพใŸใฏๅซใพใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™
11:55
including. "So, they don't make anything other than cars." Okay? So, let's say,
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่ปŠไปฅๅค–ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไฝœใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใฎ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ไธ‰่ฑ่‡ชๅ‹•่ปŠใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
12:03
for example, Mitsubishi Motors. I think everybody knows Mitsubishi Motors.
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ใ€‚ ไธ‰่ฑ่‡ชๅ‹•่ปŠใฏ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใ ใจๆ€ใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:08
Mitsubishi makes cars; they make trucks, they make computers, they make printers,
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ไธ‰่ฑใฏ่ปŠใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒˆใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏ ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใ€ใƒ—ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผ
12:14
they make all kinds of stuff. When I buy a car, I want a company that only makes
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ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹็จฎ้กžใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŒ่ปŠใ‚’่ฒทใ†ใจใใฏ ใ€่ปŠใ—ใ‹ไฝœใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ไผš็คพใŒใ„ใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
12:20
cars, so I know they're concentrating on the cars. So, for example, Chevy โ€” you
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ใฎใงใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ่ปŠใซ้›†ไธญใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ทใƒœใƒฌใƒผ โ€”
12:26
don't see any Chevy computers or Chevy guitars, or anything like that; only
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ใ‚ทใƒœใƒฌใƒผใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚„ใ‚ทใƒœใƒฌใƒผใฎใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใชใฉใฏ่ฆ‹ๅฝ“ใŸใ‚Š ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:30
cars and trucks. "They don't make anything other than cars" means they
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ไน—็”จ่ปŠใจใƒˆใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใฎใฟใ€‚ ใ€Œ่ปŠไปฅๅค–ใฏไฝœใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใจใฏ ใ€่ปŠใ—ใ‹ไฝœใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณ
12:37
only make cars. "Other than cars, they don't make anything. Not including cars,
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่ปŠไปฅๅค– ใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚ไฝœใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€‚่ปŠใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚ไฝœใฃ
12:45
they don't make anything." Okay? Two extra words โ€” good transitions โ€” you'll
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ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ 2 ใคใฎ ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชๅ˜่ชž โ€” ่‰ฏใ„ใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ โ€” ่ชžๅฝ™
12:50
get a little extra bonus points for knowing the vocab; getting the variety
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ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๅฐ‘ใ—ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชใƒœใƒผใƒŠใ‚น ใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
12:53
in your essays. And if you're not sure how to use this; you're still a little
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใฎๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ ใพใ 
12:58
bit confused โ€” please go to www.engvid.com. There's a little quiz;
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ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆททไนฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:06
you can practice these expressions, plus "other", "another", "the other". And you
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่กจ็พใซๅŠ ใˆใฆใ€ ใ€Œotherใ€ใ€ใ€Œanotherใ€ใ€ใ€Œthe otherใ€ใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
13:12
can always ask questions on that site. Okay? Please come back and visit us.
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ใ€ใใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใ„ใคใงใ‚‚่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใœใฒใŠ็ซ‹ใกๅฏ„ใ‚Šใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:17
We'll have lots of lessons for you to look at. I hope to see you again.
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ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ใ”็”จๆ„ใ—ใฆใŠๅพ…ใกใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
13:24
Bye-bye.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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