English Pronunciation: How to say words ending in -OUGH & -AUGH

427,266 views ใƒป 2017-01-26

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hi.
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00:01
Welcome back to www.engvid.com.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚
www.engvid.com ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
00:03
I'm Adam.
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็งใฏใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:04
In today's lesson we're going to look at words that generally confuse people, especially
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏ ใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซไบบใ‚’ๆททไนฑใ•ใ›ใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใ€็‰นใซ
00:10
when it comes time to say them, words that have the "ough" or the "augh" inside them.
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ใ€Œohใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œaughใ€ใ‚’ๅซใ‚€่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใจใใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:19
And the reason they're confusing is because they don't sound anything like they look.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๆททไนฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใฏใ€ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ่ฆ‹ใŸ็›ฎใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™.
00:24
Now, this is a common problem in English.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹ ๅ•้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚
00:27
English is not a phonetically-spelled language.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฏ ้Ÿณๅฃฐๅญฆ็š„ใซ็ถดใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ่จ€่ชžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:31
In other languages, the way a word looks is the way it sounds.
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ไป–ใฎ่จ€่ชžใงใฏใ€ ๅ˜่ชžใฎ่ฆ‹ใŸ็›ฎใŒ้Ÿฟใใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:35
In English, not so much.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใปใฉใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:37
So we're going to look at the different sounds that you can have with these letters.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใงๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช้Ÿณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:41
And the thing you're going to have to remember is: This is about memorization.
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ ใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆš—่จ˜ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
00:46
Now, I know that some of you are asking me:
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไฝ•ไบบใ‹ใŒ็งใซๅฐ‹ใญใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™๏ผš
00:48
"Well, why do I say it like this?" or "Why do I say it like that?"
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ใ€Œใพใ‚ใ€ใชใœ็งใฏใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ†ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใชใœ็งใฏใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ†ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
00:52
I don't know.
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็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚
00:53
I'm sorry to tell you that.
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็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:54
There is no answer.
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:56
You have to remember each word, how it's pronounced, and just remember it, and use it, and practice it, etc.
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ๅ„ๅ˜่ชžใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใ‚’ ่ฆšใˆใฆใ€่ฆšใˆใฆใ€ไฝฟใฃใฆใ€็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹
01:03
So if you look here, you'll notice that I have eight different sounds for "ough" or "augh".
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ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ใ€Œใ†ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ†ใ€ใฎ 8 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹้ŸณใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ .
01:10
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:11
Let's start with "uff", "uff":
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ใ€Œใƒ•ใƒ•ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใƒ•ใƒ•ใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผš
01:15
"tough", "rough", "enough".
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ใ€Œใ‚ฟใƒ•ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใƒฉใƒ•ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅๅˆ†ใ€ใ€‚
01:19
So, even though it's "o-u-g-h", there's no "ough".
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใ€ŒใŠใŠใŠใŠใŠใŠใŠใŠใŠใŠใŠใ€ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:23
Okay? That...
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใฎโ€ฆ
01:24
There's no such sound as "ough" in English.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใซใฏใ€ŒใŠใŠใ€ใจใ„ใ†้Ÿณใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:27
All of these have a specific sound.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆ ็‰นๅฎšใฎใ‚ตใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:29
We're starting with "uff": "tough", "rough", "enough".
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ใ€Œใ‚ฟใƒ•ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใƒฉใƒ•ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅๅˆ†ใ€ใฎใ€Œใƒ•ใƒ•ใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:31
Now, this word I'm going to get back to in one second. Okay?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ ใ€1 ็ง’ใงๆˆปใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:35
Let's look at the next one.
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ๆฌกใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:36
"Oo".
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ใ€ŒใŠใŠใ€ใ€‚
01:37
Very straight: "oo".
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้žๅธธใซใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใงใ™๏ผšใ€ŒใŠใŠใ€ใ€‚
01:39
"Through", like you go through the wall.
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ใ€Œใ‚นใƒซใƒผใ€ ใ€ๅฃใ‚’้€šใ‚ŠๆŠœใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€‚
01:42
If you're going really fast and you break through the wall, you're through.
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ใ™ใ”ใ้€Ÿใ ่ตฐใฃใฆๅฃใ‚’็ชใ็ ดใ‚ŒใฐๆˆๅŠŸใงใ™ใ€‚
01:45
"Ghoul", "ghoul".
