English Consonants Masterclass: Learn to pronounce ANY consonant in English [IPA chart explained]

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2021-12-07 ใƒป Accent's Way English with Hadar


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English Consonants Masterclass: Learn to pronounce ANY consonant in English [IPA chart explained]

105,182 views ใƒป 2021-12-07

Accent's Way English with Hadar


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hey everyone, it's Hadar.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€Hadarใงใ™ใ€‚
00:01
Thank you so much for joining me.
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ใ”ๅ‚ๅŠ ใ„ใŸใ ใใ€่ช ใซใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:02
Today we are going back to the whiteboard.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใƒ›ใƒฏใ‚คใƒˆใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:04
Today we are going back to the whiteboard.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใƒ›ใƒฏใ‚คใƒˆใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:05
And I'm going to teach you everything you need to know
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ใใ—ใฆใ€
00:08
about the consonants of English.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅญ้Ÿณใซใคใ„ใฆ็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใในใใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ในใฆๆ•™ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
00:11
This is a consonant masterclass where I take you through the consonant chart,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅญ้Ÿณใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใงใ€ ๅญ้Ÿณใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ
00:16
explain it, and talk about all the different consonants in American English.
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่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใ€ ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅญ้Ÿณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅญ้Ÿณใฎ็™บ็”Ÿๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€
00:20
I will teach you what are the things you need to know about each and every
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00:24
consonant in terms of where it's produced, how it's produced, and the quality of
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็™บ็”Ÿๆ–นๆณ•ใ€
00:30
the sound - if it's voiced or voiceless.
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้Ÿณใฎ่ณช (ๆœ‰ๅฃฐ้Ÿณใ‹็„กๅฃฐ้Ÿณใ‹) ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎๅญ้Ÿณใซใคใ„ใฆ็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๆ•™ใˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:32
These three elements are really important in determining the actual consonant.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ 3 ใคใฎ่ฆ็ด ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ไธŠใง้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
00:38
So, we're going to talk about that.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:40
And we're going to go through the chart where everything is
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ใ™ในใฆใŒ
00:43
organized in a very, very clear way.
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้žๅธธใซๆ˜Ž็ขบใชๆ–นๆณ•ใงๆ•ด็†ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:46
And I'm going to prove that to you.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใใ‚Œใ‚’่จผๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™.
00:47
What I'll be using to represent consonants is not the letters of the alphabet, but
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ๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’่กจใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ•ใ‚กใƒ™ใƒƒใƒˆใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใงใฏใชใใ€
00:52
IPA- International Phonetic Alphabet.
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IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:55
And that is what appears on the consonant chart of each
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ ๅ„่จ€่ชžใฎๅญ้Ÿณ่กจใซ็พใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Š
00:59
language, and of English too.
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ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:01
So, I will be using the IPA.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใฏIPAใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:04
And also, I created for you a PDF that you can download with the consonant chart
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ใพใŸใ€ ๅญ้Ÿณใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒˆ
01:10
and the different consonants of English, the IPA of the consonants of English.
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ใจ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅญ้Ÿณใ€ ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅญ้Ÿณใฎ IPA ใ‚’ใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใƒญใƒผใƒ‰ใงใใ‚‹ PDF ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:15
And word examples, so you can actually know which consonant it is and what
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅ˜่ชžใฎไพ‹ใงใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใฎๅญ้Ÿณใงใ€
01:21
does this IPA symbol represent.
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ใ“ใฎ IPA ่จ˜ๅทใŒไฝ•ใ‚’่กจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎ
01:24
So that should definitely simplify your pronunciation practice and work.
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ใŸใ‚ใ€็™บ้Ÿณใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใจไฝœๆฅญใŒ็ขบๅฎŸใซ็ฐก็ด ๅŒ–ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ ใ€‚
01:29
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:30
So, what are we waiting for?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใŸใกใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:32
Let's go to the whiteboard.
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ใƒ›ใƒฏใ‚คใƒˆใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:34
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
01:35
So let's first understand the chart.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใพใšใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒˆใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:38
This is the consonant chart of English.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅญ้Ÿณ่กจใงใ™ใ€‚
01:41
And as you can see, all the consonants are already organized on the chart.
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ใ”่ฆงใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎๅญ้Ÿณใฏ ใ™ใงใซใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒˆไธŠใงๆ•ด็†ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:45
So we need to understand the meaning of where they're positioned, why that is
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒ้…็ฝฎใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ€ใชใœใใ†ใชใฎใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:51
the case, and that would also help you understand better as to how consonants
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ ๅญ้ŸณใŒ
01:55
are produced and organized in the mouth.
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ๅฃใฎไธญใงใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ€็ทจๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚ˆใ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซใ‚‚ๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™.
01:58
So, there are two, actually three different elements that we want to
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅญ้Ÿณใฎ็”Ÿๆˆใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏใ€2 ใคใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ 3 ใคใฎ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹่ฆ็ด ใ‚’่€ƒๆ…ฎใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
02:02
take into consideration when it comes to the production of consonants.
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ใ€‚
02:07
And this is also going to be the key to understanding how this chart works.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ ใ“ใฎใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒˆใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ้ตใซใ‚‚ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:13
First, there is the place of articulation, where the consonant is produced.
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ใพใšใ€ๅญ้ŸณใŒ็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่ชฟ้Ÿณใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
02:20
A consonant is a sound that is stopped, partially stopped, or interrupted.
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ๅญ้Ÿณใฏใ€ๅœๆญขใ€ ้ƒจๅˆ†ๅœๆญขใ€ใพใŸใฏไธญๆ–ญใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:25
So, we need to understand where it is stopped, partially stopped, or interrupted
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฃใฎไธญใฎใฉใ“ใง ๆญขใพใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€้ƒจๅˆ†็š„ใซๆญขใพใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ไธญๆ–ญใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
02:31
inside the mouth: in the back, in the middle, up in the front, in the nose.
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: ๅฅฅใ€ ็œŸใ‚“ไธญใ€ๅ‰ใ€้ผปใ€‚
02:37
So, we need to understand where each sound is produced, and
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎ้ŸณใŒใฉใ“ใง็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
02:41
this is why we have the columns.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆŸฑใŒใ‚ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใงใ™ใ€‚
02:43
The columns actually represent the place of articulation.
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ๆŸฑใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ้–ข็ฏ€ใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใ‚’่กจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
02:48
And actually, the order of the chart is according to the order
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ๅฎŸใฏใ€ ใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒˆใฎ้ †็•ชใฏใ€่ชฟ้Ÿณๅ™จๅฎ˜ใฎ้ †็•ชใซๆฒฟใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:54
of the articulation organs.
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ใ€‚
02:56
So here, as you'll see in a second, we have the front of the mouth
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ใ™ใใซใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ“ใ“ใซ ๅฃใฎๅ‰้ƒจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
03:02
- bilabial, which means the lips.
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- ไธกๅ”‡ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šๅ”‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:04
And as you go back, you also go back in the mouth, right?
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆˆปใ‚‹ใจ ๅฃใฎไธญใ‚‚ๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
03:09
A little further back, further back, further back, all the way until the end.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅพŒใ‚ใ€ใ‚‚ใฃใจๅพŒใ‚ใ€ ใ‚‚ใฃใจๅพŒใ‚ใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใพใงใšใฃใจใ€‚
03:13
So, that is the meaning of the columns right here.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅˆ—ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
03:17
So that's the first thing we need to take into consideration
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซ ่€ƒๆ…ฎใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™
03:19
- the place of articulation.
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- ใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ญใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:21
The second thing we need to take into consideration is the
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ๆฌกใซ่€ƒๆ…ฎใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€
03:25
manner of articulation, the way in which the sound is produced.
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ใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ญใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š ใ‚ตใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‰ใฎ็”Ÿๆˆๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:30
Is it a stop sound?
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ๅœๆญข้Ÿณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:32
Is it a nasal sound?
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้ผป้Ÿณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:35
Is it a fricative?
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ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:38
So the rows here represent the different manner in which the consonant is produced.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใฎ่กŒใฏใ€ๅญ้ŸณใŒ็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่กจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
03:46
And the last thing we have is the voicing - whether or not the
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
03:51
consonant is voiced or voiceless.
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ๅญ้ŸณใŒๆœ‰ๅฃฐใ‹็„กๅฃฐใ‹ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€็™บๅฃฐใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚
03:54
Voicing is all about the question whether or not the consonant is produced
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็™บๅฃฐใจใฏใ€ ๅญ้ŸณใŒ
03:59
with air only or the vocal chords are vibrating, creating a sound, turning
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็ฉบๆฐ—ใ ใ‘ใง็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ๅฃฐๅธฏใŒ ๆŒฏๅ‹•ใ—ใฆ้Ÿณใ‚’็”Ÿๆˆใ—ใ€
04:09
it into another consonant, even though we still have the same manner and
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅˆฅใฎๅญ้Ÿณใซๅค‰ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ๅ•้กŒใซใ™ในใฆ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:14
we still have the same placement.
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ใ€‚
04:17
And you will understand all of this in a second as I go through all the consonants
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ใ™ในใฆใฎๅญ้Ÿณ
04:21
and their placement on the chart.
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ใจใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒˆไธŠใฎ้…็ฝฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใจใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใ‚’ใ™ใใซ็†่งฃใงใใพใ™.
04:24
Okay.
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04:24
So stick with me, everything is going to be totally clear at the end.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใซๅ›บๅŸทใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใ™ในใฆใŒ ๆœ€ๅพŒใซๅฎŒๅ…จใซๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.
04:29
So up until this point, the thing you need to understand is that a
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ใ“ใ“ใพใงใง็†่งฃใ—ใฆใŠใ„ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใฎใฏใ€
04:33
consonant is produced by taking three elements into consideration.
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ๅญ้Ÿณใฏ 3ใคใฎ่ฆ็ด ใ‚’่€ƒๆ…ฎใ—ใฆไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
04:38
One - the place of articulation, where the sound is stopped, partially stopped, or
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1ใค - ้ŸณใŒๆญขใพใ‚‹ใ€้ƒจๅˆ†็š„ใซๆญขใพใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏ
04:43
interrupted: the lips, the middle of the mouth, the back of the mouth, the teeth.
