Learn English Grammar: The Sentence

3,413,309 views ใƒป 2014-06-20

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hi again. I'm Adam. Welcome back to www.engvid.com. Today I have a very important lesson, I think,
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ใพใŸไผšใฃใŸใญใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚ www.engvid.com ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
00:08
for all of you that will help you very much with your reading, but especially your writing
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ใ€ใใ‚Œ ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ชญๆ›ธใ€็‰นใซใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใฎใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใซ้žๅธธใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
00:13
skills. Okay?
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. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
00:15
Today we're going to look at the sentence. What is a sentence? Now, I know that all of
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:20
you are saying: "Well, we know what a sentence is. We've learned this a thousand times before."
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸๆ–นๅ…จๅ“กใŒใ“ใ†่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใ‚’็งใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:24
Right? I know what you've learned and I know what you haven't learned, many of you; some
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ๅณ๏ผŸ ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅญฆใ‚“ใง ใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚‚็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:28
of you have, of course. The sentence has a very basic structure, there's a very basic
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ใซใฏ ้žๅธธใซๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชๆง‹้€ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆ–‡ใซๅซใพใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹้žๅธธใซๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช
00:33
component that must be involved or included in a sentence, and a lot of grammar teachers,
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่ฆ็ด ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅคšใใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ๆ•™ๅธซ
00:38
a lot of English teachers don't teach this. Okay? All of you, I'm sure have by now heard
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ใ‚„่‹ฑ่ชžๆ•™ๅธซใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€
00:44
of "SVO", but have you heard of "SVsC"? Have you heard of "SVC"? Maybe yes, maybe no. But
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ใ€ŒSVOใ€ใฏ่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€ŒSVsCใ€ใฏใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€ŒSVCใ€ใฃใฆ่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใŸใถใ‚“ใใ†ใ ใ‘ใฉใŸใถใ‚“้•ใ†ใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚
00:51
I'm sure a lot of you are going: "What? I've never heard of these things before." Well,
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ใ€ใใฃใจๅคšใใฎไบบใŒใ€Œใชใซ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚“ใชใ“ใจ่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใชใ„ใ€ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใซ้•ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€
00:55
we're going to talk about this in one second.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ 1 ็ง’ใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:57
Before we talk about a sentence, we have to talk about a clause. Now, what is a clause?
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ๆ–‡ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ๅ‰ใซใ€็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ•ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ๆก้ …ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
01:02
I'm sure you've heard this word before as well, but just in case, a clause is any subject,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚‚ใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ๅฟตใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฅใฏไปปๆ„ใฎไธป่ชžใจ
01:08
verb combination. It's a group of words that must include a subject and a verb. Now, also
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๅ˜่ชžใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€
01:16
very important to remember: it must be a tense verb, meaning that it must take a time; past,
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใในใ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ™‚ๅˆถ ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽป
01:22
present, future. Okay? No base verb, no infinitive verb. So that is a clause. Now, there are
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็พๅœจๆœชๆฅใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅŸบๆœฌๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚‚ไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใใ‚Œใฏๆก้ …ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็พๅœจใ€ๅฅใซใฏ
01:29
two types of clauses. Okay? We have independent clauses and we have dependent clauses. The...
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2 ็จฎ้กžใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ ็ฏ€ใจๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ The...
01:36
These are sometimes called subordinate clauses. Now, every sentence in English to be a grammatically
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆ ใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซๆญฃใ—ใ„ๆ–‡ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใ™ในใฆใฎๆ–‡ใซ
01:43
correct sentence must have an independent clause. It doesn't need a dependent clause,
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ใฏ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ไพๅญ˜ๅฅใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€
01:50
but it could have one. The independent clause could include a dependent clause as the subject
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ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใซ ใฏใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใ‚’ไธป่ชžใพใŸใฏ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใจใ—ใฆๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ
01:57
or object. We'll talk about that after.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅพŒใง่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:00
So an independent clause has a subject and a verb, and it can stand by itself. It can
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใซใฏไธป่ชž ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ใง็ซ‹ใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œ
02:07
contain a complete idea by itself. Okay? So, technically, the shortest sentence you can
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่‡ชไฝ“ใงๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซ
02:15
have in English will be a... Will be an independent clause with a subject and verb. What is the
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ใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงใงใใ‚‹ๆœ€็Ÿญใฎๆ–‡ใฏ... ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใŸ็ฏ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:23
absolute shortest sentence that you can think of? Think of a sentence, the shortest you
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹็ตถๅฏพ็š„ใชๆœ€็Ÿญใฎๆ–‡ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹? ใงใใ‚‹้™ใ‚Š็Ÿญใ„ๆ–‡ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
02:28
can possibly make it. Okay? Here's an example: "Go!" Is this a complete English sentence?