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ใ€Œใ‚ฐใƒผใƒซใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฐใƒผใƒซใ€ใ€‚
01:48
A ghoul like is a some...
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ใ‚ฐใƒผใƒซใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ„ใใคใ‹... ใฎ
01:50
Is like a...
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎ
01:51
An animal that waits...
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ใงใ™... ๅพ…ใคๅ‹•็‰ฉ...
01:52
Or it's like a mystical or...
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ใพใŸใฏใใ‚Œใฏ็ฅž็ง˜็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚„...
01:53
Sorry.
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็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:54
A fictional animal that waits for somebody to die and gets pleasure out of other people's death.
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒๆญปใฌใฎใ‚’ๅพ…ใกใ€ ไป–ไบบใฎๆญปใ‚’ๅ–œใณใจใ™ใ‚‹ๆžถ็ฉบใฎๅ‹•็‰ฉใ€‚
01:59
When people, for example, if you're driving on the highway and you see a really bad car
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ้ซ˜้€Ÿ้“่ทฏใ‚’้‹่ปขใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ใฒใฉใ„ไบค้€šไบ‹ๆ•…ใ‚’็›ฎๆ’ƒใ—ใŸ
02:04
accident and you slow down to have a look, people might call you a ghoul because you
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€้€Ÿๅบฆใ‚’่ฝใจใ—ใฆๆง˜ๅญใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚ˆ ใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ใ‚ฐใƒผใƒซใจๅ‘ผใถใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
02:10
want to see blood, you want to see death.
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ใ€‚่ก€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ„ใ€ๆญปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:12
Not a good word, but that's how it's pronounced.
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่‰ฏใ„่จ€่‘‰ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ ใใ†็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
02:15
"Ghoul", "oo".
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ใ€Œใ‚ฐใƒผใƒซใ€ใ€ŒใŠใƒผใ€ใ€‚
02:16
Now, let's go back to this word.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:18
The reason why I put it in the middle here is because this word actually has two meanings,
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ใ“ใ“ใง็œŸใ‚“ไธญใซ็ฝฎใ„ใŸ็†็”ฑใฏ ใ€ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใซใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
02:23
each one pronounced differently: "slough", "slough".
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ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎ็™บ้ŸณใŒ ใ€Œsloughใ€ใ€ใ€Œsloughใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:29
Okay? Different meanings.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใ€‚
02:30
Sl-...
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Sl
02:31
It's not a word you're going to use very often, but "slough" is a...
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-... ใ‚ใพใ‚Š้ ป็นใซไฝฟใ†่จ€่‘‰ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€"slough" ใฏ
02:35
It's basically like a marsh, like a very wet area.
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... ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซๆนฟๅœฐใฎ ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ€้žๅธธใซๆนฟใฃใŸๅœฐๅŸŸใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
02:37
It's not a lake, it's not a pond.
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ๆน–ใง ใ‚‚ๆฑ ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:39
There's a lot of weeds and lots of plant in it, and it's very thick, but that's...
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ใใ“ใซใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎ้›‘่‰ใจใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎๆค็‰ฉ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้žๅธธใซๅŽšใ„ใงใ™ใŒใ€
02:44
Another word for that is "slough".
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ใใ‚Œใฏ.
02:46
"Slough", now, a lot of people will write it like this: "slew".
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"Slough" ใฏใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบ ใŒ "slew" ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ›ธใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:51
Especially American English, you can spell it like that.
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็‰นใซใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็ถดใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:54
"Slough" means a lot.
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ใ€Œใ‚นใƒฉใ‚ฆใ€ใซใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:57
So: "He's got a slough of problems", means he's got a lot of problems.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใซใฏๅ•้กŒ ใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€ๅฝผใซใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎๅ•้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:01
This is more common usage, but again, you're going to see this more often than you're going to see that.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใงใ™ใŒใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใใ‚Œ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚้ ป็นใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
03:08
But if you do see that, like if you're reading British English, for example, you're going
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ
03:11
to see that.
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่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
03:12
Just understand in context which word it is, "slough" or "slough".
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ใ€Œsloughใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œsloughใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใŒใฉใฎๅ˜่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ–‡่„ˆใง็†่งฃใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:16
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
03:17
Next: "af".
