English Consonants Masterclass: Learn to pronounce ANY consonant in English [IPA chart explained]

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2021-12-07 ใƒป Accent's Way English with Hadar


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English Consonants Masterclass: Learn to pronounce ANY consonant in English [IPA chart explained]

105,182 views ใƒป 2021-12-07

Accent's Way English with Hadar


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Hey everyone, it's Hadar.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฅด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์™€
00:01
Thank you so much for joining me.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:02
Today we are going back to the whiteboard.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™”์ดํŠธ๋ณด๋“œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:04
Today we are going back to the whiteboard.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™”์ดํŠธ๋ณด๋“œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:05
And I'm going to teach you everything you need to know
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
00:08
about the consonants of English.
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์˜์–ด ์ž์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:11
This is a consonant masterclass where I take you through the consonant chart,
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์ž์Œ ์ฐจํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
00:16
explain it, and talk about all the different consonants in American English.
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์Œ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํด๋ž˜์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
I will teach you what are the things you need to know about each and every
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00:24
consonant in terms of where it's produced, how it's produced, and the quality of
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์ž์Œ ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋””์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์งˆ(
00:30
the sound - if it's voiced or voiceless.
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์œ ์„ฑ์Œ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌด์„ฑ์Œ์ธ์ง€)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
These three elements are really important in determining the actual consonant.
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์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์ž์Œ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
So, we're going to talk about that.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
And we're going to go through the chart where everything is
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ
00:43
organized in a very, very clear way.
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๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ฐจํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
And I'm going to prove that to you.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
What I'll be using to represent consonants is not the letters of the alphabet, but
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž์Œ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์˜ ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
00:52
IPA- International Phonetic Alphabet.
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IPA(International Phonetic Alphabet)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
And that is what appears on the consonant chart of each
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ
00:59
language, and of English too.
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์–ธ์–ด์™€ ์˜์–ด์˜ ์ž์Œ ์ฐจํŠธ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
So, I will be using the IPA.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” IPA๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
And also, I created for you a PDF that you can download with the consonant chart
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๋˜ํ•œ ์˜์–ด ์ž์Œ์˜ IPA ์ธ ์ž์Œ ์ฐจํŠธ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž์Œ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” PDF๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:10
and the different consonants of English, the IPA of the consonants of English.
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.
01:15
And word examples, so you can actually know which consonant it is and what
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์–ด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ž์Œ์ธ์ง€,
01:21
does this IPA symbol represent.
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์ด IPA ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
So that should definitely simplify your pronunciation practice and work.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐœ์Œ ์—ฐ์Šต๊ณผ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
All right?
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๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€?
01:30
So, what are we waiting for?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:32
Let's go to the whiteboard.
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ํ™”์ดํŠธ๋ณด๋“œ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:34
Okay.
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์ข‹์•„์š”.
01:35
So let's first understand the chart.
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๋จผ์ € ์ฐจํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:38
This is the consonant chart of English.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜์–ด์˜ ์ž์Œ ์ฐจํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
And as you can see, all the consonants are already organized on the chart.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž์Œ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฐจํŠธ์— ์ •๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
So we need to understand the meaning of where they're positioned, why that is
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์Œ์ด ์–ด๋””์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:51
the case, and that would also help you understand better as to how consonants
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. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ž์Œ์ด
01:55
are produced and organized in the mouth.
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์ž…์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
So, there are two, actually three different elements that we want to
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž์Œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:02
take into consideration when it comes to the production of consonants.
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.
02:07
And this is also going to be the key to understanding how this chart works.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์ฐจํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์‡ ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
First, there is the place of articulation, where the consonant is produced.
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์ฒซ์งธ, ์ž์Œ์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ์Œ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
A consonant is a sound that is stopped, partially stopped, or interrupted.
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์ž์Œ์€ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
So, we need to understand where it is stopped, partially stopped, or interrupted
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
02:31
inside the mouth: in the back, in the middle, up in the front, in the nose.
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์ž… ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๋’ค, ์ค‘๊ฐ„, ์•ž, ์ฝ”.
02:37
So, we need to understand where each sound is produced, and
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:41
this is why we have the columns.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ด์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
The columns actually represent the place of articulation.
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๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์กฐ์Œ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
And actually, the order of the chart is according to the order
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฐจํŠธ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Š”
02:54
of the articulation organs.
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์กฐ์Œ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
02:56
So here, as you'll see in a second, we have the front of the mouth
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ, ์ž ์‹œ ํ›„์— ๋ณด์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž…์˜ ์•ž์ชฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:02
- bilabial, which means the lips.
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. ์ž…์ˆ ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ˆœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
And as you go back, you also go back in the mouth, right?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์ž…์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ฃ ?