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ไธญๆ–ญใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹้–ข็ฏ€ใฎๅ ดๆ‰€: ๅ”‡ใ€ๅฃใฎไธญๅคฎใ€ ๅฃใฎๅฅฅใ€ๆญฏใ€‚
04:49
The second is the manner of articulation.
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2ใค็›ฎใฏใ€ใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ญใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:51
So, to produce a consonant, the air needs to come out - and sometimes it's air with
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’ๅ‡บใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใฏ็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒๅ‡บใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆ™‚ใซใฏ
04:56
voice - so the air needs to come out.
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็ฉบๆฐ—ใจๅฃฐใŒไธ€็ท’ใซๅ‡บใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:59
And then it comes out of the mouth or the nose in a certain form.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅฃ ใ‚„้ผปใ‹ใ‚‰ไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎๅฝขใงๅ‡บใฆใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:03
Sometimes it's stopped and released.
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ๆ™‚ใ€…ใใ‚Œใฏๆญขใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ€่งฃๆ”พใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
05:06
Sometimes it's gradually released.
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ๅพใ€…ใซ่งฃๆ”พใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:09
Sometimes it's released through the sides.
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ๅด้ขใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ”พๅ‡บใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:12
So, that is the manner of articulation, and we need to know
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ่ชฟ้Ÿณใฎไป•ๆ–นใงใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€
05:16
the manner of each consonant.
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ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎๅญ้Ÿณใฎไป•ๆ–นใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:18
First of all, to understand how consonants are organized, but also to be able to
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ใพใš็ฌฌไธ€ใซใ€ๅญ้ŸณใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ๆง‹ๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฎ
05:22
produce it effortlessly, if English, in this case, is not your first language.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใŒๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชžใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’็ฐกๅ˜ใซไฝœๆˆใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚้‡่ฆใงใ™ ใ€‚ ๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชžใฎใจใใฏ่€ƒใˆใšใซ
05:28
Because we do it pretty intuitively without thinking about it when it's
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ใ‹ใชใ‚Š็›ดๆ„Ÿ็š„ใซ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™
05:31
our first language, but when we speak a second language, this is where
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ใŒใ€็ฌฌ 2 ่จ€่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ใจใใฏ
05:34
it starts to get a little tricky.
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ๅฐ‘ใ—ใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:36
So, understanding the manner, the placement, and - do you
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ใงใฏใ€ใƒžใƒŠใƒผใ€ ้…็ฝฎใ€ใใ—ใฆ -
05:40
remember what the third thing is?
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3 ใค็›ฎใฏไฝ•ใ‹่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
05:43
- the voicing: whether the consonant is voiced or voiceless - is what is going
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- ็™บๅฃฐ: ๅญ้ŸณใŒ ๆœ‰ๅฃฐใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹็„กๅฃฐใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ - ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
05:49
to help you understand how to produce any consonant in English and in any language.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใŠใ‚ˆใณไปปๆ„ใฎ่จ€่ชžใงๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’็”Ÿๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™. ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒ
05:55
So voicing, just to remind you, is the difference between consonants
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ใ€็™บๅฃฐใจใฏใ€
05:59
that are produced where the air is coming out only - /s/.
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็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒ /s/ ใ ใ‘ใงๅ‡บใฆใใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใง็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅญ้Ÿณใฎ้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:04
Or air and voice, meaning the vocal chords are vibrating - /z/.
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ใพใŸใฏใ€็ฉบๆฐ—ใจๅฃฐใ€ใคใพใ‚Š ๅฃฐๅธฏใŒๆŒฏๅ‹•ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ - /z/.
06:10
And by the way, you can feel the difference here.
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ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ€ ใ“ใ“ใง้•ใ„ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:12
If you put your hand here, on your neck, and you produce the S sound and then the
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ใ“ใ“ใฎ้ฆ–ใซๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใฆใ€ S้Ÿณใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰
06:21
Z sound, you'll feel the difference here.
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Z้Ÿณใ‚’ๅ‡บใ™ใจใ€ใ“ใ“ใง้•ใ„ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:25
For the /s/ sound, you won't feel a lot of things.
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/s/ใฎ้Ÿณใฏ ใ‚ใพใ‚Šๆ„Ÿใ˜ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:28
For the /z/, you'll feel a lot of vibrations, that's a signal that
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/z/ ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅคšใใฎๆŒฏๅ‹•ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
06:32
your vocal chords are vibrating.
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ๅฃฐๅธฏใŒๆŒฏๅ‹•ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไฟกๅทใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“
06:35
And everything, again, is represented here on the chart.
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ™ในใฆใŒ ใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒˆใซ่กจใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:40
So, the way it's organized: place of articulation, manner of
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๆ•ด็†ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•: ใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ญใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€
06:45
articulation, and voicing is within the same box, right, cause it's
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ใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ญใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ€็™บๅฃฐใฏๅŒใ˜ใƒœใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นๅ†…ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
06:49
the same placement, same manner.
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ๅŒใ˜้…็ฝฎใ€ๅŒใ˜ๆ–นๆณ•ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:51
To the left you'll always see the voiceless consonant, the
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ๅทฆๅดใซใฏใ€
06:54
voiceless option of this pair.
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ใ“ใฎใƒšใ‚ขใฎ็„กๅฃฐใ‚ชใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ‚ใ‚‹็„กๅฃฐๅญ้ŸณใŒๅธธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
06:56
And the voiced is to the right, voiced option of this pair.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆœ‰ๅฃฐใฏ ใ“ใฎใƒšใ‚ขใฎๅณๅดใฎๆœ‰ๅฃฐใ‚ชใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
07:00
And sometimes there is only one option - you don't have two
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ใพใŸใ€ ใ‚ชใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ 1 ใคใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:04
options of voiced and voiceless.
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ๆœ‰ๅฃฐใจ็„กๅฃฐใฎ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ชใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:06
And you'll see why that is in just a little bit.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใชใœใชใฎใ‹ใ€ใปใ‚“ใฎๅฐ‘ใ—ใงใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
07:10
Okay?
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07:10
This is in English.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
07:11
It doesn't mean that in other languages you don't have the choice
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ไป–ใฎ่จ€่ชžใงใฏใ€
07:14
between voiced and voiceless.
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ๆœ‰ๅฃฐใจ็„กๅฃฐใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใ‚’้ธๆŠžใงใใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:15
In English, it means that there isn't if you only see one consonant in a box.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ ใƒœใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นๅ†…ใซๅญ้ŸณใŒ 1 ใคใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:22
But a box helps us understand always the place of articulation
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใƒœใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใฏ ๅธธใซใ€ใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ญใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅ ดๆ‰€
07:26
and the manner of articulation.
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ใจใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ญใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™.
07:28
So here's how it's going to work.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:29
I'm going to take you through the column (I always confuse columns and
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ๅˆ—ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ (็งใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ๅˆ—ใจ่กŒใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
07:34
rows) I'm going to take you through the columns of the place of articulation.
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) ้–ข็ฏ€ใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใฎๅˆ—ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:39
And then we'll see what are the consonants that are produced at that
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ใใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใง็™บใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅญ้ŸณใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹
07:42
specific place, based on the different manner, and if it's voiced or voiceless.
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ใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช ๆ–นๆณ•ใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๆœ‰ๅฃฐใ‹็„กๅฃฐใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:49
It's going to be very, very exciting.
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ใจใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚ใ‚จใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
07:51
Okay.
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07:51
So are you ready?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€
07:52
Let's get started with going through all the different consonants of English.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’ใ™ในใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
07:57
We're going to begin with this column.
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ใพใšใฏใ“ใฎใ‚ณใƒฉใƒ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€‚
07:59
Remember, this is the place of articulation.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ ใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ญใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:01
And this column is the bilabial consonants.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅˆ—ใฏ ไธกๅ”‡ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
08:05
Remember: place of articulation where the consonant is produced, right?
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผš ๅญ้ŸณใŒ็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่ชฟ้Ÿณใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
08:09
And bilabial consonants are consonants that are produced at the lips.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ไธกๅ”‡ๅญ้Ÿณใฏ ๅ”‡ใงไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
08:13
That means that the sound is stopped, partially stopped, or interrupted.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€้ŸณใŒๅœๆญขใ€ ้ƒจๅˆ†็š„ใซๅœๆญขใ€ใพใŸใฏไธญๆ–ญใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
08:18
So think of what sounds are produced here.
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช้ŸณใŒ็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:22
Don't look.
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่ฆ‹ใชใ„ใงใ€‚
08:24
Okay?
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08:24
So, think of what sounds are produced here.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช้ŸณใŒ็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
08:29
/p/, right?
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/p/ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
08:30
So when you think about it, probably a P sound comes to mind
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่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใ‚‹ใจใ€ ใŠใใ‚‰ใPใฎ้Ÿณ
08:35
and a B sound, and you're right.
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ใจBใฎ้ŸณใŒ้ ญใซๆตฎใ‹ใถใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:36
Now, the first row is oral stop.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไธ€ๅˆ—็›ฎใฏใ‚ชใƒผใƒฉใƒซใ‚นใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:40
Oral stop is when the air, or air with voice, is stopped and released.
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ๅฃ้ ญๅœๆญขใฏใ€็ฉบๆฐ—ใ€ใพใŸใฏ ้Ÿณๅฃฐไป˜ใใฎ็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒๅœๆญขใ—ใฆ่งฃๆ”พใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
08:45
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:46
All at once.
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ไธ€ๆ–‰ใซใ€‚
08:47
/p/, right?
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/p/ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
08:48
Stopped, air pressure is kind of building up and released.
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ๅœๆญขใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€็ฉบๆฐ—ๅœงใŒ ไธŠๆ˜‡ใ—ใ€่งฃๆ”พใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
08:53
/p/, right?
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/p/ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
08:54
It's very different from a fricative, which we'll talk about
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ™ใใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใจใฏๅคงใใ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
08:57
in a second, where the air comes out continuously with a friction.
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ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒ้€ฃ็ถš็š„ใซๅ‡บใฆใใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
09:03
So, /p/.
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ใงใฏใ€/p/.
09:06
So right here in this box, we're seeing consonants that are produced
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ใ“ใฎใƒœใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใซใฏใ€ๅ”‡ใง ็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅญ้Ÿณใจใ€ๅœๆญขใ—ใฆ็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅญ้ŸณใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
09:10
at the lips and produced with a stop.