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ๆฌก๏ผšใ€Œafใ€ใ€‚
03:19
So notice I'm using the "a" here, not the "o", so that gives you a little bit of a hint,
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ "o" ใงใฏใชใ "a" ใ‚’ ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใŒๅพ—
03:23
but not exactly because we're going to look at something else.
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ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅˆฅใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๆคœ่จŽใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:27
"Laugh", everybody knows "laugh", hahaha.
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ใ€Œ็ฌ‘ใ†ใ€ใ€่ชฐใ‚‚ ใŒใ€Œ็ฌ‘ใ†ใ€ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใฏใฏใฏใ€‚
03:29
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
03:30
And "draught".
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œใƒ‰ใƒฉใƒ•ใƒˆใ€ใ€‚
03:31
Now, again, American English, they don't bother,
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ ่‹ฑ่ชžใฏๆฐ—ใซใ›ใš
03:37
they just spell it like that, "draft", exactly
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ใ€ใ€Œใƒ‰ใƒฉใƒ•ใƒˆใ€ใฎ
03:39
how it sounds, exactly as it looks.
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็ถดใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:42
But "draught" has different meanings.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œใƒ‰ใƒฉใƒ•ใƒˆใ€ใซใฏ ๅˆฅใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:45
One, you can have a draught beer, like a beer from the keg.
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1ใค็›ฎ ใฏๆจฝ็”Ÿใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็”Ÿใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใŒ้ฃฒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€‚
03:49
You can drink that, draught beer.
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้ฃฒใ‚ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ€ ็”Ÿใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใ€‚
03:50
There's also a draught, like a drawing.
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ใƒ‡ใƒƒใ‚ตใƒณใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชไธ‹ๆ›ธใใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:53
Like an architect, for example, when he...
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ๅปบ็ฏ‰ๅฎถใฎ ๅ ดๅˆ
03:55
When he or she designs a building they make a draught of the plans, and once everything's
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โ€ฆ ๅปบ็‰ฉใ‚’่จญ่จˆใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€่จญ่จˆๅ›ณใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใ€ ใ™ในใฆใŒ
04:01
agreed and everything's settled then they make the actual final plans.
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ๅˆๆ„ใ•ใ‚Œใ€ใ™ในใฆใŒ็ขบๅฎš ใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎๆœ€็ต‚่จˆ็”ปใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:06
You can also have draughts of your essays.
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ใพใŸ ใ€ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใฎไธ‹ๆ›ธใใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:08
First draught, second draught.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใƒ‰ใƒฉใƒ•ใƒˆใ€2็•ช็›ฎใฎใƒ‰ใƒฉใƒ•ใƒˆใ€‚
04:09
You make all the edits and changes, and you get to the end.
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ใ™ในใฆใฎ็ทจ้›†ใจ ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ‚’่กŒใ„ใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซๅˆฐ้”ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:12
So, "af", and the "t" we're going to come back to...
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ใงใฏใ€"af" ใจ "t" ใซ ๆˆปใฃใฆใใพใ™...
04:15
Remember that "t", we're going to talk about that in a second.
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"t" ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ™ใใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:18
Now, "up".
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ใ•ใใ€ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œupใ€ใฎ
04:20
There's only one word that sounds like "up", and it's spelt with an "ough".
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใฏ 1 ใคใ ใ‘ ใงใ€ใ€Œoughใ€ใงใคใฅใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:26
[Hiccoughs].
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[ใ—ใ‚ƒใฃใใ‚Š]ใ€‚
04:27
Oop, sorry, that was a hiccough.
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ใŠใฃใจใ€ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ—ใ‚ƒใฃใใ‚Šใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:29
Okay?
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04:29
Again, American English will spell it like this: "hiccup".
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏ ใ€Œhiccupใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใคใฅใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:34
British English will spell it like this, but they sound the same.
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ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็ถดใ‚Šใพใ™ ใŒใ€็™บ้ŸณใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:37
"Hiccough".
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"ใ—ใ‚ƒใฃใใ‚Š"ใ€‚
04:38
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
04:39
"Of": "cough", "trough".
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ใ€Œใฎใ€๏ผšใ€Œๅ’ณใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่ฐทใ€ใ€‚
04:45
Again, not an everyday word, but you might hear it occasionally.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ—ฅๅธธ็š„ใช่จ€่‘‰ใง ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๆ™‚ใ€…่€ณใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:49
A "trough" is like a...