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆฌกใซ็คบใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใช่‹ฑๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:38
Yes. Why? Because it contains an independent clause. Where? We have the implied subject:
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ใฏใ„ใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใฉใ“๏ผŸ ๆš—้ป™ใฎไธป่ชž
02:47
"you" and the tense verb: "go", the imperative tense "go". So this your basic English sentence.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใจๆ™‚ๅˆถๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œgoใ€ใ€ๅ‘ฝไปคๆ™‚ๅˆถใ€Œgoใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช่‹ฑๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:55
Now, we have three other types, three basic types and we can of course play with these
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็พๅœจใ€ไป–ใซ 3 ใคใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใ€3 ใคใฎๅŸบๆœฌ ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ๅพŒใงใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใ
03:01
after. Subject, verb, object. Some independent clauses must have an object, we'll talk about
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€‚ ไธ€้ƒจใฎ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ ็ฏ€ใซใฏ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅพŒใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™
03:09
that in a second. Excuse me. Subject, verb, subject complement. Some sentences must have
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ใ€‚ ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ ไธป่ชž่ฃœๆ•ฐใ€‚ ไธ€้ƒจใฎๆ–‡ใซ
03:16
a subject complement. Subject, verb, complement. Okay? We're going to talk about each of these
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ใฏไธป่ชž่ฃœๆ•ฐใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€่ฃœ่ชžใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ
03:22
in a moment. I have the "A" here because quite often, this complement is actually an adverb
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ใ€ใ™ใใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใซใ€ŒAใ€ ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ่ฃœ่ชžใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉž
03:28
phrase or an adverbial. We'll talk about that in a second.
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ๅฅใพใŸใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซๅคšใ„ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ™ใใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
03:32
So your basic sentence can be any one of these three. Now, the reason we're looking at this...
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 3 ใคใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใฏ...
03:38
All these structures is because once you understand what must be contained in a sentence, then
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆง‹้€ ใฏใ™ในใฆ ใ€ๆ–‡ใซไฝ•ใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•
03:44
you can read any English sentence out there that is grammatically correct and be able
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็š„ใซๆญฃใ—ใ„่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใง
03:49
to understand the main idea of that sentence. Okay? So let's start with "SVO".
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ใ€ไธปใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎๆ–‡ใฎใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ€ŒSVOใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:55
Okay, let's look at our "SVO" type of independent clause: subject, verb, object. Now, first,
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€ŒSVOใ€ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† : ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใพใš
04:03
what is an object? Well, we have two types of objects to talk about. We have the direct
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ใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹๏ผŸ 2 ็จฎ้กž ใฎใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็›ดๆŽฅ
04:08
object, we have the indirect object. Now, the thing to understand is that the object
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็›ฎ็š„่ชžใจ้–“ๆŽฅ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ ใง็†่งฃใ—ใฆใŠใในใใ“ใจใฏใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใฏ
04:14
always answers a question about the verb, it completes the meaning of the verb by asking
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ๅธธใซๅ‹•่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใ€ใ€Œไฝ•?ใ€ใจใ„ใ† ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†
04:21
the questions: "What?" or: "Who?" Now, keep in mind that technically, it's: "Whom?" But
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ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏ๏ผšใ€Œ่ชฐ๏ผŸใ€ ใ•ใฆใ€ ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซใฏใ€Œ่ชฐ๏ผŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—
04:31
if you say: "Who?" I'll let it go this time. Okay? Formal academic writing, "Whom?", "Whom?",
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ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่จ€ใ†ใชใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œ่ชฐ๏ผŸใ€ ไปŠๅ›žใฏใŠไปปใ›ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๆญฃๅผใชใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏ ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐ?ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐ?ใ€
04:36
"Whom?" IELTS, TOEFL, SAT, all that - "Whom?" not: "Who?" In the object position. But the
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ใ€Œ่ชฐ?ใ€ IELTSใ€TOEFLใ€SATใ€ใใฎใ™ในใฆ - ใ€Œ่ชฐ๏ผŸใ€ ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผšใ€Œ่ชฐ๏ผŸใ€ ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใฎไฝ็ฝฎใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€
04:43
direct object answers: "What?" or: "Who?" about the verb. Okay? We'll get back to that.
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็›ดๆŽฅ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใฏใ€Œใชใซ๏ผŸใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏ๏ผšใ€Œ่ชฐ๏ผŸใ€ ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:50
An indirect object answers the question: "To what?" or: "For what?" or: "Whom?", "To what?",
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้–“ๆŽฅ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใฏใ€ใ€Œ ไฝ•ใซ๏ผŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏ๏ผšใ€Œไฝ•ใฎใŸใ‚ใซ๏ผŸใ€ ใพใŸใฏ: ใ€Œ่ชฐใซ?ใ€ใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใซ?ใ€ใ€
05:03
"For what?", "To whom?", "For whom?" Usually about the object, about the direct object.