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ใ€‚
09:13
And, lo and behold, there are two different consonants.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€่ฆ‹ใ‚ˆใ€ 2ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๅญ้ŸณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:16
There's the P, which is the voiceless consonant, cause it's just air.
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็„กๅฃฐ ๅญ้Ÿณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ P ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ˜ใชใ‚‹็ฉบๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:22
And there is the B - /b/, which is the voiced consonant.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆœ‰ๅฃฐๅญ้Ÿณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ B - /b/ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
09:26
So the air comes out, the vocal chords are vibrating, and the air is released.
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ใใ‚Œใง็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒๅ‡บใฆใใฆใ€ๅฃฐๅธฏใŒ ๆŒฏๅ‹•ใ—ใฆใ€็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒๆ”พๅ‡บใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
09:34
P - B.
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P - B.
09:35
Try it with me.
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็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซ่ฉฆใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:36
P - B.
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P - B.
09:38
Now, it's really interesting to see if you are the kind of person who struggles
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ
09:43
with the pronunciation of these two consonants or one of them, right?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ 2 ใคใฎ ๅญ้Ÿณใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใซ่‹ฆๅŠดใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใซ่‹ฆๅŠดใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใฎใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
09:47
You, first of all, have to ask yourself, "Okay, why is it so confusing
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ใพใšใ€ ใ€Œๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’
09:52
for me to produce one consonant?"
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1 ใคใ ใ‘็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซใ€ใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใ“ใ‚“ใชใซๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ใฎ?ใ€ใจ่‡ชๅ•ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:54
Because you're already doing what it takes to produce the other consonants.
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ไป–ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’็”Ÿๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅฟ…่ฆใชใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ใงใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:57
For example, for Arabic speakers, the /p/ sound does not exist.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ขใƒฉใƒ“ใ‚ข่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ /p/ ใฎ้Ÿณใฏๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
10:02
But the /b/ sound does exist.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€/b/ ใฎ้Ÿณใฏๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:05
So you're already doing everything right: creating that pressure, stopping the sound
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ ๅœงๅŠ›ใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ€้Ÿณใ‚’ๆญขใ‚ใฆ
10:11
and releasing it, doing it with your lips.
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่งฃๆ”พใ—ใ€ๅ”‡ใงใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
10:14
But you're always activating the vibrations of your vocal chords.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅธธใซๅฃฐๅธฏใฎๆŒฏๅ‹•ใ‚’ๆดปๆ€งๅŒ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
10:19
And here, to produce the P, all you need to do is just whisper it.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€P ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ ใ•ใ•ใ‚„ใใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:25
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
10:26
Which means not to activate the vocal chords, it's just the air.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฃฐๅธฏใ‚’ๆดปๆ€งๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใ ใ€ใŸใ ใฎ็ฉบๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:30
You know how to produce voiceless consonants, you know how to produce
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็„กๅฃฐๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’ๅ‡บใ™ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ— ใ€
10:34
a similar consonant, so there is no reason why you shouldn't be able to
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ๅŒๆง˜ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’ๅ‡บใ™ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚‚็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
10:37
produce a consonant within this box.
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ใ“ใฎใƒœใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นๅ†…ใงๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„็†็”ฑใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
10:41
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
10:42
So this is why it's really good to understand how it all works, because
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใ™ในใฆใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰
10:45
then you're like, "Oh, so it's just the brain playing tricks on me.
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ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ ่„ณใŒ็งใ‚’ใ ใพใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใชใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
10:50
My mouth is perfectly fine and knows how to produce the sounds
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็งใฎๅฃใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใงใ€ๅฟ…่ฆใช ้Ÿณใ‚’ๅ‡บใ™ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:54
that need to be produced in English.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ.
10:57
Okay, moving on.
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ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚ฑใƒผ, ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ™. ใ“ใ“ใซ
10:58
Cause we have one more consonant here and this is the M sound.
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ๅญ้ŸณใŒใ‚‚ใ†1ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒMใฎ้Ÿณใงใ™.
11:03
/m/.
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/m/.
11:04
So, the air is stopped in the lips, but this is a nasal stop.
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็ฉบๆฐ—ใฏๅ”‡ใงๆญขใพใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ผปใฎใ‚นใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ใงใ™.
11:10
So, I stopped the air here, and the air comes out through the nose.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏ็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’ๆญขใ‚ใพใ—ใŸ. ใ“ใ“ใง ็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒ้ผปใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใฆใใพใ™
11:16
It's like, where do I go?
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ใฉใ“ใซ่กŒใ‘ใฐใ„ใ„ใฎ?
11:17
Where do I go?
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ใฉใ“ใซ่กŒใ‘ใฐใ„ใ„ใฎ? ใ ใฃใฆ
11:18
Cause the air has to come out.
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็ฉบๆฐ—ใฏๅ‡บใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰.
11:19
Right?
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11:19
So for the P and B, the air kind of like manages to break out through the lips.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ P ใจ B ใฎๅ ดๅˆ, ็ฉบๆฐ—ใฏใฉใ†ใซใ‹ ๆŠœใ‘ๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™. ๅ”‡ใ‚’้€šใ—ใฆ.
11:26
But for the M sound, the air can't come out through the mouth, so the air
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€Mใฎ้Ÿณใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€็ฉบๆฐ—ใฏๅฃใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
11:31
is looking for other places to come out, and then it comes out through the
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11:36
nasal passages and through the nose.
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.
11:39
Nasal consonants in English are always voiced.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฏๅธธใซ็™บๅฃฐใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™.
11:42
So, you always activate the vocal chords for nasal consonants,
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰, ้ผปๅญ้Ÿณใฎๅฃฐๅธฏใฏๅธธใซๆดปๆ€งๅŒ–ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™.
11:47
as you'll see, always.
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ใ”่ฆงใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ.
11:49
So we don't have pairs here...
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใ“ใซใฏใƒšใ‚ขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“...
11:51
something to think about.
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่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ในใใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
11:53
Okay.
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.
11:54
No fricatives in the lips, no affricates, I'll talk about those in a second.
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ๅ”‡ใซใฏใƒชใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็ ดๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ™ใใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:58
So for example, a fricative here, there is actually a sound that is a fricative.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใ“ใซๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้ŸณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใงใ‚ใ‚‹้ŸณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:05
For example, /v/.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€/v/ ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:07
But it does not mean that it's going to be empty in other languages as well.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ ไป–ใฎ่จ€่ชžใงใ‚‚็ฉบใซใชใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:13
Okay.
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12:13
Moving on to labiodental.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ๅ”‡ๆญฏใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:15
Labiodental: dental, 'dental', like 'dentist', is all about the teeth.
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Labiodental: ใƒ‡ใƒณใ‚ฟใƒซใ€'dental' ใฏ 'dentist' ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ™ในใฆๆญฏใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
12:20
So yes, the teeth take part in articulation as well.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ๆญฏใ‚‚้–ข็ฏ€ใซๅ‚ๅŠ ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
12:24
And 'labio' has to do with lips, right?
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œใƒฉใƒ“ใ‚ชใ€ใฏๅ”‡ใจ้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
12:28
So lips and teeth.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ”‡ใจๆญฏใ€‚ ๅ”‡ใจๆญฏใฎ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›
12:31
What sounds come out through the combination of lips and teeth?
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ใงใฉใ‚“ใช้ŸณใŒๅ‡บใพใ™ใ‹ ๏ผŸ
12:36
Think about it, I'll let you think about it.
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่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€็งใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใซใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ•ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:38
Do we have oral stops in this position?
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ใ“ใฎไฝ็ฝฎใซใ‚ชใƒผใƒฉใƒซใ‚นใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๆจฉๅˆฉใฏ
12:41
No.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
12:42
Right?
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๏ผŸ
12:43
/buh/ - that would be an oral stop.
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/buh/ - ใใ‚Œใฏๅฃ้ ญใงใฎๅœๆญขใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:46
/buh/ - it doesn't exist in English.
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/buh/ - ่‹ฑ่ชžใซใฏๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:49
Do we have a nasal stop?
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้ผปใฅใพใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
12:54
Maybe, it's too similar to an M sound.
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Mใฎ้Ÿณใซไผผใ™ใŽใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:56
So this is one of those like, "Mmm, no, we're not going to put any consonants
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ใ„ใ‚„ใ€ใ“ใ“ใซ ๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใชใ„
13:00
here" - the people who invented English.
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ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใฎ1ใคใงใ™ - ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’็™บๆ˜Žใ—ใŸไบบใ€…. ใใ‚Œ
13:03
And then...
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ใ‹ใ‚‰โ€ฆ
13:04
I'm going to erase that because that actually is a consonant, the
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ๆถˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
13:08
phonetic symbol of a consonant.
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ๅญ้Ÿณใฎ้Ÿณๅฃฐ่จ˜ๅทใงใ™ใ€‚
13:11
So, this is why I'm not going to put it here.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ€ ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ่ผ‰ใ›ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
13:14
But hey, fricative.
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ใงใ‚‚ใญใˆใ€ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใ€‚
13:16
Fricative is a sound that comes out gradually, that is partially
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ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใฏ ๅพใ€…ใซๅ‡บใฆใใ‚‹้Ÿณใงใ€้ƒจๅˆ†็š„ใซ
13:20
stopped and then it comes out.
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ๆญขใพใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใฆใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:22
And here we have two consonants, right?
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏๅญ้ŸณใŒ2ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
13:24
Labiodental - bottom lip, top teeth.
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ๅ”‡ๆญฏ - ไธ‹ๅ”‡ใ€ไธŠใฎๆญฏใ€‚
13:28
This is the voiceless versus voiced.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็„กๅฃฐๅฏพๆœ‰ๅฃฐใงใ™ใ€‚
13:35
Now, something important to remember: this is a fricative, that means that
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใในใ้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€
13:38
it's going to take you a little bit of time to pronounce this sound - 'vvvery'.
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ใ“ใฎ้Ÿณใ€Œvvveryใ€ใ‚’็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฐ‘ใ—ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:43
Now, some people might pronounce it as an oral stop - 'bery', just not
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไธ€้ƒจใฎไบบใ€…ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฃ้ ญๅœๆญขใจใ—ใฆ็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ -ใ€Œใƒ™ใƒชใƒผใ€ใ€
13:51
letting it flow out for long enough.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅๅˆ†ใซ้•ทใๆตใ‚Œใ•ใ›ใชใ„ใ ใ‘ใงใ™.