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ใ€ŒใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ€ใจใฏโ€ฆ
04:51
Like a box that you put water or food for animals.
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ๅ‹•็‰ฉใฎๆฐดใ‚„ใ‚จใ‚ตใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹็ฎฑใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚
04:55
So in the Western movies you see a horse coming down, is bending down and there's a box with
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่ฅฟๆด‹ๆ˜ ็”ปใงใฏใ€้ฆฌ ใŒ้™ใ‚Šใฆใใฆใ€ใ‹ใŒใฟ่พผใ‚“ใงใ„ใฆใ€ๆฐดใŒๅ…ฅใฃใŸ็ฎฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
05:00
water and it's drinking.
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ๆฐดใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:01
That box is a trough.
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ใใฎ็ฎฑใฏใƒˆใƒฉใƒ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:03
When you...
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ใ„ใค...
05:04
When we speak about pigs eating, they usually eat out of a trough.
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่ฑšใฎ้ฃŸไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใ€ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚
05:09
"Aow", like: "Aow, that hurt. Aow".
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ใ€็—›ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€‚
05:13
"Plough".
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ใ€Œใ™ใใ€ใ€‚
05:15
"Plough", like a farmer has this big tool...
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ใ€Œ้‹คใ€ใ€ใพใ‚‹ใง่พฒๅคซ ใŒใ“ใฎๅคงใใช้“ๅ…ทใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ...
05:19
Well, in the old days they had this big tool and the bull would...
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ๆ˜”ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ“ใฎๅคงใใช้“ๅ…ทใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใฆ ใ€้›„็‰›ใฏ...
05:22
They hook it onto the bull and they would plough the land, they would make holes to
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’้›„็‰›ใซๅผ•ใฃๆŽ›ใ‘ใฆ ๅœŸๅœฐใ‚’่€•ใ—ใ€็ฉดใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใฆ
05:26
plant their seeds.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ็จฎใ‚’ๆคใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
05:28
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:29
Now, again, a more common spelling is this one: "plow", but you will see this one as well.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚นใƒšใƒซใฏ ใ€Œplowใ€ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
05:37
This one.
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05:37
Now, here you have to be very careful.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ™ใ€‚
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚ใชใŸ ใฏ้žๅธธใซๆณจๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:39
These words: "draught" and "drought", they look very similar.
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ใ€Œๅนฒใฐใคใ€ใจ ใ€Œๅนฒใฐใคใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:44
The only difference is an "o" and an "a".
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ๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎ้•ใ„ ใฏใ€ใ€Œoใ€ใจใ€Œaใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:48
Keep that "o" and "a" in mind because that's the difference between the two when you see them.
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ใใฎใ€Œoใ€ใจใ€Œaใ€ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใจใใฎ2ใคใฎ้•ใ„ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™.
05:53
"Drought" is when there's a long period of time with no rain, so the land is very, very dry.
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ใ€Œๅนฒใฐใคใ€ใจใฏใ€้•ทๆœŸ้–“ ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ€ๅœŸๅœฐใŒ้žๅธธใซไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใŸ็Šถๆ…‹ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:00
Okay? That's a drought.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏๅนฒใฐใคใงใ™ใ€‚
06:02
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
06:03
"Ow", "ow": "dough", like when you put flour and water together and mix them, and you have
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"ow", "ow": "dough", ๅฐ้บฆ็ฒ‰ ใจๆฐดใ‚’ไธ€็ท’ใซๆททใœใฆใ€
06:09
that pasty stuff, that's dough.
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ใใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚นใƒˆ็Šถใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใจใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็”Ÿๅœฐใงใ™.
06:11
Now, you...
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ
06:13
You might know this word: "doughnut", a very sweet treat.
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... ใ€Œใƒ‰ใƒผใƒŠใƒ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ใจใฆใ‚‚็”˜ใ„ใŠ่“ๅญใงใ™ใ€‚
06:18
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:19
Again, Americans spell it like this: "donut", much easier.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซไบบใฏๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใคใฅใ‚Š ใพใ™: "donut"ใ€ใšใฃใจ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:24
British people will spell it "doughnut", but "dough".
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ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นไบบใฏ ใ€Œdoughnutใ€ใจ็ถดใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œdoughใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:29
Now, when we talk about the slang word for money:
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’่กจใ™ไฟ—่ชžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใ€
06:32
"Do you have any dough I can borrow?