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ใ€Œไฝ•ใฎใŸใ‚ใซ?ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใซ?ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใฎใŸใ‚ใซ?ใ€ ้€šๅธธ ใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆใ€็›ดๆŽฅใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆใ€‚ ็›ดๆŽฅ็›ฎ็š„
05:09
You will never see an indirect object without a direct object in the sentence as well. Now,
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่ชžใฎใชใ„้–“ๆŽฅ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ‚‚ใ€ๆ–‡ใฎไธญใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€
05:15
again, before I get back to the objects, let me explain this word: "transitive verb". I
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ๅ†ใณ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใซๆˆปใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ ใ€Œไป–ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ•ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:20
don't care if you remember this word or not; it's not important, that's just a grammar
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ใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏๆฐ—ใซใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ้‡่ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:24
word. Understand the meaning of this situation. A transitive verb must take an object, a direct
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ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ๆ–‡ๆณ•็”จ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ็Šถๆณใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ไป–ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€ใคใพใ‚Š็›ดๆŽฅ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
05:35
object. Okay?
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:38
Look at this sentence here: "I want." Is this a complete sentence? I have a subject and
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผšใ€Œ็งใฏๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ไธป่ชžใจ
05:43
verb. Right? Should be okay. "Want" is a transitive verb. There's no such thing as wanting without
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ๅคงไธˆๅคซใชใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆœ›ใ‚€ใ€ใฏไป–ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‹ ใ‚’ๆœ›ใพใšใซๆœ›ใ‚€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:49
wanting something. Okay? So this is not a complete sentence. This sentence or this clause
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใพใŸใฏใ“ใฎ็ฏ€
05:56
must take an object. "I want candy." Now it's complete because it answers the question:
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ใฏ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ "็งใฏใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚" ใ“ใ‚Œใง ใ€ใ€Œใชใซ๏ผŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใฆๅฎŒๆˆ
06:05
"What?" about want. Not all verbs are transitive. Some are intransitive, means they don't take
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌฒใ—ใ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€‚ ใ™ในใฆใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒไป–ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ไธ€้ƒจใฏ่‡ชๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
06:12
an object. Some are called ambitransitive, means in some situations, they take an object;
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€้ƒจใฏ ambitransitive ใจๅ‘ผใฐ ใ‚Œใ€็Šถๆณใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:17
in some situations, they don't take an object. But that's for a different lesson altogether.
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็Šถๆณใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏใพใฃใŸใๅˆฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:21
So we have "SVO" must have an object to the verb.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ŒSVOใ€ ใซใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
06:25
Now, here: "She gave Mary a letter." We have our subject "she", we have our verb, "gave",
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใง๏ผšใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒกใ‚ขใƒชใƒผใซๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ไธป่ชžใฎใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ€ŒไธŽใˆใŸใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
06:32
past tense. "Mary", okay? She gave who? No. She gave what? A letter. We have our direct
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒกใ‚ขใƒชใƒผใ€ใ€ใ„ใ„๏ผŸ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ชฐใซใ‚ใ’ใŸใฎ๏ผŸ ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ‹? ๆ‰‹็ด™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏ
06:41
object to Mary, indirect object. She gave a letter to Mary. She gave Mary a letter.
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ใƒกใ‚ขใƒชใƒผใซ็›ดๆŽฅ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€้–“ๆŽฅ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ ใƒกใ‚ขใƒชใƒผใซๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆธกใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒกใ‚ขใƒชใƒผใซๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆธกใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:50
Okay? So we have: she gave what? Again, this is a transitive verb, it must take an object,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใŸใกใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™๏ผšๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไป–ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€ใคใพใ‚Š็›ดๆŽฅ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
06:55
a direct object. She gave a letter to Mary, our indirect object. This is a complete independent
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใŸใกใฎ้–“ๆŽฅ็›ฎ็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒกใ‚ขใƒชใƒผใซๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆธกใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใŸ
07:01
clause, a complete idea full of meaning, ready to be added on to.
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ๆก้ …ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใซๆบ€ใกใŸๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใง ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ™ใใซ่ฟฝๅŠ ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:07
Now, what do you put before or what you put after, that's all complements basically. It's
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ‰ใซ็ฝฎใใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅพŒใซ็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ‹ ใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ™ในใฆ่ฃœ่ถณใงใ™ใ€‚
07:12
not important. You can have a lot more phrases, you can have other clauses, you can have subordinate
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ๅคงไบ‹ใชใ“ใจใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๅฅใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ ไป–ใฎๅฅใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€
07:18
clauses added to this. This is your main idea of the sentence, that's your independent clause.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซๅพ“ๅฑžๅฅใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆ–‡ใฎไธปใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ข ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:24
Let's look at the other type: the subject, verb, subject complement.