13:55
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
13:56
And then it's going to sound a little differently.
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ใใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใพใŸ ๅฐ‘ใ—้•ใ†้Ÿณใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:57
People who are not used to this sound might think that you're just pronouncing a
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ใ“ใฎ้Ÿณใซๆ…ฃใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ไบบใฏใ€
14:03
/b/ sound - 'bery', so it's going to sound to them like "berry" instead of "very".
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/b/ ใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’ ใ€Œใƒ™ใƒชใƒผใ€ใจ็™บ้Ÿณใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใ ใจๆ€ใ†โ€‹โ€‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
14:09
So pay attention to the manner of articulation, because the manner of
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ใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ญใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚‚
14:14
articulation is really important as well.
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้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชใฎใงใ€ใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ญใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
14:16
Okay, moving on.
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ใงใฏๆฌกใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
14:17
As you can see, the rest of the boxes are empty.
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ใ”่ฆงใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€ๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎ ใƒœใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใฏ็ฉบใงใ™ใ€‚
14:21
So there are no consonants, no other consonants that are
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅญ้Ÿณใฏใชใใ€
14:24
produced with the lips and teeth.
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ๅ”‡ใ‚„ๆญฏใง็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ไป–ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
14:27
Dental - teeth, your favorite /f/ and /v/.
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ใƒ‡ใƒณใ‚ฟใƒซ - ๆญฏใ€ใŠๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใฎ /f/ ใจ /v/ใ€‚
14:33
Fricatives as well, so again, it's a gradual sound.
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ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใ‚‚ๅŒๆง˜ใชใฎใงใ€ ใ‚„ใฏใ‚Š็ทฉใ‚„ใ‹ใช้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
14:38
You kind of like slow down the release of the air.
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็ฉบๆฐ—ใฎๆ”พๅ‡บใ‚’้…ใใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
14:42
This is the voiceless TH: /ฮธ/ as in 'think', voiceless.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฃฐใฎใชใ„ TH: /ฮธ/ 'think' ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€็„กๅฃฐใงใ™ใ€‚
14:49
And this is the voiced TH - /รฐ/ as in 'they'.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœ‰ๅฃฐใฎ TH - /รฐ/ 'they' ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
14:53
The only difference is the vibration of the vocal chords.
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ๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏใ€ ๅฃฐๅธฏใฎๆŒฏๅ‹•ใงใ™ใ€‚
14:56
By the way, I have a lot of videos about each and every one of those consonants.
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ใกใชใฟใซใ€็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใฎไธ€ใคไธ€ใคใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ .
15:00
So, I'm going to link to all my consonant videos in the description.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใฏใ™ในใฆใฎ ๅญ้Ÿณใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ‚’ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:05
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
15:06
Just so you know.
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ใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€‚
15:07
Definitely, a lot of videos about the TH cause I know this might
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็ขบใ‹ใซใ€TH ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๅคšใใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฏใ€ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅคšใใฎไบบใซใจใฃใฆ่‹ฆๅŠดใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
15:10
be a struggle for many of you.
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ใ€‚
15:12
So, voiceless TH - tongue and teeth.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็„กๅฃฐTH - ่ˆŒใจๆญฏใ€‚
15:17
Voiced TH /รฐ/: it's not a stop sound - 'tanks' - right?
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ๆœ‰ๅฃฐ TH /รฐ/: ๅœๆญข้Ÿณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ - ใ€Œๆˆฆ่ปŠใ€ - ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
15:24
Because then people might analyze it as another sound.
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ใใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅˆฅใฎ้Ÿณใจใ—ใฆๅˆ†ๆžใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
15:27
No, it's a fricative.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
15:29
So it's a continuous sound, very similar to /f/-/v/, and later
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้€ฃ็ถš้Ÿณใงใ€ /f/-/v/ ใจ้žๅธธใซใ‚ˆใไผผใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ๅพŒใง
15:34
as you'll see, to /s/ and /z/.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ /s/ ใจ /z/ ใซใ‚‚ไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:37
This is why these are common substitutions for the TH, if
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ€TH ใฎ้ŸณใŒ่‹ฆๆ‰‹ใชๅ ดๅˆใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒ TH ใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชไปฃ็”จใจใชใ‚‹็†็”ฑใงใ™
15:41
that sound is difficult for you.
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ใ€‚
15:43
By the way, let's talk for a second about substitutions.
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ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‘ใ—่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
15:46
If you are a speaker of English as a second language, and you're trying
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็ฌฌไบŒ่จ€่ชžใจใ—ใฆ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ไบบใง ใ€
15:49
to pronounce the /ฮธ/ sound, right, and it's hard for you, you are likely
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/ฮธ/ใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’็™บ้Ÿณใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒ้›ฃใ—ใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
15:55
to either pronounce a consonant that is in a close place, right?
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่ฟ‘ใใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
16:01
Very close place of articulation, in this case, a T and a D.
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่ชฟ้Ÿณใฎ้žๅธธใซ่ฟ‘ใ„ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€ ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏ T ใจ Dใ€‚
16:05
Or a close manner - F-V: 'fink' instead of 'think'; or S-Z:
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ใพใŸใฏ่ฟ‘ใ„ๆ–นๆณ• - F-V: ใ€Œ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฏใ€ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏ S-Z:
16:11
'sink' instead of 'think'.
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ใ€Œ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œๆฒˆใ‚€ใ€ใ€‚
16:13
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
16:14
So, when you struggle with a certain consonant, you have to look around
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๅญ้Ÿณใซ่‹ฆๅŠดใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ ใ€ๅ‘จใ‚Šใ‚’่ฆ‹ๅ›žใ—ใฆ
16:20
and, first, analyze what is the substitution and why you're going there.
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ใ€ใพใšใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใชใœใใ“ใซ่กŒใใฎใ‹ใ‚’ๅˆ†ๆžใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™.
16:24
Because it's either close in articulation placement or in manner.
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้–ข็ฏ€ใฎ้…็ฝฎใ‚„ไฝœๆณ•ใŒ่ฟ‘ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
16:30
And again, that sheds so much light on pronunciation, and how we organize
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ ็™บ้Ÿณใ€่„ณๅ†…ใง้Ÿณใ‚’ๆ•ด็†ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•
16:36
sounds in our brain, and why we choose to produce certain sounds in place of others.
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ใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณ ไป–ใฎ้Ÿณใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ็‰นๅฎšใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’็”Ÿๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ™ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใซ้žๅธธใซๅคšใใฎๅ…‰ใŒๅฝ“ใฆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™.
16:40
Moving on.
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ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
16:41
Let's talk about alveolar consonants, a very popular column, very
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้žๅธธใซไบบๆฐ—ใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ณใƒฉใƒ ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้žๅธธใซ
16:46
popular place of articulation.
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ไบบๆฐ—ใฎใ‚ใ‚‹่ชฟ้Ÿณใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๆญฏๆงฝๅญ้Ÿณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
16:48
So the alveolar ridge is that little bump right behind the teeth.
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ๆญฏๆงฝๅ คใจใฏใ€ ๆญฏใฎใ™ใๅพŒใ‚ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฐใ•ใช้š†่ตทใงใ™ใ€‚
16:52
Feel it with your tongue.
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่ˆŒใงๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
16:53
So, take your tongue, put it on the back of the teeth, and then kind
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€่ˆŒใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใ€ๆญฏใฎ่ฃๅดใซ็ฝฎใใ€
16:57
of like bring it up, like brush, or lick the inside of your mouth
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ใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ทใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆŒใกไธŠใ’ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€
17:04
right through the teeth and then up.
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ๆญฏใฎ้–“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฃใฎไธญใ‚’ใชใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:06
And then there is this little bump as your gums, as your
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ใใ—ใฆใ€
17:09
tongue starts touching your gums.
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่ˆŒใŒๆญฏ่ŒŽใซ่งฆใ‚Œๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆญฏ่ŒŽใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ“ใฎๅฐใ•ใช้š†่ตทใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™.
17:11
And that is, that little bump is the alveolar ridge.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใใฎๅฐใ•ใช ้š†่ตทใŒๆญฏๆงฝๅ คใงใ™ใ€‚
17:15
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
17:16
So all the consonants that are produced there - many of
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ ใใ“ใง็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ™ในใฆใฎๅญ้Ÿณ - ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅคšใ
17:19
them - are called tip of the tongue consonants or alveolar consonants.
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- ใฏใ€่ˆŒๅ…ˆ ๅญ้ŸณใพใŸใฏๆญฏๆงฝๅญ้Ÿณใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
17:24
Now, oral stop sound.
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ใงใฏๅฃๆญขใ‚้Ÿณใ€‚
17:27
The sound is stopped completely and released.
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้Ÿณใฏ ๅฎŒๅ…จใซๆญขใพใ‚Šใ€่งฃๆ”พใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
17:32
So here we have /t/ - voiceless.
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/t/ - ็„กๅฃฐใงใ™ใ€‚
17:37
Remember, the voiceless is always on the left.
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็„กๅฃฐใฏๅธธใซๅทฆๅดใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
17:39
And now try it with me.
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ใใ—ใฆไปŠใ€็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซ่ฉฆใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
17:42
/d/, right?
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/d/ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใง
17:43
The tip of the tongue is blocking the air here, by connecting
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่ˆŒๅ…ˆใŒๆญฏๆงฝๅ คใจใคใชใŒใฃใฆ็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’้ฎๆ–ญใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
17:49
with the alveolar ridge, right?
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ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
17:51
Blocking the air completely, that's an oral step, and releasing it.
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็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’ๅฎŒๅ…จใซ้ฎๆ–ญใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ ๅฃ้ ญใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่งฃๆ”พใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:55
There's like, thank God I'm out.
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็งใŒๅค–ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ฅžใซๆ„Ÿ่ฌใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:58
Okay?
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17:58
So that's a T and a D.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ T ใจ D ใงใ™ใ€‚
18:00
Now, we also have a nasal stop.
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ไปŠๅบฆใฏใ€้ผปๅœๆญขใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ˆŒใŒๆญฏๆงฝๅ คใ‚’ๆŠผใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใช
18:02
The air wants to come out through the nose is blocked because the tongue is
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ใฎใงใ€้ผปใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใŸใ„็ฉบๆฐ—ใฏใƒ–ใƒญใƒƒใ‚ฏใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใŒ
18:05
like pushing against the alveolar ridge, but the air still wants to come out.