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ใ€Œ ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹็”Ÿๅœฐใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:34
Do you have any money I could borrow?"
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ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŠ้‡‘ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
06:35
We're still using the same "dough".
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ๅŒใ˜ใ€Œ็”Ÿๅœฐใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„็ถšใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:39
"Though", "although", "though" is a conjunction for adverb clauses.
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ใ€Œใชใฎใซใ€ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใฏ ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
06:45
Now, this one's a little bit tricky, you have to be careful because this is a "the", and
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œtheใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Š
06:49
then this is a "row": "thorough".
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ€Œrowใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œthroughใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆณจๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:51
"Thorough" means very complete, full.
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ใ€ŒๅฎŒๅ…จใ€ใจใฏใ€ ้žๅธธใซๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ€ๅ……ๅฎŸใ—ใŸใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
06:53
When you're making a thorough investigation, you're doing a complete, very detailed, in-depth
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ๅพนๅบ•็š„ใช่ชฟๆŸปใ‚’ ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใง้žๅธธใซ่ฉณ็ดฐใง่ฉณ็ดฐใช่ชฟๆŸปใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
06:58
investigation.
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ใ€‚
07:00
"Thorough". Okay?
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ใ€Œๅพนๅบ•ใ€ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:01
Don't confuse "thorough" with...
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ใ€Œๅพนๅบ•็š„ใซใ€ใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„...
07:05
Where is it?
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ใฉใ“ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:07
"Through", "thorough", and "though".
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ใ€Œใ‚นใƒซใƒผใ€ใ€Œๅพนๅบ• ใ€ใ€Œใชใฎใซใ€ใ€‚
07:10
Where's the "ow"?
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ€ใฃใฆใฉใ“๏ผŸ
07:11
Oh, right above it. Sorry.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใใฎใ™ใไธŠใซใ€‚ ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:13
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
07:14
These, one, two, three...
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€1ใ€2ใ€3...
07:16
One, two, three words all look very similar.
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1ใ€2ใ€3 ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏ ใ™ในใฆ้žๅธธใซใ‚ˆใไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:19
Make sure you notice the slight differences and the different pronunciations.
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ใ‚ใšใ‹ใช้•ใ„ ใจ็•ฐใชใ‚‹็™บ้Ÿณใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:23
"Borough".
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ใ€Œใƒœใƒญใƒผใ€ใ€‚
07:25
If any of you live in New York, you know the five boroughs, basically the neighbourhood
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ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒจใƒผใ‚ฏใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใชใ‚‰ใ€ 5 ใคใฎ่กŒๆ”ฟๅŒบใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆ
07:29
or the area of a city is called a borough.
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ใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
07:32
A "furlough", this is something that is...
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ใ€Œไผ‘ๆš‡ใ€ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏโ€ฆ
07:35
Happens in the military.
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่ป้šŠใง่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
07:37
When a soldier gets a little vacation time, they don't call it a vacation.
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ๅ…ตๅฃซใŒใ‚ใšใ‹ใชไผ‘ๆš‡ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ ใจใใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ไผ‘ๆš‡ใจใฏๅ‘ผใณใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:41
They call it a "furlough", time away from the military, approved time.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ€Œไธ€ๆ™‚ๅธฐไผ‘ใ€ใจๅ‘ผใณ ใ€่ปใ‹ใ‚‰้›ขใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ™‚้–“ใ€ๆ‰ฟ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆ™‚้–“ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:46
"Furlough".
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ใ€Œไผ‘ๆš‡ใ€ใ€‚
07:47
But again, the actual spelling gives you no hint as to how to pronounce the word, so you
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎใ‚นใƒšใƒซใฏ ๅ˜่ชžใฎ็™บ้Ÿณๆ–นๆณ•ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€
07:53
have to be very careful about it and just remember and use it.
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้žๅธธใซๆณจๆ„ใ— ใฆ่ฆšใˆใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™.
07:58
And then: "ot", this is the most common one you know.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œotใ€ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปๅฝข
08:02
A lot of the irregular verbs in the past tense become these. Right?
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ใฎไธ่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅคšใใฏ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ
08:07
"Think", "thought".
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ใ€Œ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใ€Œ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
08:09
"Catch", "caught".
