The Passive: When, why, and how to use it

1,631,863 views ใƒป 2012-09-29

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:03
Adam: Hi again. This is Adam. I'm here to you with another lesson from
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ใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ : ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ ใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚ www.engvid.com ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅˆฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ใŠ
00:07
www.engvid.com. And today's lesson is a little bit complicated, but a little bit
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ๅฑŠใ‘ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏ ๅฐ‘ใ—่ค‡้›‘ใงใ™ใŒ
00:12
basic at the same time. Today, we're gonna look at the passive form of the
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ใ€ๅŒๆ™‚ใซๅฐ‘ใ—ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชใ“ใจใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅ ใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
00:17
verb. Now, before we get to look at the more complicated things โ€” like the four
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ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ ใ™ใ‚‹ 4 ใคใฎ็†็”ฑใชใฉใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ค‡้›‘ใชไบ‹ๆŸ„ใซ็›ฎใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ
00:23
reasons to use the passive โ€” let's have a very quick review of: What is a
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ใ€็ฐกๅ˜ใซๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—
00:27
passive, and how do we construct it? So, if we look at a basic sentence: "The cat
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ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†: ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ€Œ็Œซใฏใƒใ‚บใƒŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
00:33
ate the rat." Okay? Very easy. We have our subject, we have our verb, and we
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใ€‚ ไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž
00:39
have our object. Very simple. Everybody knows this; no problem. What we have to
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใจใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฐใ‚‚ ใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ•้กŒใชใ—ใ€‚ ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰
00:45
remember is that in this sentence, the subject is doing the action to the
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ใชใ„ใฎใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ ไธป่ชžใŒ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†
00:53
object. Good. In a passive sentence, we are reversing this order. Okay? We are
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ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ่‰ฏใ„ใ€‚ ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ–‡ใง ใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’้€†ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็งใŸใกใฏ
01:01
going, now, this way. What was the object is now the subject. And we have a
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ไปŠใ€ใ“ใฎ้“ใ‚’้€ฒใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฏพ่ฑกใ ใฃใŸใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ€ ไปŠใฏๅฏพ่ฑกใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
01:10
verb: "was eaten"; "by the cat" is now less important. If we want to say it, we
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ใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€; ใ€Œby the catใ€ใฎ ้‡่ฆๆ€งใŒๆธ›ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใชใ‚‰
01:17
say it; if we don't, we take it out. But this is now not an object. We call this,
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่จ€ใ†ใ€‚ ใใ†ใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚จใƒผใ‚ธใ‚งใƒณใƒˆใจๅ‘ผใณใพใ™
01:22
now, the agent โ€” the person or thing that is doing the action. So, the
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โ€” ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใพใŸใฏ็‰ฉใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฎ
01:29
difference here is that the subject is now receiving the action. Very easy; no
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้•ใ„ใฏใ€ใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใŒ ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜;
01:35
problem. How do we create the passive? "Be" verb plus the past participle;
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ๅ•้กŒใชใ—ใ€‚ ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝœๆˆใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ "be" ๅ‹•่ฉžใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ€‚
01:41
"verb three" some of you call it. Okay, no problem.
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ใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉž3ใ€ใจๅ‘ผใถไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ชใƒƒใ‚ฑใƒผใ€ ๅ•้กŒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€‚
01:46
Now, what we have to concentrate on is the four reasons we use the passive.
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ใ“ใ“ใง้›†ไธญใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใฏ ใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ 4 ใคใฎ็†็”ฑใงใ™ใ€‚
01:52
Students always ask me: "I know how to use the passive, but why am I using the
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ๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚็งใซใ“ใ†ๅฐ‹ใญใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใฎใซใ€ใชใœๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใฎ
01:57
passive? I can communicate easily. I can speak easily, I can write easily, and
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ใงใ™ใ‹?ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใ‚‚ๆ›ธใใฎใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใŒ
02:02
never use the passive." Of course you can, but there are reasons to use it.
