The Passive: When, why, and how to use it

1,631,460 views ใƒป 2012-09-29

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:03
Adam: Hi again. This is Adam. I'm here to you with another lesson from
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์•„๋‹ด: ์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์•„๋‹ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. www.engvid.com ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ „ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:07
www.engvid.com. And today's lesson is a little bit complicated, but a little bit
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. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
00:12
basic at the same time. Today, we're gonna look at the passive form of the
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๋™์‹œ์— ์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋™์‚ฌ ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:17
verb. Now, before we get to look at the more complicated things โ€” like the four
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. ์ด์ œ ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ „์—
00:23
reasons to use the passive โ€” let's have a very quick review of: What is a
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๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
passive, and how do we construct it? So, if we look at a basic sentence: "The cat
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์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด "๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ฐ€
00:33
ate the rat." Okay? Very easy. We have our subject, we have our verb, and we
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์ฅ๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค." ์ข‹์•„์š”? ์•„์ฃผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
00:39
have our object. Very simple. Everybody knows this; no problem. What we have to
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๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
00:45
remember is that in this sentence, the subject is doing the action to the
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:53
object. Good. In a passive sentence, we are reversing this order. Okay? We are
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. ์ข‹์€. ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋’ค์ง‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
01:01
going, now, this way. What was the object is now the subject. And we have a
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์ œ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
01:10
verb: "was eaten"; "by the cat" is now less important. If we want to say it, we
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"๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ณ ์–‘์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด"๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:17
say it; if we don't, we take it out. But this is now not an object. We call this,
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๋งํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์ œ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„
01:22
now, the agent โ€” the person or thing that is doing the action. So, the
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ํ–‰์œ„์ž, ์ฆ‰ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
01:29
difference here is that the subject is now receiving the action. Very easy; no
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ด์ œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ฃผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ;
01:35
problem. How do we create the passive? "Be" verb plus the past participle;
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๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„์š”. ํŒจ์‹œ๋ธŒ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? "Be"๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ;
01:41
"verb three" some of you call it. Okay, no problem.
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"๋™์‚ฌ 3"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜, ๋ฌธ์ œ ์—†์–ด.
01:46
Now, what we have to concentrate on is the four reasons we use the passive.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
Students always ask me: "I know how to use the passive, but why am I using the
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์“ธ ์ค„ ์•Œ๋ฉด์„œ ์™œ
01:57
passive? I can communicate easily. I can speak easily, I can write easily, and
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์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€? ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
02:02
never use the passive." Of course you can, but there are reasons to use it.
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์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•„." ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
Okay, so the first reason that we would use a passive is because the subject is
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์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€
02:13
unknown, obvious, or not important. If we don't know who or what did the
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์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:19
action, we can use a passive. If we know very clearly, it's very obvious who did
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์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:24
the action, then we can use a passive. If the person or thing that did the
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์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด
02:29
action is just not important to our sentence, we can take it out and use the
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋นผ์„œ ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:34
passive. I'm gonna give you some examples; don't worry. Another reason
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. ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„์š”. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ธ ๋•Œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ์ด์ž
02:38
and a very important reason, especially when you're writing, is to shift focus
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๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:42
of subject. If you want the object of your last sentence to now be the subject
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. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ด์ œ
02:49
of your next sentence, you can use the passive to make that switch. Remember:
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”:
02:53
"The cat ate the rat" โ€” we switched it: "The rat was eaten by the cat." Great.
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"The cat ate the rat" โ€” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ "The rat was eat by the cat."์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ.
03:00
Now, again, coming back to that question: "I don't need to use it; I can
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . "์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
communicate easily without it." Yes, of course you can, but you want sentence
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ์—†์ด๋„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ์˜ˆ, ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜
03:08
variety. If you say: "He did this, he did that, then he did this, then he did
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๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด "๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ €๊ฒƒ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š”
03:14
that" โ€” that's very boring. Nobody wants to listen to it. Really, nobody wants to
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์ €๊ฒƒ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•„๋ฌด๋„
03:18
read it; trust me. And the last reason is for coherence โ€” to make it something
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚  ๋ฏฟ์–ด. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ, ์ฆ‰
03:24
very understandable; and flow โ€” to make your... especially writing, flow from
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๋งค์šฐ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ๋ฆ„ โ€” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜... ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธ€์„
03:29
one sentence to the next; one idea to the next. Makes it more enjoyable for
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ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด; ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋กœ. ๋…์ž๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ฆ๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:34
the reader. Now, let's look at some specific examples of each one of these
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. ์ด์ œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:38
reasons.
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.
03:40
Okay, so let's look at subject is unknown, obvious, not important first.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋จผ์ € ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:45
"The building was vandalized." Now, first of all, what does "vandalized"
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"๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ํŒŒ์†๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ์ž, ๋จผ์ € "vandalized"๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„
03:52
mean? "Vandalized" means that somebody came and did some damage to the
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์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? "Vandalized"๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์™€์„œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…ํžŒ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:56
building. Maybe they spray-painted; maybe they broke some windows, etcetera.