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ไป–ใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†: ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ไธป่ชž่ฃœๆ•ฐใงใ™ใ€‚
07:29
Okay, so now we're going to look at the other type of sentence, the other type of independent
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ใงใฏใ€ๅˆฅใฎ ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎๆ–‡ใ€ๅˆฅใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎ็‹ฌ็ซ‹
07:33
clause you can have. Subject, verb, subject complement. Before we look at it, I want you
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็ฏ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ไธป่ชž่ฃœๆ•ฐใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€
07:39
to notice very carefully this "e" here. Okay? We don't have "compliment". "Compliment",
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ใ“ใ“ใฎใ€Œeใ€ใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œ่ค’ใ‚่จ€่‘‰ใ€ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่ค’ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€
07:50
"complement". This one means to complete something. This one means to say nice things about someone.
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ใ€Œ่ค’ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€่ชฐใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:56
"Oh, I look your shirt, it's very nice. It suits you." That's a compliment. "Complement",
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚ทใƒฃใƒ„ใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚็ด ๆ•ตใงใ™ ใญใ€‚ไผผๅˆใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใญใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ่ค’ใ‚่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่ฃœใ†ใ€
08:01
to complete. So a subject complement completes the meaning of something. Now, we had the
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ใ€ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไธป่ชž่ฃœๆ•ฐ ใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏไปฅๅ‰ใซใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
08:08
object before. The object answered the question about the verb. Right? It completed the meaning
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใพใ—ใŸ
08:13
of the verb. The subject complement completes the meaning or says something about the subject,
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ใ€‚ ไธป่ชž่ฃœๆ•ฐใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž ใงใฏใชใใ€ไธป่ชžใซใคใ„ใฆๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใŸใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่ฟฐในใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™
08:21
not the verb. Okay? It also answers the question: "What?" about the subject. One way to think
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œใชใซ๏ผŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†่ณชๅ•ใซใ‚‚็ญ”ใˆ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธป้กŒใซใคใ„ใฆใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ 1 ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•
08:30
about this is think of the verb, the "be" verb-and it's always going to be a "be" verb-think
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ใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ "be" ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ๅธธใซ "be" ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
08:36
of it as an equal sign. Subject = the subject complement.
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ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ญ‰ๅทใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ไปถๅ = ไปถๅ่ฃœๆ•ฐใ€‚
08:41
So, for example... And many students still ask me this, I'll say it again. "I am Canadian."
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ไปŠใงใ‚‚ๅคšใใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใ†่žใ‹ใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ "็งใฏใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ไบบใงใ™ใ€‚"
08:48
So "I" equals "Canadian", Canadian completes the meaning of "I", same thing. Right? This
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€ŒIใ€ใฏใ€ŒCanadianใ€ใซ็ญ‰ใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ€Canadian ใฏใ€ŒIใ€ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œ
08:53
is the completion of me.
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ใง็งใฎๅฎŒๆˆใงใ™ใ€‚
08:55
This sentence looks a little bit more complicated, but it's the exact same thing. "The weatherman
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏๅฐ‘ใ—่ค‡้›‘ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ ใŒใ€ใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒไปŠๆ—ฅใฎๅคฉๆฐ—ไบˆๅ ฑใฏๅคฉๆฐ—ไบˆๅ ฑ
09:01
must be wrong about today's forecast." I still have the "be" verb, this modal, "must" only
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ใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใซ้•ใ„ใชใ„ใ€‚ใ€ ็งใฏ ใพใ  "be" ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซ "must"
09:07
tells me something about the degree of the "be" verb; it doesn't tell me anything about
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ใฏใ€"be" ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็จ‹ๅบฆใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไธป่ชžใ‚„่ฃœ่ชžใซใคใ„ใฆใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
09:12
the subject or the complement. So the weatherman, wrong. The weatherman is wrong "about today's
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ๅคฉๆฐ—ไบˆๅ ฑๅฃซใ€้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅคฉๆฐ—ไบˆๅ ฑๅฃซใฏใ€ŒไปŠๆ—ฅใฎไบˆๅ ฑใซใคใ„ใฆใ€้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
09:21
forecast." This is just an extra piece of information. It is a complement to "wrong".