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ใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฏใพใฃใŸใไฝฟใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ ใŒใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:08
Okay, so the first reason that we would use a passive is because the subject is
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ ็†็”ฑใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใŒ
02:13
unknown, obvious, or not important. If we don't know who or what did the
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ไธๆ˜Žใ€ๆ˜Ž็™ฝใ€ใพใŸใฏ้‡่ฆใงใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฐใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
02:19
action, we can use a passive. If we know very clearly, it's very obvious who did
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ใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฐใŒใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใŸใ‹ใŒ้žๅธธใซๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
02:24
the action, then we can use a passive. If the person or thing that did the
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ใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่กŒใฃใŸไบบใพใŸใฏ็‰ฉ
02:29
action is just not important to our sentence, we can take it out and use the
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ใŒๆ–‡ใซใจใฃใฆ้‡่ฆใงใชใ„ ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใฆๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™
02:34
passive. I'm gonna give you some examples; don't worry. Another reason
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ใ€‚ ใ„ใใคใ‹ ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ๅฟƒ้…ใ™ใ‚‹ใชใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎ็†็”ฑ
02:38
and a very important reason, especially when you're writing, is to shift focus
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ใจ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใช็†็”ฑใฏใ€็‰นใซ ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ
02:42
of subject. If you want the object of your last sentence to now be the subject
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ใ€ไธป้กŒใฎ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ใšใ‚‰ใ™ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ‚’
02:49
of your next sentence, you can use the passive to make that switch. Remember:
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใซใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใฎๅˆ‡ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผš
02:53
"The cat ate the rat" โ€” we switched it: "The rat was eaten by the cat." Great.
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ใ€Œ็ŒซใŒใƒใ‚บใƒŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใ€โ€” ใ€Œใƒใ‚บใƒŸใŒ็Œซใซ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅ‰ๅคงใชใ€‚
03:00
Now, again, coming back to that question: "I don't need to use it; I can
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€ใใฎ ่ณชๅ•ใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใใ‚ŒใŒ
03:04
communicate easily without it." Yes, of course you can, but you want sentence
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ใชใใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใซ้€šไฟกใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใฏใ„ ใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™
03:08
variety. If you say: "He did this, he did that, then he did this, then he did
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ€ๅฝผ ใฏใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ€ใใ—ใฆๅฝผใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ€ใใ—ใฆๅฝผใฏใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—
03:14
that" โ€” that's very boring. Nobody wants to listen to it. Really, nobody wants to
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ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ้€€ๅฑˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฐใ‚‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚’่žใใŸใใชใ„ใ€‚ ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€่ชฐใ‚‚
03:18
read it; trust me. And the last reason is for coherence โ€” to make it something
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ชญใฟใŸใŒใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใฆใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ็†็”ฑ ใฏไธ€่ฒซๆ€งใฎใŸใ‚ใงใ™
03:24
very understandable; and flow โ€” to make your... especially writing, flow from
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ใ€‚้žๅธธใซใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆๆตใ‚Œ - ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ...็‰นใซๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€
03:29
one sentence to the next; one idea to the next. Makes it more enjoyable for
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ–‡ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใธใจๆตใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ข ใ‚’ๆฌกใธใ€‚ ่ชญใฟๆ‰‹ใซใจใฃใฆใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซ
03:34
the reader. Now, let's look at some specific examples of each one of these
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ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎ็†็”ฑใฎๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:38
reasons.
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ใ€‚
03:40
Okay, so let's look at subject is unknown, obvious, not important first.