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ใ€ ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚็ฉบๆฐ—ใฏๅ‡บใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:10
So, it comes out through the nose.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€้ผปใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใพใ™ใ€‚
18:11
Try it, blocking here.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใƒ–ใƒญใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
18:15
/n/, right?
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/n/ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
18:17
That's the N.
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18:17
And that's the difference between M and N.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ N ใงใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ M ใจ N ใฎ้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
18:19
Now, if you tend to confuse those two sounds, notice that the only difference
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ—ใŒใกใชๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏ
18:23
here is the place of articulation.
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ใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ญใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
18:26
It might be subtle to your ears, but it is still different.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่€ณใซใฏๅพฎๅฆ™ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ ใ€ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚้•ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:29
Listen: /n/ - the air is stopped here, right behind the
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่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„: /n/ - ็ฉบๆฐ—ใฏ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€
18:33
teeth, /n/ with the tongue.
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ๆญฏใฎใ™ใๅพŒใ‚ใงใ€/n/ ่ˆŒใงๆญขใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
18:35
Versus /m/ - air is stopped with the two lips.
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ๅฏพ /m/ - 2 ใคใฎๅ”‡ใง็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’ๆญขใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:39
Moving on.
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ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
18:40
Fricative.
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ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใ€‚
18:41
So here, the tongue is touching...
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€่ˆŒใŒ่งฆใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™...
18:45
is almost touching the upper palate.
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ไธŠๅฃ่“‹ใซใปใจใ‚“ใฉ่งฆใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:46
Cause, you know, you have to release it slowly.
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใจ่งฃๆ”พใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
18:49
Think of it like a balloon that you're holding the top and releasing air slowly.
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ไธŠ้ƒจใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใจ็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’ๆ”พๅ‡บใ™ใ‚‹้ขจ่ˆนใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
18:54
/sssss/.
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/sssss/.
18:57
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
18:58
So that would be the S and the Z - /z/.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€S ใจ Z - /z/ ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
19:03
By the way, as a side note, for a lot of people it's not going to be the tip of the
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ใกใชใฟใซใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบใซใจใฃใฆ
19:07
tongue that touches the alveolar ridge or the upper palate, it might be this part
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ๆญฏๆงฝๅ คใ‚„ ไธŠๅฃ่“‹ใซ่งฆใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใฏ่ˆŒๅ…ˆใงใฏใชใใ€่ˆŒใฎใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†
19:13
of the tongue, the body of the tongue.
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ใ€่ˆŒใฎๆœฌไฝ“ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
19:16
It doesn't matter.
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19:16
If you hear this sound, you're good to go.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅ•้กŒใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎ้ŸณใŒ่žใ“ใˆใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๆบ–ๅ‚™ๅฎŒไบ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
19:19
S is voiceless, Z is voiced.
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Sใฏ็„กๅฃฐใ€Zใฏๆœ‰ๅฃฐใ€‚
19:22
So we have /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€/t/ใ€/d/ใ€/n/ใ€/s/ใ€/z/ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
19:28
I have to say that the S and Z are slightly to the back, right?
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SใจZใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ๅพŒใ‚ใ ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‚ˆ ใญ๏ผŸ
19:32
The place of articulation is slightly to the back, but it's still
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่ชฟ้Ÿณใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใฏ ใ‚„ใ‚„ๅพŒๆ–นใงใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚
19:35
considered as an alveolar consonant.
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ๆญฏๆงฝๅญ้Ÿณใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
19:38
And then we have the /l/ consonant.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€/l/ ๅญ้ŸณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
19:42
It's also an alveolar consonant, but here, this is a new manner of articulation.
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ๆญฏๆงฝๅญ้Ÿณใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ชฟ้Ÿณๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
19:47
It's a lateral approximate.
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ๆจชๆ–นๅ‘ใฎๆฆ‚็ฎ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
19:49
An approximate is a sound that the quality is not very defined.
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ใŠใŠใ‚ˆใใฎ้Ÿณใฏใ€ ๅ“่ณชใŒใ‚ใพใ‚Šๅฎš็พฉใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
19:54
It's like it's somewhere on the verge of a vowel because you hear
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19:59
the air and sound coming out.
342
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็ฉบๆฐ—ใจ้ŸณใŒๅ‡บใฆใใ‚‹ใฎใŒ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใฉใ“ใ‹ๆฏ้Ÿณๅฏธๅ‰ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ„Ÿใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
20:02
It's not fully stopped, like /p/ and /d/ and /g/, right?
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/p/ ใ‚„ /d/ ใ‚„ /g/ ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅœๆญขใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
20:07
But it's still considered to be a consonant.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใพใ ๅญ้Ÿณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
20:09
So, this is the L.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒLใงใ™ใ€‚Lใฎๅ ดๅˆ
20:12
For the L, the air is stopped here, but it still flows out
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ใ€็ฉบๆฐ—ใฏ ใ“ใ“ใงๆญขใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚
20:18
through the sides of the tongue.
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่ˆŒใฎๅด้ขใ‹ใ‚‰ๆตใ‚Œๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
20:20
/l/, right?
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/l/ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
20:22
The tip of the tongue touches the upper palate, the air is
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่ˆŒใฎๅ…ˆ็ซฏใŒ ไธŠๅฃ่“‹ใซ่งฆใ‚Œใ€็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒ
20:25
coming out through the sides.
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ๅด้ขใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใฆใใพใ™ใ€‚
20:27
That's the approximate, the lateral approximate.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆฆ‚็ฎ—ใ€ ๆจชๆ–นๅ‘ใฎๆฆ‚็ฎ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
20:30
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
20:31
So it's like almost a constant, almost.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใปใผไธ€ๅฎšใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
20:35
It's almost a vowel, somewhere in between.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใปใผๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ€ใใฎไธญ้–“ใฎใฉใ“ใ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
20:38
Good.
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่‰ฏใ„ใ€‚
20:39
Postalveolar.
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ๆญฏๆงฝๅพŒใ€‚
20:40
If you take your tongue and you kind of like lick the inside of
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่ˆŒใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใ€ๆญฏ่ŒŽใฎ ๅ†…ๅดใ‚’ใชใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใชใ‚‰
20:43
your gums, you go through the bump and right behind the bump, right?
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ใ€้š†่ตทใ‚’้€šใ‚ŠๆŠœใ‘ใฆ ้š†่ตทใฎใ™ใๅพŒใ‚ใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
20:49
There is like this little curve.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใชๅฐใ•ใชใ‚ซใƒผใƒ–ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
20:51
That's called the postalveolar placement or articulation.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๆญฏๆงฝๅพŒ ้…็ฝฎใพใŸใฏ้–ข็ฏ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
20:57
And here, we don't have any stops, no.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏๅœ่ปŠๅ ดใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
21:01
At least not in American English.
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ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
21:04
Nasal stop - we don't have that.
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้ผปใฅใพใ‚Š - ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
21:09
But we do have a fricative.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
21:10
Remember, a fricative is when the two organs are almost
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใฏ 2 ใคใฎๅ™จๅฎ˜ใŒ
21:14
touching each other, right?
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ไบ’ใ„ใซใปใจใ‚“ใฉๆŽฅ่งฆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
21:16
It's not fully blocking, almost touching each other, but they're
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅกžใ„ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใชใใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉ ่งฆใ‚Œๅˆใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€
21:21
leaving very little room for the air to pass or the air with voice.
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็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒ้€š้Žใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅฃฐใง็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒ้€š้Žใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ไฝ™ๅœฐใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
21:25
And that creates this sound: /f/, /s/, /สƒ/.
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/f/ใ€/s/ใ€/สƒ/ ใจใ„ใ†้Ÿณใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
21:31
So, the place of articulation of a /สƒ/ sound and a /ส’/ sound,
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ใงใ€ /สƒ/ใฎ้Ÿณใจ/ส’/ใฎ้Ÿณใฎ่ชฟ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใ€
21:35
which is the voiced pair, right?
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒๆœ‰ๅฃฐ้Ÿณๅฏพใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
21:38
This is voiceless.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็„กๅฃฐใงใ™ใ€‚
21:39
Try it.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฉฆใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
21:40
/สƒ/ - /ส’/, right?
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/สƒ/ - /ส’/ ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
21:43
So, it's right behind that bump, postalveolar, and it's a fricative.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใใฎ้š†่ตทใฎใ™ใๅพŒใ‚ใ€ ๆญฏๆงฝๅพŒใงใ€ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
21:50
But hey, there is a new...
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใญใˆใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™...ใƒ–ใƒญใƒƒใ‚ฏ
21:53
there is a new manner on the block, and that is affricate.
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ใซๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็ ดๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
21:58
Affricate.
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ใ‚ขใƒ•ใƒชใ‚ฑใƒผใƒˆใ€‚
21:59
It's like Africa with the T at the end.
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ๆœซๅฐพใซ T ใŒไป˜ใ„ใŸใ‚ขใƒ•ใƒชใ‚ซใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
22:01
Affricate.
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ใ‚ขใƒ•ใƒชใ‚ฑใƒผใƒˆใ€‚
22:04
Affricate is a combination of a stop sound and a fricative.
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็ ดๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใฏใ€ ๅœๆญข้Ÿณใจๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใฎ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใงใ™ใ€‚
22:10
Stop sound and a fricative together.
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ใ‚นใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—้Ÿณใจๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใ‚’ไธ€็ท’ใซใ€‚
22:12
Why?
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22:12
Because we can, so why not?
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ใชใœ๏ผŸ
ใงใใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใใ†ใ—ใชใ„ใฎใฏใชใœใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
22:14
Because it's kind of like another creation of a sound, it's very efficient
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅˆฅใฎ ใ‚ตใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‰ใฎไฝœๆˆใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใชใฎใงใ€้žๅธธใซๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใงใ€
22:19
and very confusing for some people.
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ไธ€้ƒจใฎไบบใซใจใฃใฆใฏ้žๅธธใซๆททไนฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
22:22
So, the affricate: right behind that little bump, but postalveolar
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€็ ดๆ“ฆ้Ÿณ: ใใฎๅฐใ•ใช้š†่ตทใฎใ™ใๅพŒใ‚ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๆญฏๆงฝๅพŒ
22:27
affricate would be /tสƒ/, right?