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ˜ใชใ‚‹่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ้–“้•ใ„ใ€ใฎ่ฃœ่ถณใงใ™ใ€‚
09:31
Wrong about what? That's... We're going to talk about different types of complements
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ไฝ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏ... ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็จฎ้กžใฎ่ฃœไฝ“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—
09:36
like this one. "Wrong" is a complement to "weatherman". "About today's forecast" is
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ใพใ™. ใ€ŒWrongใ€ใฏใ€Œweathermanใ€ใฎ่ฃœ่ถณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒไปŠๆ—ฅใฎไบˆๅ ฑใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใฏ
09:41
a complement to "wrong". A sentence can have many complements. Okay? An independent clause
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ใ€Œ้–“้•ใฃใŸใ€ใฎ่ฃœ่ถณใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ใซใฏๅคšใใฎ่ฃœ่ชžใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใซ
09:47
can only have one object, one subject, one verb. However, you can have many clauses in
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ใฏใ€1 ใคใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€1 ใคใฎไธป่ชžใ€1 ใคใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎใฟใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๆ–‡ใซใฏๅคšใใฎ็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹
09:52
a sentence, you can only have one independent clause unless, of course, you have two independent
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ใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใง็ตๅˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ 2 ใคใฎ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใŸ็ฏ€ใŒใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใŸ็ฏ€ใฏ 1 ใคใ—ใ‹ๆŒใฆใพใ›ใ‚“
09:59
clause joined by a conjunction; "and", "but", "or", etcetera. We'll talk about that in a
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€ ใ€ŒใพใŸใฏใ€ใชใฉใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚
10:04
little bit as well. So weatherman must be wrong about today's forecast. So this is your
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ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅคฉๆฐ—ไบˆๅ ฑๅฃซใฏ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎไบˆๅ ฑใซใคใ„ใฆ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใซ้•ใ„ใชใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎ
10:10
subject, verb... Subject, verb, subject complement. Now we're going to look at the last one: subject,
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ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™... ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ไธป่ชžใฎ่ฃœ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™: ไธป่ชžใ€
10:17
verb, complement.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€่ฃœ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
10:19
Okay, let's look at our last one. We have "SVA". I put "A" because quite often when
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€ŒSVAใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŒใ€ŒAใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘
10:25
you have to have it, it's an adverbial, but technically, anything that's not an object
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ใŸใฎใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชๅ ดๅˆใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซๅคšใ„ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใŒใ€ ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซใฏใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใพใŸใฏไธป่ชžใฎ่ฃœ่ชžใงใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ™ในใฆ
10:30
or a subject complement is just a complement. It is necessary to... For the completion of
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่ฃœ่ชžใซใ™ใŽใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™
10:35
the sentence. Now, an adverbial. Why do we call it an "adverbial"? Because it answers
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ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใชใœใใ‚Œใ‚’ ใ€Œๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€ใจๅ‘ผใถใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
10:40
the questions: "Where?", "When?", "How?", "Why?" We saw that the object answers: "What?"
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ใ€Œใฉใ“ใง๏ผŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ„ใค๏ผŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ๏ผŸใ€ใ€ ใ€Œใชใœ๏ผŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใŒใ€Œใชใซ๏ผŸใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:46
or: "Who?" Adverbial answers the other questions. About what? About the subject? No. It's about
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ใพใŸใฏ๏ผšใ€Œ่ชฐ๏ผŸใ€ ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏไป–ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ๏ผŸ ไธป้กŒใซใคใ„ใฆ๏ผŸ
10:53
the verb again. Okay?
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ่ฉฑใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
10:55
So, for example, if I say: "I went." Is this a complete sentence? No, because "go" means
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ€Œ่กŒใใ€ใฏ
11:02
you have to go somewhere. Technically, in certain contexts, it could be an answer to
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ใฉใ“ใ‹ใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซใฏใ€ ็‰นๅฎšใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใงใฏใ€ๅˆฅใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
11:06
another question. But as... By itself, it's not a complete sentence. I need to add something
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ใงใฏ ใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใฏใใ‚Œใซไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
11:11
to it. "I went to the store." I went where? To the store. "To the store" is a complement,
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ "็งใฏๅบ—ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚" ็งใฏใฉใ“ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ๅบ—ใพใงใ€‚ ใ€Œto the storeใ€ใฏ่ฃœ่ชžใงใ™
11:21
but it's acting as an adverb because it answers one of these questions. Remember: a complement,
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ใŒ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฎ 1 ใคใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„: ่ฃœ่ถณใฏใ€
11:26
and I just want to explain it here, completes the meaning of something. It could... In this case, it
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ใ“ใ“ใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ„ใ ใ‘ ใงใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใพใ™. ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆ
11:42
completes the meaning of the verb, but complements can also complete the meanings of something
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ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’่ฃœๅฎŒใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€่ฃœ่ชž ใฏไป–ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’่ฃœๅฎŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใ
11:46
else. We had "SVsC" completes the meaning of the subject. We can also have complements
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒSVsCใ€ใฏไธป่ชžใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:51
that complete the meaning of an object, or a preposition, or many other things. I'll
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ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€ใพใŸใฏไป–ใฎๅคšใใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹่ฃœๆ•ฐใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
11:56
give you a few examples soon.
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ใ™ใใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:58
"Bill lives in Hawaii." Bill lives where? In Hawaii.