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใซๅฏพ่ฑกใŒ ไธๆ˜Žใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆ˜Ž็™ฝใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้‡่ฆใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:45
"The building was vandalized." Now, first of all, what does "vandalized"
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ใ€Œๅปบ็‰ฉใŒ็ ดๅฃŠใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใงใฏใ€ ใพใšใ€Œ่’ใ‚‰ใ—ใ€ใจ
03:52
mean? "Vandalized" means that somebody came and did some damage to the
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ใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่’ใ‚‰ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจใฏใ€่ชฐใ‹ ใŒๆฅใฆๅปบ็‰ฉใซๆๅฎณใ‚’ไธŽใˆใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
03:56
building. Maybe they spray-painted; maybe they broke some windows, etcetera.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚นใƒ—ใƒฌใƒผๅก—่ฃ…ใ—ใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅคšๅˆ†ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็ช“ใชใฉใ‚’ๅฃŠใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:01
So, who did this? We don't know. I could say that: "Vandals did this", but I
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€่ชฐใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒดใ‚กใƒณใƒ€ใƒซใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œ
04:10
don't need to say it; that comes from the word โ€” it's obvious. I could say
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ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ่จ€่‘‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใฆ ใ„ใพใ™โ€”ใใ‚Œใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:13
that: "Somebody did this", but, why? Better to use the passive and
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ใ€Œ่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใŒใ€ใชใœใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
04:19
concentrate on the building, and what happened to it. "The flowers were
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ใฆใ€ๅปบ็‰ฉใจใใ‚Œใซไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใซ้›†ไธญใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠ ๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒใŠ่Šฑใฏ
04:24
delivered on time." Who delivered it? Well, it's obvious โ€” either the flower
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ๆ™‚้–“้€šใ‚Šใซ้…้”ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ่ชฐใŒๅฑŠใ‘ใŸใฎ๏ผŸ ใพใ‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ™ - ่Šฑๅฑ‹
04:29
company or the delivery company. I don't need to say it; it's very clear that one
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ใ‹้…้€ๆฅญ่€…ใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:33
of these two delivered the flowers. "The roads were fixed quickly." Who fixed
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ใ“ใฎ 2 ใคใฎใ†ใกใฎ 1 ใคใŒ่Šฑใ‚’ๅฑŠใ‘ใŸใ“ใจใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ้“่ทฏใฏใ™ใใซไฟฎ็†ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ่ชฐใŒใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃ
04:40
them? Who cares? They're fixed โ€” that's what's important. I can drive; I'm
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ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹? ่ชฐใ‚‚ๆฐ—ใซใ—ใชใ„๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅ›บๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ โ€” ใใ‚ŒใŒ ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ็ง้‹่ปขใงใใพใ™; ็งใฏ
04:44
happy. Now, we can also use the passive and we commonly use the passive to give
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ๆบ€่ถณใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็พๅœจใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ้€šๅธธใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—
04:49
information. "The airplane was invented in the early 20th century." Exactly when
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใฏ 20ไธ–็ด€ๅˆ้ ญใซ็™บๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ๆญฃ็ขบใซใ„ใค
04:56
โ€” I don't want to say. Who invented it? I don't want to say. Why? Maybe there's
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โ€” ่จ€ใ„ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ่ชฐใŒ็™บๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใฎ๏ผŸ ่จ€ใ„ใŸใใชใ„ใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸ่ซ–ไบ‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›
05:01
a little controversy, there; maybe not everybody believes the Wright brothers
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ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใƒฉใ‚คใƒˆๅ…„ๅผŸ
05:06
invented the airplane in 1903. So, what do I want to concentrate on? The
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ใŒ 1903 ๅนดใซ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใ‚’็™บๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใจ่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ„ ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:11
airplane. Right? That's why I'm using the passive. We have to choose what is
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้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใใฎใŸใ‚ใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้‡่ฆใชใ‚‚ใฎใจ้‡่ฆใงใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
05:16
more important and what is less important. So, this is the main reason;
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไธปใช็†็”ฑใงใ™ใ€‚
05:20
this is the most common reason we use the passive. Okay? Let's look at some
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช็†็”ฑ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ไป–ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:26
other reasons.
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ใ€‚
05:28
Okay, let's look at the third reason. Don't worry, I haven't forgotten number
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ใงใฏใ€3 ใค็›ฎใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎใ“ใจใฏๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
05:32
two; I'm going to do that after. First, I want to look at sentence variety. Now,
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ใ€‚ ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใšใ€ ๆ–‡ใฎๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€
05:37
why is this important? This is especially important for any of you who
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ใชใœใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ้‡่ฆใชใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
05:41
are going to take the IELTS or TOEFL. Why? Because you're going to have to
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ใ€IELTS ใ‚„ TOEFL ใ‚’ๅ—้จ“ใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใซใจใฃใฆ็‰นใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
05:45
write an essay. Many, many points come with this little topic, here: Sentence
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๅฐใ•ใชใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซใฏใ€้žๅธธใซๅคšใใฎใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ๆ–‡ใฎ
05:50
variety. So, now, you could write all your sentences in a standard subject,
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ๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ ใ™ในใฆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆจ™ๆบ–็š„ใชไธป่ชžใ€
05:57
verb, object way. You could say: "He did A, then he did B. After that, he did C."