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ใ€Œใคใ‹ใพใ‚‹ใ€ใ€Œใคใ‹ใพใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
08:11
Now, here, the "a" or the "o" makes no difference; they both sound exactly the same.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œaใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œoใ€ใซ้•ใ„ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
08:16
But in writing, of course, spelling matters so make sure you know exactly how it's spelt
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๆ›ธ้ขใงใฏใ‚นใƒšใƒซใŒ้‡่ฆ ใชใฎใงใ€ใ‚นใƒšใƒซใจ็™บ้Ÿณใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซๆŠŠๆกใ—ใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
08:21
and how it's pronounced.
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.
08:23
They sometimes can come in the middle.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ™‚ใ€… ็œŸใ‚“ไธญใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:26
"Daughter", "ought".
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ใ€Œๅจ˜ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใฏใšใ€ใ€‚
08:28
You ought to study this and practice, and you'll be better at it.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆ็ทด็ฟ’ ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ‚‚ใฃใจไธŠๆ‰‹ใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:33
Now, remember I told you to remember the "t"?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œtใ€ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใฎ ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:35
Notice that most of the times when you have the "ough" or the "augh" followed by a "t",
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎ ๅ ดๅˆใ€"ough" ใพใŸใฏ "augh" ใฎๅพŒใซ "t" ใŒ็ถšใๅ ดๅˆ
08:43
the sound is going to be "ot".
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ใ€้Ÿณใฏ "ot" ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:45
But because this is English, and English likes to be complicated and difficult, we sometimes
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฏ ่ค‡้›‘ใง้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ“ใจ
08:51
have exceptions to the rule.
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ใ‚’ๅฅฝใ‚€ใŸใ‚ใ€ใƒซใƒผใƒซใซไพ‹ๅค–ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:54
"Draught", "caught".
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ใ€Œใƒ‰ใƒฉใƒ•ใƒˆใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ญใƒฃใƒƒใƒใ€ใ€‚
08:56
Okay? Or "daughter" or whatever.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅจ˜ใ€ใชใฉใ€‚
08:58
Keep that in mind.
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ๅฟƒใซ็•™ใ‚ใฆใŠใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:59
Now, again, I wish I could tell you there's a reason for it, and I'm sure for linguists,
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใซใฏ็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใˆใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒ ใ€่จ€่ชžๅญฆ่€…
09:04
there probably is, but it's not important.
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ใซใจใฃใฆใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ้‡่ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“.
09:07
What's important is that you know the different sounds, you know how to use them.
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้‡่ฆใชใฎใฏใ€ ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช้Ÿณใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
09:11
Now, there aren't many other words with these "ough" or "augh".
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ€ŒใŠใŠใ€ใ‚„ใ€ŒใŠใŠใ€ใ‚’ๅซใ‚€่จ€่‘‰ใฏไป–ใซใ‚ใพใ‚Šใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:16
These are the ones you need to know.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
09:18
If you come across other ones, what should you do?
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ไป–ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใซ้ญ้‡ใ—ใŸๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:22
If you're not sure which sound it is, look in the dictionary.
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ไฝ•ใฎ้Ÿณใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€่พžๆ›ธใง่ชฟในใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:25
The dictionary will tell you exactly which sound goes with each "ough" or "augh" sound,
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่พžๆ›ธใฏ ใ€ใ„ใ‚ใฐใ€Œใ†ใƒผใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚ใƒผใ€ใฎๅ„้Ÿณใจใฉใฎ้ŸณใŒไธ€่‡ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™
09:35
as it were.
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ใ€‚
09:36
Okay?
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09:36
Now, if you have any questions, please come to www.engvid.com and join the forum,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
ใ” ไธๆ˜Žใช็‚นใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒฉใƒ ใซๅ‚ๅŠ ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
09:41
and you can ask me any questions you like.
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ใ€‚ใŠๅฅฝใใช่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใŠๅฏ„ใ›ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:43
There is a quiz there right now that you can practice these sounds.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
09:47
You will rhyme them with other words to make sure that they sound the same.
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ใ€ไป–ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใง้Ÿปใ‚’่ธใ‚“ใงใ„ใใพใ™ ใ€‚
09:51
And, of course, subscribe to my channel on YouTube and come again soon.
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€YouTube ใง็งใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚’่ณผ่ชญใ—ใฆใ€ ใ™ใใซใพใŸๆฅใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:55
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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