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ใ€Œใƒ“ใƒซใฏใƒใƒฏใ‚คใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใƒ“ใƒซใฏใฉใ“ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใƒใƒฏใ‚คใงใ€‚
12:02
Now, I want you to also look at this sentence: "Carl reads." Now, could this sent-... Could
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚‚่ฆ‹ใฆใปใ—ใ„ ใ€‚ใ€Œใ‚ซใƒผใƒซใฏ่ชญใ‚€ใ€ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้€ไฟก
12:07
this clause-I should say, subject, verb-could this be a complete sentence? Sure. What does
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ใงใใพใ™ใ‹... ใ“ใฎๅฅใฏ-็งใฏ่จ€ใ†ในใใงใ™ใ€ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž- ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:12
Carl do..? What does Carl do in his spare time? He reads. Now, what he reads, maybe
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ใ‚ซใƒผใƒซใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹..? ใ‚ซใƒผใƒซใฏไฝ™ๆš‡ใซไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹? ๅฝผใฏ่ชญใฟใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฝผใŒ่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใฏใ€้‡่ฆใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œ
12:19
not important; I want the action more than the thing he reads. However, I see Carl, he's
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฝผใŒ่ชญใ‚€ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚่กŒๅ‹•ใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใฏใ‚ซใƒผใƒซใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ๅฝผใฏ
12:27
reading all the time, and I think: "What? Is he in school?" No. "Carl reads for pleasure."
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚ๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใฆใ€ใ€Œใชใซ๏ผŸ ๅฝผใฏๅญฆๆ กใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸใ€ ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ซใƒผใƒซใฏๆฅฝใ—ใฟใฎใŸใ‚ใซ่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
12:36
I need this piece of information to complete the idea, to complete the meaning of this
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ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒๅฟ…่ฆ
12:43
sentence. "Carl reads books." and: "Carl reads for pleasure." are two completely different
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ซใƒผใƒซใฏๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใใ—ใฆ๏ผšใ€Œใ‚ซใƒผใƒซ ใฏๅ–œใ‚“ใง่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ 2 ใคใฎๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็•ฐใชใ‚‹
12:50
sentences; they have completely different meanings. If I want to specify a particular
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ๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใพใฃใŸใ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒ‡ๅฎšใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
12:55
meaning, I want to tell you why he reads, then I have to add this complement, I have
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ใ€ใชใœๅฝผใŒ่ชญใ‚€ใฎใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใงใ€ ใ“ใฎ่ฃœ่ชž
13:00
to add this adverbial to complete the meaning of this verb. "He reads newspapers.", "He
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ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ“ใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ–ฐ่žใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ
13:07
reads comic books.", "He reads obituaries." Do you know what an "obituary" is? In the
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ๆผซ็”ปใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆญปไบก่จ˜ไบ‹ใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œ่จƒๅ ฑใ€ใฃใฆ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ‚‹๏ผŸ
13:13
newspaper, sometimes they put little notices of people who died. Some people like to read
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ๆ–ฐ่žใซใฏใ€ ไบกใใชใฃใŸไบบใ€…ใฎๅฐใ•ใช้€š็ŸฅใŒๆŽฒ่ผ‰ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใช
13:17
these things, I don't know why, but some people do. But Carl, he reads for pleasure; he enjoys
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ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€็†็”ฑใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๅฅฝใใชไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ซใƒผใƒซใ€ๅฝผใฏๆฅฝใ—ใฟใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“
13:23
it, it's fun for him. But this completes the meaning of that.
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ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใซใจใฃใฆๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏใใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒไบ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:27
So there you have the three types. Now, the thing to remember is that you can mix all
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€3ใคใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใในใใ“ใจใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๆททๅœจใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
13:32
of these. You can have "SVAO". Well, no, you can't have "SVA". You can "SVOA", you can
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. ใ€ŒSVAOใ€ใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ„ใ‚„ใ„ใ‚„ใ€ ใ€ŒSVAใ€ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šๅพ—ใชใ„ใ€‚ ใ€ŒSVOAใ€
13:39
have "SVOC", you can have "SVAAC", etcetera. You can mix them. I'm going to give you a
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ใ€ใ€ŒSVOCใ€ใ€ใ€ŒSVAACใ€ใชใฉใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆททใœใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:46
couple of examples here to see what I'm talking about.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใฆใ€ ็งใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:49
Okay, let's look at some examples here. I want... Keep in mind this is very basic stuff.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ็งใฏๆฌฒใ—ใ„... ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„. ็‰นใซใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏใชใƒชใƒผใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใซๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใจ
13:54
You're going to see very, very complicated sentences in your readings, especially once
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ใ€้žๅธธใซ่ค‡้›‘ใช ๆ–‡็ซ ใŒใƒชใƒผใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใซ่กจ็คบ
13:59
you get into academic readings. But: "I went to the store to buy bread for breakfast this
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ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œ ไปŠๆœใ€ๆœ้ฃŸ็”จใฎใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใซๅบ—ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸ
14:05
morning." Now, this might seem like a bit of a complicated sentence, but it's actually
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ใ€‚ใ€ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฐ‘ใ—่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€ๅฎŸ้š›
14:09
a simple sentence and it only has "SV", lots of "C's". Okay? "I went", subject, verb. Where?