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใงๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ A ใ‚’่กŒใ„ใ€ๆฌกใซ B ใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใฎๅพŒใ€ๅฝผใฏ C ใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:07
What is the problem with this? No problem. Grammatically, it's okay. In
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฎไฝ•ใŒๅ•้กŒใชใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅ•้กŒใชใ„ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซใฏๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€‚
06:12
terms of English, you can put nice words in here. Okay. What is the problem? The
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่‹ฑ่ชžใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใ„่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ไฝ•ใŒๅ•้กŒใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:16
problem is that it is boring. You don't want a boring essay; you want a fun,
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ๅ•้กŒใฏใ€้€€ๅฑˆใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ้€€ๅฑˆใชใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆฅฝใ—ใใ€
06:26
lively, engaging essay. This is what the readers are looking for. Right? "So, how
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็”Ÿใ็”Ÿใใจใ—ใŸใ€้ญ…ๅŠ›็š„ใชใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ ่ชญ่€…ใŒๆฑ‚ใ‚ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใฏใฉใฎ
06:32
does the passive come into play here?" you ask yourself. Well, I'll tell you.
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?ใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่‡ชๅ•ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:37
The passive allows you to play with sentence structure, so it allows you to
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฏ ๆ–‡ๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ใ„ใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
06:40
have different varieties of sentences. "He did A." Same start. "C wasn't done
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ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็จฎ้กžใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏAใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ๅŒใ˜ใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒˆใ€‚ ใ€Œ
06:49
until he had completed B." My mistake, here. Not only do you have a passive,
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ๅฝผใŒ B ใ‚’ๅฎŒไบ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใพใงใ€C ใฏๅฎŒไบ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ็งใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ€ ใ“ใ“ใ€‚ ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใชใ
06:58
you have a past perfect โ€” bravo. Extra points for you if you can do this. But,
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ใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ โ€” ใƒ–ใƒฉใƒœใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใฎไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€
07:03
first, you got to have that passive; you got to get to that passive first. Okay?
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ใพใšใ€ใใฎใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ๆŒใŸใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใซใใฎใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใซๅˆฐ้”ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:08
This gives you sentence variety. Now, when you see the next part, you'll see
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆ ใ€ๆฌกใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ€
07:12
reasons number two and four together โ€” you'll understand even more how the
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใจ 4 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ็†็”ฑใŒไธ€็ท’ใซ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
07:17
passive can create nice sentences, create good flow, make it all easier,
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ๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸๆ–‡ใ‚’ ไฝœๆˆใ—ใ€่‰ฏใ„ๆตใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใ€ใ™ในใฆใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Š็ฐกๅ˜ใซ
07:23
and focus the reader's attention on exactly what you want them to. Okay? The
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ใ—ใ€่ชญ่€…ใฎๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซ้›†ไธญใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ็†่งฃใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใ—ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:29
passive is very powerful. Remember this. Let's look at the next examples.
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ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใฏ้žๅธธใซๅผทๅŠ›ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ€‚ ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
07:35
Okay, so now we come to what is probably the most important reason to use the
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ– ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใช็†็”ฑใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
07:40
passive. And, again, especially for writing, and especially for the IELTS
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ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€็‰นใซ ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใ€็‰นใซ IELTS
07:45
and TOEFL. We're looking at shifting focus and creating flow in our writing.
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ใจ TOEFL ใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏ ใ€ๅŸท็ญ†ใซใŠใ„ใฆ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’็งปใ—ใ€ๆตใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:51
So, for example, you are writing an essay about Coca-Cola. What is the most
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ใ‚ณใ‚ซใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚
07:58
important thing you're going to talk about? Of course, it's Coca-Cola, right?