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็ ดๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใฏ /tสƒ/ ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
22:30
So you block the sound with a T, but instead of releasing it, you're releasing
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€T ใง้Ÿณใ‚’ใƒ–ใƒญใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ่งฃๆ”พใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€
22:36
it into the closest fricative, /tสƒ/.
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚่ฟ‘ใ„ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณ /tสƒ/ ใซ่งฃๆ”พใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
22:41
So basically, it's like a /t/ and a /สƒ/ sound together.
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใฏ /t/ ใจ /สƒ/ ใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
22:47
/tสƒ/.
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/tสƒ/.
22:50
And that's the voiced...
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆœ‰ๅฃฐ...
22:52
voiceless, I mean, consonant.
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็„กๅฃฐใ€ใคใพใ‚Šๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
22:57
And the /dส’/ sound: again, you take the voiced stop sound - /d/, and then you
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ใใ—ใฆ /dส’/ ใฎ้Ÿณ: ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€ ๆœ‰ๅฃฐๅœๆญข้Ÿณ (/d/) ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰
23:04
release it gradually to the fricative.
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ๅพใ€…ใซ่งฃๆ”พใ—ใฆๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
23:06
/dส’/ - this is the voiced.
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/dส’/ - ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœ‰ๅฃฐ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
23:11
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
23:14
Now, for many speakers, this is really confusing.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅคšใใฎ่ฉฑ่€…ใซใจใฃใฆใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆททไนฑใ‚’ๆ‹›ใใพใ™ใ€‚
23:17
'cash' - 'catch', right?
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'cash' - 'catch' ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
23:19
Because they don't have that distinction in their language.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่ชžใซใฏใใฎๅŒบๅˆฅใŒใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
23:22
They don't have fricative and affricate.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใจ็ ดๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
23:25
Right?
403
1405880
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
23:26
So the only have one, so sometimes they might merge it.
404
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1 ใคใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใƒžใƒผใ‚ธใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
23:28
Merge it, like I just did - 'merge' it.
405
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็งใŒใ‚„ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใƒžใƒผใ‚ธใ—ใพใ™ - ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ€Œใƒžใƒผใ‚ธใ€ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ /
23:31
That would be me merging the /ส’/ and the /dส’/, right, if it's
406
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dส’/ ใ‚’็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ้›ฃใ—ใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€/ส’/ ใจ
23:36
hard for me to pronounce /dส’/.
407
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/dส’/ ใ‚’ใƒžใƒผใ‚ธใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
23:38
So 'merging' - /dส’/, and, you know, you want to be able to
408
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œไฝตๅˆใ€ - /dส’/ ใงใ€
23:43
distinguish between the two.
409
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ใ“ใฎ 2 ใคใ‚’ๅŒบๅˆฅใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
23:45
A quick tip that I can give you is, really, one - is just, you know,
410
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็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹็ฐกๅ˜ใชใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใฏใ€ ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€1ใคใงใ™-ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
23:49
there is no stop, it flows out freely.
411
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ๆญขใพใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใฏใชใใ€่‡ช็”ฑใซๆตใ‚Œๅ‡บใพใ™ใ€‚
23:53
/สƒ/ - /ส’/.
412
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/สƒ/ - /ส’/.
23:59
And this one is completely stopped.
413
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅœๆญขใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
24:00
So you really start with a T sound, you block the air, and then you
414
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ T ใฎ้Ÿณใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆ ็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’้ฎๆ–ญใ—ใ€
24:04
think of pronouncing as a /สƒ/ sound.
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/สƒ/ ใฎ้Ÿณใจใ—ใฆ็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
24:10
All the air comes out.
416
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็ฉบๆฐ—ใฏๅ…จ้ƒจๅ‡บใพใ™ใ€‚
24:11
Same thing here: pronouncing a D - I hope you're doing it
417
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™: D ใ‚’็™บ้Ÿณใ—ใพใ™ - ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซใ‚„ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
24:16
with me - /dส’/ releasing air.
418
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- /dส’/ ็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’่งฃๆ”พใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
24:19
Okay?
419
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
24:21
So that is the affricate.
420
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็ ดๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
24:22
And then we have an approximate.
421
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆฆ‚็ฎ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
24:25
And that, my friends, is the R.
422
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฎๅ‹ไบบใŸใกใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ R.
24:28
Postalveolar, the tongue is coming up, but it's not as close as the /สƒ/ and /ส’/,
423
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Postalveolar ใงใ™ใ€‚่ˆŒใฏไธŠใŒใฃใฆใใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใŒใ€/สƒ/ ใ‚„ /ส’/ ใปใฉใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
24:35
it's further back, but the tongue still directs towards the postalveolar position.
424
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ใ€‚ ๅญ้Ÿณใจๆฏ้ŸณใŒ
24:41
This is why it's like similar between a consonant and a vowel.
425
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ไผผใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ“ใฎใŸใ‚ใงใ™ ใ€‚
24:46
/r/.
426
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/r/.
24:48
I have a lot of videos about the R.
427
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็งใฏ R ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
24:50
I'm not going to teach you how to pronounce the R, I'm just going
428
1490040
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ใ€‚R ใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใฎไป•ๆ–นใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใŸใ ่จ€ใ†ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
24:52
to tell you: it's a postalveolar consonant, and it's an approximate.
429
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ใใ‚ŒใฏๆญฏๆงฝๅพŒ ๅญ้Ÿณใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใŠใŠใ‚ˆใใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
24:56
So, you know that it's somewhere between a vowel and a consonant.
430
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ ๆฏ้Ÿณใจๅญ้Ÿณใฎ้–“ใฎใฉใ“ใ‹ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
25:00
It's not the scientific linguistic term, okay?
431
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็ง‘ๅญฆ็š„ใช่จ€่ชž็”จ่ชžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
25:04
So don't use it if you have a test about consonants at the university.
432
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅคงๅญฆใงๅญ้Ÿณใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
25:09
But it's just my way of explaining the difference between, you know,
433
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
25:15
the /r/ sound and the /สƒ/ sound, and why this is a little harder to
434
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/r/ ใฎ้Ÿณใจ /สƒ/ ใฎ้Ÿณใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ็งใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ™ใŽใพใ›ใ‚“
25:19
pronounce because it's more vague.
435
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ใ€‚
25:22
And by the way, when I try to teach how to pronounce the R sound, a lot of
436
1522000
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ใกใชใฟใซใ€Rใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใจ ใ€
25:25
times I start with a /ส’/ sound, /ส’/.
437
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/ส’/ใฎ้Ÿณใ€/ส’/ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
25:28
Because all you need to do is pull the tongue away a little bit.
438
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ ่ˆŒใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅผ•ใ้›ขใ™ใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ้…็ฝฎใŒ
25:33
Because they're very similar in terms of placement.
439
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ใ‚ˆใไผผใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ ใ€‚
25:37
Food for thought.
440
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ๆ€่€ƒใฎ็ณงใ€‚
25:38
Okay.
441
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540
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
25:39
So that is the /r/, the American /r/ sound.
442
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ/r/ใ€ ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใฎ/r/ใฎ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
25:42
No lateral approximate.
443
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ๆจช่ฟ‘ไผผใชใ—ใ€‚
25:44
Actually, there is only one in American English, which is the L.
444
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใซใฏ L ใ—ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
25:49
Moving on to palatal.
445
1549000
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ๅฃ่“‹ใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
25:51
Palatal is the hard palate, that roof in the back, before we get to the uvula
446
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ๅฃ่“‹ใฏ็กฌๅฃ่“‹ใงใ€ ๅพŒใ‚ใฎๅฑ‹ๆ นใงใ€ใใ“ใซใถใ‚‰ไธ‹ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฃ่“‹ๅž‚ใซๅˆฐ้”ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใงใ™
26:00
that is hanging there, right - the soft part and the back, the velum.
447
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ใ€‚ๅณ - ๆŸ”ใ‚‰ใ‹ใ„้ƒจๅˆ†ใจ่ƒŒไธญใ€ๅฃ่“‹ๅธ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
26:05
So, the palate, the hard palate is up here in the back.
448
1565040
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅฃ่“‹ใ€ ็กฌๅฃ่“‹ใฏๅฅฅใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
26:08
So, palatal.
449
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅฃ่“‹ใ€‚
26:10
What do we have here?
450
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏไฝ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
26:11
No stop sounds, no fricatives, no nasals.
451
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ๆญขใพใ‚‹้Ÿณใ‚‚ใ€ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใ‚‚ใ€้ผปๅฃฐใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
26:15
I feel like a teacher right now.
452
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็งใฏไปŠใ€ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
26:17
No affricates.
453
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็ ดๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
26:19
But we do an approximate.
454
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŸใกใฏๆฆ‚็ฎ—ใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
26:22
Okay?
455
1582140
500
26:22
And this is, even though it looks like a J, it's not a J, it's a /j/ sound.
456
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€J ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใŒ ใ€J ใงใฏใชใใ€/j/ ใฎ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
26:27
This is the /j/.
457
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ /j/ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ
26:29
I'll put like little 'y' here, just so you remember it.
458
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ๅฐใ•ใชใ€Œyใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
26:32
Because the letter Y is usually associated with the /j/ sound as in "yes" or "yay".
459
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ๆ–‡ๅญ— Y ใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ "yes" ใ‚„ "yay" ใชใฉใฎ /j/ ใฎ้Ÿณใซ้–ข้€ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
26:39
But this is the IPA, the IPA of the /j/ sound.
460
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ IPAใ€ /j/ ใ‚ตใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‰ใฎ IPA ใงใ™ใ€‚
26:45
So, yes, it's where the tongue goes very, very close, but not close enough,
461
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ่ˆŒใŒ ้žๅธธใซ้žๅธธใซๆŽฅ่ฟ‘ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใŒใ€
26:53
not too close to the hard palate.
462
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็กฌๅฃ่“‹ใซๅๅˆ†ใซๆŽฅ่ฟ‘ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
26:56
So the back of the tongue rises up, it's not touching.
463
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่ˆŒใฎๅพŒใ‚ใŒ ไธŠใŒใฃใฆใ€่งฆใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
26:59
It's not 'gya', that would be a stop sound here - 'gya', that sound does not exist.
464
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ใ€ŒใŽใ‚ƒใ€ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใฏใ‚นใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—้Ÿณใ ใ‘ใฉ โ€•โ€•ใ€ŒใŽใ‚ƒใ€ใจใ„ใ†้Ÿณใฏๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใชใ„ใ€‚
27:04
It's not a fricative - 'yyya', okay?