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ใซใฏๅ˜็ด”ใชๆ–‡ใงใ€ใ€ŒSVใ€ใ ใ‘ใงใ€ใ€ŒCใ€ใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ็งใฏ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€‚ ใฉใ“๏ผŸ
14:22
"To the store". This is an adverbial. Where? "To buy bread". Why? Why did I go to the store?
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"ๅบ—ใพใง"ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใฉใ“๏ผŸ ใ€Œใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใซใ€ใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ ใชใœ็งใฏใใฎๅบ—ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
14:30
"For breakfast". "Bread", for what? At the store, I bought bread. I bought bread for
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"ๆœ้ฃŸใซ"ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒ‘ใƒณใ€ใ€ไฝ•ใฎใŸใ‚ใซ๏ผŸ ใŠๅบ—ใงใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆœ้ฃŸใซใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
14:39
breakfast. When? "This morning". This goes back to "went". Okay? All of these are complements
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ใ€‚ ใ„ใค๏ผŸ "ไปŠๆœ"ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œ่กŒใฃใŸใ€ใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆ
14:47
to the... to each other and to the verb: "went". You can have many complements. You don't want
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ใ€... ใ‚’็›ธไบ’ใซ่ฃœๅฎŒใ—ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ่กŒใฃใŸใ€ใ‚’่ฃœๅฎŒใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅคšใใฎ่ฃœ่ถณใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:52
to have too, too many because then your sentence becomes long, and a little bit boring, and
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ใ‚ใพใ‚Šใซใ‚‚ๅคšใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆ–‡ ใŒ้•ทใใชใ‚Šใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—้€€ๅฑˆใซใชใ‚Š
14:57
a little bit in danger of being run-on. Okay? But you can add as many as you want. Now,
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ใ€ๅฎŸ่กŒใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฑ้™บๆ€งใŒๅฐ‘ใ—้ซ˜ใใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅคšใ™ใŽใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅฟ…่ฆใชใ ใ‘่ฟฝๅŠ ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆ
15:03
the complements could be anything; could be infinitive phrase, or participle phrase, or
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ใ€่ฃœ่ถณใฏไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ใ‹ใพใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ไธๅฎš่ฉžๅฅใ€ๅˆ†่ฉžๅฅใ€
15:08
a clause, or a gerund, or noun phrase. Anything. Okay? As long as it's grammatically correct.
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็ฏ€ใ€ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใ€ใพใŸใฏๅ่ฉžๅฅใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใงใ‚‚ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซๆญฃใ—ใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€‚
15:15
Here's another sentence. Now, this one also looks a little complicated, it's not either.
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ใ“ใ“ใซๅˆฅใฎๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ ๅฐ‘ใ—่ค‡้›‘ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ†ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
15:19
"What Sharon forgot to mention was that her husband was the CEO of Microsoft and makes
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ใ€Œใ‚ทใƒฃใƒญใƒณใŒๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใฎใฏใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฎ ๅคซใฏใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚ฝใƒ•ใƒˆใฎ CEO ใงใ‚ใ‚Š
15:24
a lot of money, which is why she can afford all of her holidays." Sorry, I forgot the
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ใ€ๅคšใใฎใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’็จผใ„ใงใ„ใŸใฎใงใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ™ในใฆใฎไผ‘ๆš‡ใ‚’้Žใ”ใ™ไฝ™่ฃ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใใ“ใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
15:30
comma there. Okay. Now you're thinking: "Oh, wow. I have no idea." First thing, remember
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ไปŠใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ†่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œใ†ใ‚ใƒผใ€ ็งใซใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใซใ€
15:36
what I said: you have to find your independent clause first. Now, keep in mind a subject
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็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ๆœ€ๅˆใซ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ไธป่ชž
15:41
can be a subordinate clause as well. What is the subject of this entire sentence? Is
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ใŒๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ๅ…จไฝ“ใฎไธป่ชžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
15:46
it Sharon? No. Is it CEO, is it her husband, is it Microsoft? No. What we have here is
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ใ‚ทใƒฃใƒญใƒณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ CEO ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฎๅคซ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ Microsoft ใงใ™ใ‹? ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹
15:54
a noun clause subject. This is your subject, a subject which is an independent clau-...
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ใฎใฏๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฎไธป่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸ ใฎไธป่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใŸ็ฏ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ไธป่ชžใงใ™
16:04
A dependent clause-sorry-this is called a noun clause. It has its own subject and verb.