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. ์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์ด๋กœ ์น ํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
So, who did this? We don't know. I could say that: "Vandals did this", but I
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค: "Vandals๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค", ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋Š”
04:10
don't need to say it; that comes from the word โ€” it's obvious. I could say
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค; ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์–ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
that: "Somebody did this", but, why? Better to use the passive and
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"๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์–ด"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์™œ? ํŒจ์‹œ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
04:19
concentrate on the building, and what happened to it. "The flowers were
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๊ฑด๋ฌผ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . "๊ฝƒ์€ ์ œ
04:24
delivered on time." Who delivered it? Well, it's obvious โ€” either the flower
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๊ฝƒ
04:29
company or the delivery company. I don't need to say it; it's very clear that one
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“  ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“  ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
of these two delivered the flowers. "The roads were fixed quickly." Who fixed
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์ด ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฝƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. " ๋„๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ ์ณ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
04:40
them? Who cares? They're fixed โ€” that's what's important. I can drive; I'm
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? ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด์•ผ? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์šด์ „ ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค; ๋‚˜๋Š”
04:44
happy. Now, we can also use the passive and we commonly use the passive to give
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ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:49
information. "The airplane was invented in the early 20th century." Exactly when
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. "๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Š” 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ์— ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ธ์ œ
04:56
โ€” I don't want to say. Who invented it? I don't want to say. Why? Maybe there's
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- ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช… ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์™œ?
05:01
a little controversy, there; maybe not everybody believes the Wright brothers
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํ˜•์ œ๊ฐ€
05:06
invented the airplane in 1903. So, what do I want to concentrate on? The
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1903๋…„์— ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:11
airplane. Right? That's why I'm using the passive. We have to choose what is
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๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ? ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํŒจ์‹œ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋ฌด์—‡์ด
05:16
more important and what is less important. So, this is the main reason;
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๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ์ง€ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃผ๋œ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
this is the most common reason we use the passive. Okay? Let's look at some
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ข‹์•„์š”? ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€
05:26
other reasons.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
Okay, let's look at the third reason. Don't worry, I haven't forgotten number
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์ž, ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์ €๋Š” 2๋ฒˆ์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:32
two; I'm going to do that after. First, I want to look at sentence variety. Now,
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. ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํ• ๊ฒŒ์š”. ๋จผ์ € ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
why is this important? This is especially important for any of you who
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์™œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฐ€์š”? ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
05:41
are going to take the IELTS or TOEFL. Why? Because you're going to have to
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IELTS ๋˜๋Š” TOEFL ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์น˜๋ฅด๋ ค๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ? ์—์„ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:45
write an essay. Many, many points come with this little topic, here: Sentence
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. ๋งŽ์€ ์š”์ ์ด ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์ฃผ์ œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ: ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜
05:50
variety. So, now, you could write all your sentences in a standard subject,
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๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ. ์ด์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ฃผ์–ด,
05:57
verb, object way. You could say: "He did A, then he did B. After that, he did C."
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๋™์‚ฌ, ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ทธ๋Š” A๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ B๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” C๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
06:07
What is the problem with this? No problem. Grammatically, it's okay. In
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์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„์š”. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
terms of English, you can put nice words in here. Okay. What is the problem? The
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์˜์–ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ข‹์•„์š”. ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:16
problem is that it is boring. You don't want a boring essay; you want a fun,
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•œ ์—์„ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ณ 
06:26
lively, engaging essay. This is what the readers are looking for. Right? "So, how
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ํ™œ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๊ณ  ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์—์„ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋…์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ? "๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
06:32
does the passive come into play here?" you ask yourself. Well, I'll tell you.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํŒจ์‹œ๋ธŒ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?" ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธ€์Ž„, ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ• ๊ฒŒ.
06:37
The passive allows you to play with sentence structure, so it allows you to
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์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋†€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
06:40
have different varieties of sentences. "He did A." Same start. "C wasn't done
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ทธ๋Š” A๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค." ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ์ž‘. "C๋Š”
06:49
until he had completed B." My mistake, here. Not only do you have a passive,
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B๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋‚ด ์‹ค์ˆ˜์•ผ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ. ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:58
you have a past perfect โ€” bravo. Extra points for you if you can do this. But,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ธํŠธ. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
07:03
first, you got to have that passive; you got to get to that passive first. Okay?
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๋จผ์ € ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๊ทธ ํŒจ์‹œ๋ธŒ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”?
07:08
This gives you sentence variety. Now, when you see the next part, you'll see
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
07:12
reasons number two and four together โ€” you'll understand even more how the
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2๋ฒˆ๊ณผ 4๋ฒˆ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
passive can create nice sentences, create good flow, make it all easier,
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์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ์ข‹์€ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ,
07:23
and focus the reader's attention on exactly what you want them to. Okay? The
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๋…์ž์˜ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ. ์ข‹์•„์š”?
07:29
passive is very powerful. Remember this. Let's look at the next examples.