465
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ - ใ€Œyyyaใ€ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
27:09
Not a nasal sound.
466
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้ผปๅฃฐใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
27:10
So, this is an approximate.
467
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆฆ‚็ฎ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
27:14
/j/.
468
1634300
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/j/.
27:17
Then we have velar consonants.
469
1637140
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใƒ™ใƒฉใฎๅญ้ŸณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
27:20
That's, basically, the throat.
470
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ€ๅ–‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
27:24
I want you to think of it as the throat.
471
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ใฎใฉใ ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚
27:25
That's the soft part in the throat and the back of the tongue that
472
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ๅ–‰ใฎๆŸ”ใ‚‰ใ‹ใ„้ƒจๅˆ† ใจ่ˆŒใฎๅฅฅใŒ
27:30
usually come together, right?
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ไธ€็ท’ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹้ƒจๅˆ†ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
27:32
This is how we close the back of the tongue.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ ่ˆŒใฎๅพŒใ‚ใ‚’้–‰ใ˜ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
27:35
So, for a stop sound, we bring the back of the tongue up, the roof of
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ใงใฏใ€ๅœๆญข้Ÿณใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ่ˆŒใฎๅพŒใ‚ใ‚’ไธŠใซไธŠใ’ใ€ไธŠ
27:41
the mouth - the soft part of the roof of the mouth down, /k/, right?
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ใ‚ใ”ใ‚’ไธŠใ’ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธŠใ‚ใ”ใฎๆŸ”ใ‚‰ใ‹ใ„้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’ไธ‹ใ’ใพใ™ใ€/k/ ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
27:47
This is a voiceless consonant.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็„กๅฃฐๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
27:49
And /g/ - this is a voiced consonant, right?
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ใใ—ใฆ /g/ - ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ๆœ‰ๅฃฐๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
27:54
The air is stopped and released.
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็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒๅœๆญขใ—ใ€่งฃๆ”พใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
27:57
/k/ - /g/.
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/kg/ใ€‚
27:59
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ
28:00
We actually have a nasal sound here, where we block the air.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ้ผป้ŸณใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€ใ“ใ“ใง็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒ้ฎๆ–ญใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
28:03
So think of you trying to pronounce the /g/ sound, but the air can't come out.
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/g/ ใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’็™บ้Ÿณใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒๅ‡บใฆใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
28:10
So, it's going to come out through the nose - /ล‹/.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ้ผปใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใฆใใ‚‹ - /ล‹/.
28:15
The back of the tongue is up, you're closing, the air
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่ˆŒใฎๅพŒใ‚ใŒ ไธŠใŒใฃใฆใ€่ˆŒใŒ้–‰ใ˜ใฆใ€็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒ
28:19
comes out through the nose.
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้ผปใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใฆใใพใ™ใ€‚
28:20
That's the NG consonant, as in 'sing', 'sing'.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ 'sing', 'sing' ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช NG ๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
28:26
'sing' - one word, versus 'sin', where the tip of the tongue is touching the
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'sing' - ่ˆŒใฎๅ…ˆใŒไธŠๅฃ่“‹ใซ่งฆใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ 'sin' ใจใฏๅฏพ็…ง็š„ใซ
28:32
upper palate, the air is blocked here.
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ใ€ใ“ใ“ใง็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒ้ฎๆ–ญใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
28:35
Versus 'sim', like 'SIM card'.
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SIMใ‚ซใƒผใƒ‰ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ€ŒSIMใ€ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ€‚
28:38
'sim', where the air is blocked here.
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ใ“ใ“ใง็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒ้ฎๆ–ญใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€Œsimใ€ใ€‚
28:40
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
28:41
So, placement matters.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้…็ฝฎใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
28:44
We need to start a movement- #placement_matters.
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้‹ๅ‹•ใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ - #placement_mattersใ€‚
28:48
So, NG /ล‹/: the air comes out through the nose.
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ใงใ€NG /ล‹/: ็ฉบๆฐ—ใฏ ้ผปใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใพใ™ใ€‚
28:52
We also have an approximate here.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚‚ๆฆ‚็ฎ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
28:54
The /w/ sound.
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/w/ใฎ้Ÿณใ€‚
28:57
/w/.
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28:57
Now, observant people here might say, "Wait a minute, you're
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/w/ใ€‚
ใ“ใ“ใง่ฆณๅฏŸๅŠ›ใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ไบบใฏใ€ ใ€Œใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅพ…ใฃใฆใ€/w/ ใฎใŸใ‚ใซ
29:01
doing something with your lips for the /w/, it's produced here.
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ๅ”‡ใงไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ“ใ“ใง็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚
29:05
But in fact, the consonant is really produced in the back of the mouth,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€ๅญ้ŸณใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ ๅฃใฎๅฅฅใง็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
29:11
right, as the back of the tongue goes up.
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่ˆŒใฎๅพŒใ‚ใŒไธŠใŒใ‚‹.
29:14
But it's not blocking the air completely, it's coming close
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’ๅฎŒๅ…จใซ้ฎๆ–ญใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ ใ€
29:19
enough until that consonant - semi-consonant, semi-vowel is produced.
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ใใฎๅญ้ŸณใŒ ็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใพใงๅๅˆ†ใซ่ฟ‘ใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ - ๅŠๅญ้Ÿณใ€ๅŠๆฏ้Ÿณ.
29:26
/w/, right?
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/w/ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ‹?
29:28
And the lips are also involved in the pronunciation of this sound.
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ใใ—ใฆๅ”‡ใ‚‚็™บ้Ÿณใซ้–ขไธŽใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™. ใ“ใฎ้Ÿณใงใ™
29:31
Yes, it's true.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใงใ™
29:33
But mainly, what creates that sound - /w/ - is the back of the tongue.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไธปใซใใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใฎใฏ - /w/ - ่ˆŒใฎ่ฃๅดใงใ™.
29:39
And the lips too.
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ใใ—ใฆๅ”‡ใ‚‚.
29:40
So, the lips are also a part of it.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅ”‡ใ‚‚ใใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ™.
29:43
Okay, that's it.
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ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚ฑใƒผใ€ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ™.
29:44
Lastly, we have the glottal consonant.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ ๅฃฐ้–€ใฎๅญ้ŸณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
29:48
And this something that cannot be erased.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆถˆใ™ใ“ใจใฎใงใใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
29:51
So, this is the glottal consonant.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅฃฐ้–€ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ ๅฃฐ้–€ใฎ
29:54
A glottal consonant is produced in the glottis.
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ๅญ้Ÿณใฏ ๅฃฐ้–€ใงไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
29:56
The glottis is basically where your voice is produced, it's the
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ๅฃฐ้–€ใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ ๅฃฐใŒไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™
30:00
vocal box, you can even feel it.
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ๅฃฐ้–€ใงใ™ ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ•ใˆใงใใพใ™
30:04
For men it's a little more visible, right behind your Adam's apple.
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็”ทๆ€งใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็›ฎ็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ ๅ–‰ไปใฎใ™ใๅพŒใ‚ใงใ™
30:07
And the glottis is this opening, through which the air is coming out and where the
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ๅฃฐ้–€ใฏใ“ใฎ้–‹ๅฃ้ƒจใง ็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒๅ…ฅใฃใฆใใพใ™
30:15
vocal chords exist and live and vibrate.
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ๅฃฐๅธฏใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใ€็”ŸใใฆๆŒฏๅ‹•ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€‚
30:19
So, you have the ability to close it and open it, close it and open it.
521
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’้–‰ใ˜ใฆ้–‹ใใ€้–‰ใ˜ใฆ้–‹ใ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
30:27
So the consonant that we have, that is a glottal consonant, is /h/ as in "Hi".
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็งใŸใกใŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅญ้Ÿณใ€ใคใพใ‚Š ๅฃฐ้–€ๅญ้Ÿณใฏใ€"Hi" ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ /h/ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใง
30:34
Where the air is restricted here, in the glottis, right?
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็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒๅˆถ้™ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ ใ€ๅฃฐ้–€ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
30:39
Coming out slowly for an H sound.
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H้Ÿณใงใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šๅ‡บใฆใใพใ™ใ€‚
30:43
Now, just so you know, we also have a stop sound.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ๅœๆญข้Ÿณใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
30:47
It's not a phoneme, it's not like a legit consonant in American English.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้Ÿณ็ด ใงใฏใชใใ€ ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆญฃๅฝ“ใชๅญ้Ÿณใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
30:52
So, it's not marked on the chart in standard American, but just so you
527
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ๆจ™ๆบ–็š„ใชใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่ชžใงใฏใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒˆใซใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€
30:59
know, there's this thing called - you might've heard it - glottal stop.
528
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ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ๅฃฐ้–€ๅœๆญขใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™.
31:05
This is how it looks like - /ส”/.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ /ส”/ ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
31:06
And it sounds something like this.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
31:10
Where you close the glottis, right, the air is stopped and then released.
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ๅฃฐ้–€ใ‚’้–‰ใ˜ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒๆญขใพใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ”พๅ‡บใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
31:17
Like in the word [หˆwษ”หส”ษ™], right?
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[หˆwษ”หส”ษ™]ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใญใ€‚
31:21
"water" in some dialects.
533
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ๆ–น่จ€ใงใ€Œๆฐดใ€ใ€‚
31:23
Where the T is replaced with a glottal stop.
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TใŒๅฃฐ้–€ใ‚นใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ใซ็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๆ‰€ ใ€‚
31:29
Actually, when there is a word that starts with a vowel, like "I",
535
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ ใ€ŒIใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฏ้Ÿณใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
31:34
usually there is a very small glottal stop at the beginning of the word.
536
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้€šๅธธใ€ ๅ˜่ชžใฎๅ…ˆ้ ญใซ้žๅธธใซๅฐใ•ใชๅฃฐ้–€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
31:40
Cause you're not really saying '[a]I', right?
537
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ ใ€Œ[a]Iใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
31:44
You're not saying '[h]I'.
538
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€Œ[h]Iใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
31:46
A lot of times you're adding a little glottal stop.
539
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ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ ๅฐใ•ใชๅฃฐ้–€ใ‚นใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
31:50
So, this exists in different English dialects, like the example that I
540
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ•ใพใ–ใพใช่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆ–น่จ€ใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซๆŒ™ใ’ใŸไพ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
31:56
gave you, even in American English in the word 'Manhattan', 'Manhattan'.