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้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใฏไฝ• ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ‚ณใ‚ซใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
08:03
So, you want this to be your subject. "John Pemberton invented Coca-Cola." We
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธป้กŒใซใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใƒปใƒšใƒณใƒใƒผใƒˆใƒณใŒใ‚ณใ‚ซใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใ‚’็™บๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ€ ็งใŸใก
08:09
don't really care about John Pemberton; we care about what he invented. So, we
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ใฏใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใƒปใƒšใƒณใƒใƒผใƒˆใƒณใฎใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šๆฐ—ใซใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏๅฝผใŒ็™บๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆฐ—ใซใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏ
08:14
switch around the sentence, right? "Coca-Cola was invented by a pharmacist
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ใ€ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใ‚ณใ‚ซใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใฏใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใƒปใƒšใƒณใƒใƒผใƒˆใƒณใจใ„ใ†่–ฌๅ‰คๅธซใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็™บๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
08:19
named John Pemberton." Easy. We put the focus on the Coca-Cola; the other
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ใ€‚ใ€ ็ฐกๅ˜ใ€‚ ็งใŸใก ใฏใ‚ณใ‚ซใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไป–ใฎ
08:26
information comes later. Now, because he is the last idea we have here, we want
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ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏๅพŒใงๆไพ›ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฝผ ใฏใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใชใฎใง
08:33
to start with him. "His original recipe contained cocaine." Okay. Regular
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ใ€ๅฝผใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใฎๅ…ƒใฎใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”ใซ ใฏใ‚ณใ‚ซใ‚คใƒณใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ้€šๅธธใฎ
08:40
sentence; active voice. Why? Because we have John Pemberton, we want to continue
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ๆ–‡็ซ ; ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใƒœใ‚คใ‚นใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ ใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใƒปใƒšใƒณใƒใƒผใƒˆใƒณใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใƒปใƒšใƒณใƒใƒผใƒˆใƒณใง็ถšใ‘ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„
08:45
with John Pemberton. But, now, we want to introduce another new idea. Okay?
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ ๅˆฅใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:52
"Which is why the drink was named Coca-Cola." I want to bring the reader
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ใ€Œใใฎ้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉใŒใ‚ณใ‚ซใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใจๅไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใฏใใฎใŸใ‚ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
08:58
back to my original subject: Coca-Cola. So, the passive is used for placement.
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่ชญ่€…ใ‚’ๅ…ƒใฎไธป้กŒใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ณใ‚ซใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใซๆˆปใ—ใฆใ‚ใ’ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใฏ้…็ฝฎใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
09:05
Where do you want to put your topics? Where do you want to put your subject?
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ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ใฉใ“ใซ้…็ฝฎใ—ใพใ™ใ‹? ่ขซๅ†™ไฝ“ใ‚’ใฉใ“ใซ็ฝฎใใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:09
Where do you want to put your object? Where do you want to put your agent, for
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ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ‚’ใฉใ“ใซ้…็ฝฎใ—ใพใ™ใ‹? ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€ใ‚จใƒผใ‚ธใ‚งใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ใฉใ“ใซ้…็ฝฎใ—ใพใ™
09:13
that matter? So, now, the last idea I'm speaking about is the name, Coca-Cola.
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ใ‹? ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ข ใฏใ€ใ‚ณใ‚ซใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใจใ„ใ†ๅๅ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:19
Remember; this is very important. "Today, Coca-Cola" โ€” again, I'm talking
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่ฆšใˆใฆ; ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒไปŠๆ—ฅใ€ใ‚ณใ‚ซใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใ€ โ€” ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€็งใฏ
09:24
about the name; the product โ€” "is a global brand". What is "a brand"? "A
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ๅๅ‰ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ฃฝๅ“โ€”ใ€Œ ใ‚ฐใƒญใƒผใƒใƒซใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใ€ใจใฏ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ
09:30
brand" is basically a name. Right? You see how I connected the ideas? I kept
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ใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใ€ใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซๅๅ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ็งใŒ ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’็ตใณไป˜ใ‘ใŸใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ็งใฏ
09:35
them close to each other. This is where you get flow. Okay? This is... makes it
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไบ’ใ„ใซ่ฟ‘ใใซไฟใกใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงๆตใ‚ŒใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ...