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ํŒจ์‹œ๋ธŒ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ต. ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
Okay, so now we come to what is probably the most important reason to use the
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:40
passive. And, again, especially for writing, and especially for the IELTS
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. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ž‘๋ฌธ, ํŠนํžˆ IELTS
07:45
and TOEFL. We're looking at shifting focus and creating flow in our writing.
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์™€ TOEFL์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
So, for example, you are writing an essay about Coca-Cola. What is the most
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—์„ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
important thing you're going to talk about? Of course, it's Coca-Cola, right?
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ? ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
08:03
So, you want this to be your subject. "John Pemberton invented Coca-Cola." We
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์กด ํŽจ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์€ ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
08:09
don't really care about John Pemberton; we care about what he invented. So, we
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John Pemberton์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
08:14
switch around the sentence, right? "Coca-Cola was invented by a pharmacist
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? "์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ๋Š” John Pemberton์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•ฝ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:19
named John Pemberton." Easy. We put the focus on the Coca-Cola; the other
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." ์‰ฌ์šด. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
08:26
information comes later. Now, because he is the last idea we have here, we want
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์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:33
to start with him. "His original recipe contained cocaine." Okay. Regular
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๊ทธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ทธ์˜ ์›๋ž˜ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ์ข‹์•„์š”. ์ •๊ทœ
08:40
sentence; active voice. Why? Because we have John Pemberton, we want to continue
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๋ฌธ์žฅ; ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ. ์™œ? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” John Pemberton์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:45
with John Pemberton. But, now, we want to introduce another new idea. Okay?
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John Pemberton๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”?
08:52
"Which is why the drink was named Coca-Cola." I want to bring the reader
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"๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Œ๋ฃŒ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋…์ž๋ฅผ
08:58
back to my original subject: Coca-Cola. So, the passive is used for placement.
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๋‚˜์˜ ์›๋ž˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์ธ ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํŒจ์‹œ๋ธŒ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์น˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
Where do you want to put your topics? Where do you want to put your subject?
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์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋””์— ๋‘์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋””์— ๋‘์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
09:09
Where do you want to put your object? Where do you want to put your agent, for
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๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์–ด๋””์— ๋‘์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋””์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
09:13
that matter? So, now, the last idea I'm speaking about is the name, Coca-Cola.
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? ์ž, ์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
Remember; this is very important. "Today, Coca-Cola" โ€” again, I'm talking
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋‹ค; ์ด๊ฑด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "Today, Coca-Cola" โ€” ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ
09:24
about the name; the product โ€” "is a global brand". What is "a brand"? "A
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์ด๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œํ’ˆ โ€” " ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ"๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? "
09:30
brand" is basically a name. Right? You see how I connected the ideas? I kept
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๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ"๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ? ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋‚˜๋Š”
09:35
them close to each other. This is where you get flow. Okay? This is... makes it
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”? ์ด๊ฒƒ์€...
09:40
easy for the reader to follow your ideas. If you have one idea here; and
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๋…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด; ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ
09:46
then you talk about it again way down there, sometimes the reader can't make
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๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…์ž๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:50
the connection. You want to bring ideas that are similar โ€” that are connected โ€”
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. ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ
09:54
close together. "So, today, Coca-Cola is a global brand that is consumed by
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์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:02
millions of people." Now, here, I could say: "Coca-Cola is a global brand that
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." ์ด์ œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ๋Š”
10:08
millions of people consume." But the millions of people, they're not
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:12
important. What is important is consumption. This is what you want to
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. ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์†Œ๋น„๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:17
focus on. So, what do you do? You put it in a passive; you bring it closer to
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. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ์— ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:22
your original idea: Brand. This is the subject. This is another... well, this
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. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ... ์Œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
10:28
is an adjective clause, really, but we're putting this closer to what the
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ์ ˆ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:32
brand is. The millions of consumers, the millions of people โ€” not really
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. ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž, ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:36
important. We don't care about them. Okay?
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. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”?
10:39
So, I hope you understand what I did here. I placed focus on the subject I
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•œ ์ผ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ท„๋‹ค
10:45
wanted to; I connected ideas together to create flow; and, most of all, I have
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. ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค
10:51
sentence variety. I don't say: "John Pemberton invented Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” "John Pemberton์ด ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ์—๋Š”
10:57
had cocaine. He named the drink Coca-Cola because of the cocaine."
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์ฝ”์นด์ธ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฝ”์นด์ธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์Œ๋ฃŒ์— ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
Right? It's very, very boring; very blah โ€”if you know what "blah" means. It means
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ? ๋งค์šฐ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ blah โ€” "blah"๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:06
boring. So, what do we do? We have variety, we have flow, we have focus โ€”
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. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ดˆ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
everybody's happy. And who's the happiest? You, when you get your high
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
11:15
IELTS and TOEFL score. Okay? Great. Thank you very much for joining me
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IELTS์™€ TOEFL ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„ ๋•Œ. ์ข‹์•„์š”? ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ. ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:20
today. Please go to www.engvid.com. There's a quiz there for you, as usual.
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. www.engvid.com์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ํ‰์†Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ€ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
And look at the other teachers' lessons; they're all very nice. Please come back
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
and visit us again. Thank you very much.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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