541
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ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ‚‚ ใ€Œใƒžใƒณใƒใƒƒใ‚ฟใƒณใ€ใ€ใ€Œใƒžใƒณใƒใƒƒใ‚ฟใƒณใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใง่กจ็พใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
32:00
A lot of times people use the glottal stop instead of the T before an N.
542
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ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏ N ใฎๅ‰ใซ T ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซๅฃฐ้–€ๅœๆญขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
32:04
So this is why I wanted to introduce you to this consonant,
543
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ€ๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ ใ“ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใŸใ‹ใฃใŸ็†็”ฑใงใ™
32:07
because it might be useful.
544
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ใ€‚
32:09
But technically speaking, it's not a part of the phonemes - the
545
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ ้Ÿณ็ด ใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ -
32:15
sounds that are represented in the brain of standard American.
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ๆจ™ๆบ–็š„ใชใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซไบบใฎ่„ณใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
32:20
What can I do?
547
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็งใซไฝ•ใŒใงใใ‚‹๏ผŸ
32:21
So, okay.
548
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
32:24
I think that's it.
549
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840
32:24
I think we covered everything.
550
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ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ง
ใŸใกใฏใ™ในใฆใ‚’ใ‚ซใƒใƒผใ—ใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
32:26
Let's go through all the consonants together.
551
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ใ™ในใฆใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’ไธ€็ท’ใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
32:28
And I want you to pronounce them with me, and think about the placement,
552
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซ็™บ้Ÿณใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ ใ€้…็ฝฎใ‚„
32:33
the manner, and the voicing.
553
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ใƒžใƒŠใƒผใ€ๅฃฐใฎๅ‡บใ—ๆ–นใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
32:36
Bilabial.
554
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ไธกๅ”‡ใ€‚
32:38
Oral stop: /p/ - /b/, voiceless - voiced.
555
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ๅฃ้ ญๅœๆญข: /p/ - /b/ใ€็„กๅฃฐ - ๆœ‰ๅฃฐใ€‚
32:44
Nasal - /m/.
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้ผป - /m/.
32:46
Then we have labiodental.
557
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ๆฌกใซๅ”‡ๆญฏใงใ™ใ€‚
32:48
Fricative: /f/ - /v/, voiceless and voiced.
558
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ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณ: /f/ - /v/ใ€ ็„กๅฃฐใŠใ‚ˆใณๆœ‰ๅฃฐใ€‚
32:53
Then we have dental, tongue and teeth: /ฮธ/ - /รฐ/, voiceless and voiced.
559
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ๆฌกใซใ€ๆญฏใ€่ˆŒใ€ๆญฏใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™: /ฮธ/ - /รฐ/ใ€็„กๅฃฐใจๆœ‰ๅฃฐใ€‚
33:00
Then we have alveolar.
560
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ๆฌกใซใ€่‚บ่ƒžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
33:02
Stop: /t/ - voiceless, /d/ - voiced.
561
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ๅœๆญข: /t/ - ็„กๅฃฐใ€/d/ - ๆœ‰ๅฃฐใ€‚
33:06
/m/ - nasal.
562
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/m/ - ้ผปใ€‚
33:08
/s/ - fricative, voiceless.
563
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/s/ - ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใ€็„กๅฃฐใ€‚
33:11
/z/ - fricative, voiced.
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/z/ - ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใ€ๆœ‰ๅฃฐ้Ÿณใ€‚
33:13
The L - /l/, lateral approximate.
565
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L - /l/ใ€ๆจชๆ–นๅ‘ใฎใŠใŠใ‚ˆใใฎๅ€คใ€‚
33:17
Then we have postalveolar.
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ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰็ง้”ใฏpostalveolarใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
33:20
Fricative: /สƒ/ - voiceless, versus /ส’/ - voiced.
567
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ๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณ: /สƒ/ - ็„กๅฃฐใ€ ๅฏพ /ส’/ - ๆœ‰ๅฃฐใ€‚
33:26
/tสƒ/ - affricate, stop, and then a fricative, voiceless.
568
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/tสƒ/ - ็ ดๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใ€ๅœๆญขใ€ ใใ—ใฆๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใ€็„กๅฃฐใ€‚
33:32
/dส’/ - voiced.
569
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/dส’/ - ๆœ‰ๅฃฐใ€‚
33:35
And then we have the approximate - /r/, where the tongue is kind of pointing
570
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใŠใŠใ‚ˆใใฎ - /r/ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€่ˆŒใฏ
33:41
towards the postalveolar position.
571
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ๆญฏๆงฝๅพŒ้ƒจใฎไฝ็ฝฎใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
33:46
Palatal.
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ๅฃ่“‹ใ€‚
33:48
We only have an approximate and that is the /j/ sound.
573
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ใŠใŠใ‚ˆใใฎ้Ÿณใ—ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒ /j/ ใฎ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
33:52
Then we have velar.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใƒ™ใƒฉใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
33:53
A few consonants here: /k/ and /g/, the stop sounds, right?
575
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅญ้ŸณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™: /k/ ใจ /g/ใ€ๅœๆญข้Ÿณใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
34:00
/k/ is voiceless, /g/ is voiced.
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/k/ ใฏ็„กๅฃฐใ€/g/ ใฏๆœ‰ๅฃฐใงใ™ใ€‚
34:03
/ล‹/ - NG: the air is blocked as the back of the tongue goes up
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/ล‹/ - NG: ่ˆŒใฎๅพŒใ‚ใŒไธŠใ‚ใ”ใซๅฝ“ใŸใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒ้ฎๆ–ญใ•ใ‚Œ
34:07
against the roof of the mouth, and the air comes out through the nose.
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ใ€ ็ฉบๆฐ—ใŒ้ผปใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใฆใใพใ™ใ€‚
34:11
And /w/: we also incorporate the lips here.
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ใใ—ใฆ /w/: ๅ”‡ใ‚‚ใ“ใ“ใซ็ต„ใฟ่พผใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
34:15
And finally, we have the /h/ sound, a glottal fricative.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ๅฃฐ้–€ใฎๆ‘ฉๆ“ฆ้Ÿณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ /h/ ใฎ้ŸณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
34:20
We also have the glottal stop - /ส”/, where you stop the air and release.
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ใพใŸใ€็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’ๆญขใ‚ใฆ่งฃๆ”พใ™ใ‚‹ๅฃฐ้–€ๅœๆญข - /ส”/ ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
34:28
That's it.
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ใใ‚ŒใงใŠใ—ใพใ„ใ€‚
34:29
These were the consonants.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅญ้Ÿณใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
34:31
Now, the question I have for you is, which consonant is the most
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ณชๅ•ใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใฏ ใ€
34:35
difficult for you to pronounce?
585
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„ๅญ้Ÿณใฏใฉใ‚Œใงใ™ใ‹?
34:36
And whether or not understanding how it's organized, where it's supposed to
586
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆง‹ๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใฉใ“ใซ
34:41
be placed, what's the closest consonant that you have in your native language
587
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้…็ฝฎใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ในใใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใชใใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชžใงๆœ€ใ‚‚่ฟ‘ใ„ๅญ้Ÿณ
34:45
or that is easy for you to produce?
588
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ใ€ใพใŸใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใซ็™บ้Ÿณใงใใ‚‹ๅญ้Ÿณใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
34:48
And can you understand how to shift from that consonant to the
589
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ใใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ‹ใ‚‰
34:53
consonant that you want to pronounce?
590
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็™บ้Ÿณใ—ใŸใ„ๅญ้Ÿณใธใฎ็งป่กŒใฎไป•ๆ–นใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
34:56
I don't know, maybe it's going to make your life a little easier.
591
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไบบ็”ŸใŒๅฐ‘ใ—ๆฅฝใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
34:59
So let me know in the comments, which one of those consonants is the most difficult one,
592
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ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆๆฌ„ใงใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅญ้Ÿณใฎไธญใงๆœ€ใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„ๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
35:06
and if this lesson - the consonant masterclass - has helped you understand
593
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ใพใŸใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ (ๅญ้Ÿณ ใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚น) ใŒ
35:12
the consonants of English even better.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅญ้Ÿณใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚ˆใ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใฃใŸใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
35:14
Now, I want to remind you that you can download the consonant
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€
35:17
chart that I've created for you.
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็งใŒไฝœๆˆใ—ใŸๅญ้Ÿณใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใƒญใƒผใƒ‰ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
35:19
Just click the link below and download it.
597
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ไธ‹ใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใƒญใƒผใƒ‰ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
35:21
It's totally free.
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ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็„กๆ–™ใงใ™ใ€‚
35:22
So you can practice with it and write some notes.
599
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใ€ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใƒกใƒขใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™.
35:25
And, um, and that's it.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใˆใˆใจใ€ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ
35:27
If you want to learn about vowels, the vowels of English, I also
601
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ๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๆฏ้Ÿณใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใณใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
35:31
have a masterclass about that, with a downloadable vowel chart.
602
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ใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใƒญใƒผใƒ‰ๅฏ่ƒฝใชๆฏ้Ÿณใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ๆฏ้Ÿณใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ‚‚็”จๆ„ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†
35:37
So, I'm going to link to that below.
603
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ใ“ใจใงใ€ไปฅไธ‹ใซใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’่ฒผใฃใฆใŠใใพใ™ใ€‚
35:39
Thank you so, so much for being here with me throughout this entire masterclass.
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ใ“ใฎใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’้€šใ—ใฆใ€็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซใ„ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
35:45
If you've come this far, it means that there is something about this that
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ“ใ“ใพใงๆฅใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€
35:48
is intriguing and interesting to you.
606
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ใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
35:51
Which is great.
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35:51
And I'm happy to help and support you.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ€ใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
35:53
By the way, come say 'hi' on Instagram and tell me how things are going for you.
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ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ€Instagramใงใ€Œใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็Šถๆณใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„.
35:59
I'm @hadar.accentsway.
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@hadar.accentsway ใงใ™ใ€‚
36:01
Have a beautiful, beautiful rest of the day.
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็พŽใ—ใ ็พŽใ—ใ„ๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎไธ€ๆ—ฅใ‚’ใŠ้Žใ”ใ—ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
36:03
And I'll see you here next week in the next video.
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ๆฅ้€ฑใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
36:06
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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