09:40
easy for the reader to follow your ideas. If you have one idea here; and
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่ชญ่€…ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’็ฐกๅ˜ใซ็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใซ 1 ใคใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ
09:46
then you talk about it again way down there, sometimes the reader can't make
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ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ ใŒใ€ๆ™‚ใ€…่ชญ่€…
09:50
the connection. You want to bring ideas that are similar โ€” that are connected โ€”
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ใฏๆŽฅ็ถšใ‚’็ขบ็ซ‹ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“. ไผผใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ€ใคใพใ‚Š้–ข้€ฃๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’
09:54
close together. "So, today, Coca-Cola is a global brand that is consumed by
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่ฟ‘ใฅใ‘ใŸใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใ€ใ‚ณใ‚ซใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใฏไฝ•็™พไธ‡ไบบใ‚‚ใฎไบบใ€… ใŒๆถˆ่ฒปใ™ใ‚‹ไธ–็•Œ็š„ใชใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใงใ™
10:02
millions of people." Now, here, I could say: "Coca-Cola is a global brand that
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ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ ใ€Œใ‚ณใ‚ซใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใฏใ€
10:08
millions of people consume." But the millions of people, they're not
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ไฝ•็™พไธ‡ไบบใ‚‚ใฎไบบใ€…ใŒๆถˆ่ฒปใ™ใ‚‹ไธ–็•Œ็š„ใชใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ไฝ•็™พไธ‡ไบบใ‚‚ใฎไบบใ€…ใฏ้‡่ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
10:12
important. What is important is consumption. This is what you want to
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ใ€‚ ๅคงไบ‹ใชใฎใฏ ๆถˆ่ฒปใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใŸใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
10:17
focus on. So, what do you do? You put it in a passive; you bring it closer to
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œ ใ‚’ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚’
10:22
your original idea: Brand. This is the subject. This is another... well, this
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ๅ…ƒใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใซ่ฟ‘ใฅใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ ไธป้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅˆฅใฎ... ใพใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ
10:28
is an adjective clause, really, but we're putting this closer to what the
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ใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใซ่ฟ‘ใฅใ‘ใฆใ„
10:32
brand is. The millions of consumers, the millions of people โ€” not really
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ใพใ™. ไฝ•็™พไธ‡ไบบใ‚‚ใฎๆถˆ่ฒป่€…ใ€ ไฝ•็™พไธ‡ไบบใ‚‚ใฎไบบใ€… - ใใ‚Œใปใฉ้‡่ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
10:36
important. We don't care about them. Okay?
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ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆฐ—ใซใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
10:39
So, I hope you understand what I did here. I placed focus on the subject I
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใŒใ“ใ“ใง่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ ใ€‚ ็งใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใŸไธป้กŒใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใพใ—ใŸ
10:45
wanted to; I connected ideas together to create flow; and, most of all, I have
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ใคใชใŽๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆ ๆตใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใ€็งใซใฏ
10:51
sentence variety. I don't say: "John Pemberton invented Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola
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ๆ–‡ใฎๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใƒป ใƒšใƒณใƒใƒผใƒˆใƒณใŒใ‚ณใ‚ซใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใ‚’็™บๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ‚ณใ‚ซใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใซ
10:57
had cocaine. He named the drink Coca-Cola because of the cocaine."
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ใฏใ‚ณใ‚ซใ‚คใƒณใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚ๅฝผ ใฏใใฎใ‚ณใ‚ซใ‚คใƒณใฎใŸใ‚ใซ้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ‚ณใ‚ซใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใจๅไป˜ใ‘ใŸใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใ€‚
11:02
Right? It's very, very boring; very blah โ€”if you know what "blah" means. It means
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ๅณ๏ผŸ ใจใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚้€€ๅฑˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ้žๅธธใซไฝ•ใจใ‹ โ€”ใ€Œไฝ•ใจใ‹ใ€ใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚Œใฐใ€‚ ้€€ๅฑˆใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณ
11:06
boring. So, what do we do? We have variety, we have flow, we have focus โ€”
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใฉใ†ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ ็งใŸใกใซใฏ ๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆตใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้›†ไธญๅŠ›ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
11:11
everybody's happy. And who's the happiest? You, when you get your high
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ใ€‚่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒๅนธใ›ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€่ชฐใŒ ไธ€็•ชๅนธใ›ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
11:15
IELTS and TOEFL score. Okay? Great. Thank you very much for joining me
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IELTS ใจ TOEFL ใฎใ‚นใ‚ณใ‚ขใŒ้ซ˜ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚ใชใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅ‰ๅคงใชใ€‚ ๆœฌๆ—ฅ ใฏใ”ๅ‚ๅŠ ใ„ใŸใ ใใ€่ช ใซใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
11:20
today. Please go to www.engvid.com. There's a quiz there for you, as usual.
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ใ€‚ www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:25
And look at the other teachers' lessons; they're all very nice. Please come back
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ไป–ใฎๆ•™ๅธซใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆใจใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ˜ฏ้ž
11:29
and visit us again. Thank you very much.
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ใพใŸ้Šใณใซๆฅใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใฉใ†ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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