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... ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€-็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“-ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
16:09
Remember a dependent clause also has a subject and verb. Forgot what? "To mention", it has
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ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใซใ‚‚ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œ่จ€ๅŠใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใซใฏ
16:14
an object to "forgot". Now, here's your verb: "was". Okay? "Her husband", "that her husband
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ใ€ใ€Œๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†็›ฎ็š„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œwasใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฎๅคซใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฎๅคซ
16:22
was the CEO of Microsoft and makes a lot of money". Sharon forg-... This is the subject,
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ใฏใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚ฝใƒ•ใƒˆใฎ CEO ใงใ€ๅคง้‡‘ใ‚’็จผใ„ใงใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ€ใ€‚ Sharon forg-... ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
16:33
this is the subject complement because we have a "be" verb. This is also a noun clause
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ไธป่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œbeใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไธป่ชžใฎ่ฃœ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
16:37
with its own subject and verb. "That her husband was the CEO" and that he "makes a lot of money."
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ใ€็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒใคๅ่ฉžๅฅใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฎๅคซ ใฏCEOใ ใฃใŸใ€ใ€Œๅคง้‡‘ใ‚’็จผใ„ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ€
16:45
Okay? "Which is why she can afford all of her holidays." We were wondering: "Sharon
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ™ในใฆใฎไผ‘ๆš‡ใ‚’้Žใ”ใ™ไฝ™่ฃ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ็งใŸใกใฏ็–‘ๅ•ใซๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ:ใ€Œใ‚ทใƒฃใƒญใƒณ
16:50
goes away on holiday all the time, but she doesn't work. How does she do that? She's
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ใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ไผ‘ๆ—ฅใซๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹?
16:54
never told us that she inherited money. Oh, what she forgot to mention last time she explained
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’็›ธ็ถšใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ไธ€ๅบฆใ‚‚็งใŸใกใซ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ.ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ ๅฝผๅฅณใŒๆœ€ๅพŒใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใจใใซ่จ€ๅŠใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใฎ
16:59
was that", blah, blah, blah. Okay? So this is a complement.
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ใฏใใ‚Œใงใ—ใŸ.ใ€ ใ€ ไฝ•ใจใ‹ไฝ•ใจใ‹ไฝ•ใจใ‹ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใชใฎใง่ฃœ่ถณใงใ™ใ€‚
17:04
Now, of course, this doesn't look too easy. Remember: a subject could be anything, an
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใชใ“ใจใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„: ใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใฏไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ใ‹ใพใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ—ใ€
17:09
object could be anything. Not anything, but there's all kinds of subjects and objects.
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ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใฏไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ใ‹ใพใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹็จฎ้กžใฎไธป้กŒใจใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
17:13
We'll discuss that another time. Find your subject, your main subject, find your main
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ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅˆฅใฎๆฉŸไผšใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธป่ชžใ€ไธป่ชžใ€ไธป
17:19
verb, find your object, complement, etcetera.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชž ใ€่ฃœ่ชžใชใฉใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:23
Now, remember I said: every sentence must have at least one independent clause. It could
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ™ในใฆใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏ ใ€ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ 1 ใคใฎ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใŸ็ฏ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
17:28
have two, it could have three, as long as you have a coordinating conjunction, "and",
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่ชฟๆ•ดๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ€Œandใ€ใ€
17:33
"but", "or". "John loves Kate", John loves who? Kate. "and Kate loves John." Subject,
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ใ€Œbutใ€ใ€ใ€Œorใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹้™ใ‚Šใ€2 ใคใงใ‚‚ 3 ใคใงใ‚‚ใ‹ใพใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใฏใ‚ฑใ‚คใƒˆใ‚’ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใฏ่ชฐใ‚’ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹? ใ‚ฑใ‚คใƒˆใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ—ใฆใ‚ฑใ‚คใƒˆใฏใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ไธป่ชžใ€
17:39
verb, object. Subject, verb, object. Two independent clauses, one sentence, conjunction. Okay?
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€‚ ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€‚ 2 ใคใฎ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ ็ฏ€ใ€1 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
17:48
This might seem a little bit difficult, but there's a quiz on www.engvid.com, go to it,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฐ‘ใ—้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ€ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ ใ€www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
17:53
check it out. And remember: this is all very good for your writing skills and your reading
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผšใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ™ในใฆ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใจใƒชใƒผใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใซใจใฃใฆ้žๅธธใซ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™
17:58
skills. But if you need a little bit more help, check out my website: www.writetotop.com,
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. ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅŠฉใ‘ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€็งใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„: www.writetotop.com
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a lot more information there to help you out. And come again soon.
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ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒใใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™. ใใ—ใฆใ™ใใซใพใŸๆฅใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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