03:09
A little further back, further back, further back, all the way until the end.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋’ค๋กœ, ๋” ๋’ค๋กœ, ๋” ๋’ค๋กœ, ๋๊นŒ์ง€.
03:13
So, that is the meaning of the columns right here.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์—ด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
So that's the first thing we need to take into consideration
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ธ
03:19
- the place of articulation.
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์กฐ์Œ ์œ„์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
The second thing we need to take into consideration is the
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€
03:25
manner of articulation, the way in which the sound is produced.
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์กฐ์Œ ๋ฐฉ์‹, ์ฆ‰ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
Is it a stop sound?
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์ •์ง€์Œ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
03:32
Is it a nasal sound?
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์ฝง์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
03:35
Is it a fricative?
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๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
03:38
So the rows here represent the different manner in which the consonant is produced.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ–‰์€ ์ž์Œ์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
And the last thing we have is the voicing - whether or not the
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
consonant is voiced or voiceless.
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์ž์Œ์ด ์œ ์„ฑ์ด๋“  ๋ฌด์„ฑ์ด๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
Voicing is all about the question whether or not the consonant is produced
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๋ณด์ด์‹ฑ์€ ์ž์Œ์ด
03:59
with air only or the vocal chords are vibrating, creating a sound, turning
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๊ณต๊ธฐ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ 
04:09
it into another consonant, even though we still have the same manner and
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:14
we still have the same placement.
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.
04:17
And you will understand all of this in a second as I go through all the consonants
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž์Œ
04:21
and their placement on the chart.
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๊ณผ ์ฐจํŠธ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ โ€‹โ€‹์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
Okay.
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04:24
So stick with me, everything is going to be totally clear at the end.
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์ข‹์•„์š”.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
So up until this point, the thing you need to understand is that a
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04:33
consonant is produced by taking three elements into consideration.
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์ž์Œ์€ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
One - the place of articulation, where the sound is stopped, partially stopped, or
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ํ•˜๋‚˜ - ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:43
interrupted: the lips, the middle of the mouth, the back of the mouth, the teeth.
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์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ์Œ ์œ„์น˜: ์ž…์ˆ , ์ž… ์ค‘์•™, ์ž… ๋’ค์ชฝ, ์น˜์•„.
04:49
The second is the manner of articulation.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์กฐ์Œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
So, to produce a consonant, the air needs to come out - and sometimes it's air with
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž์Œ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™€์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š”
04:56
voice - so the air needs to come out.
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๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
And then it comes out of the mouth or the nose in a certain form.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ž…์ด๋‚˜ ์ฝ”์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค.
05:03
Sometimes it's stopped and released.
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์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
Sometimes it's gradually released.
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์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
Sometimes it's released through the sides.
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด์ œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
So, that is the manner of articulation, and we need to know
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์กฐ์Œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
05:16
the manner of each consonant.
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๊ฐ ์ž์Œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
First of all, to understand how consonants are organized, but also to be able to
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์šฐ์„ , ์ž์Œ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:22
produce it effortlessly, if English, in this case, is not your first language.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
05:28
Because we do it pretty intuitively without thinking about it when it's
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๊ฝค ์ง๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
our first language, but when we speak a second language, this is where
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ 2์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
05:34
it starts to get a little tricky.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์›Œ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
So, understanding the manner, the placement, and - do you
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งค๋„ˆ, ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:40
remember what the third thing is?
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:43
- the voicing: whether the consonant is voiced or voiceless - is what is going
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- ์œ ์„ฑ: ์ž์Œ์ด ์œ ์„ฑ์ด๋“  ๋ฌด์„ฑ์ด๋“  -
05:49
to help you understand how to produce any consonant in English and in any language.
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์˜์–ด์™€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ์ž์Œ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
So voicing, just to remind you, is the difference between consonants
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณด์ด์‹ฑ์€
05:59
that are produced where the air is coming out only - /s/.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์Œ(/s/)์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
Or air and voice, meaning the vocal chords are vibrating - /z/.
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๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์Œ์„ฑ - /z/.
06:10
And by the way, you can feel the difference here.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
If you put your hand here, on your neck, and you produce the S sound and then the
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ชฉ์— ์†์„ ๋Œ€๊ณ  S ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ธ ๋‹ค์Œ
06:21
Z sound, you'll feel the difference here.
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Z ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Š๋‚„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
For the /s/ sound, you won't feel a lot of things.
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/s/ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
For the /z/, you'll feel a lot of vibrations, that's a signal that
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/z/์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง„๋™์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š”
06:32
your vocal chords are vibrating.
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์„ฑ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
And everything, again, is represented here on the chart.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ฐจํŠธ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
So, the way it's organized: place of articulation, manner of
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์กฐ์Œ ์œ„์น˜,
06:45
articulation, and voicing is within the same box, right, cause it's
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์กฐ์Œ ๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ณด์ด์‹ฑ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ์ž ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
the same placement, same manner.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฐ์น˜, ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
To the left you'll always see the voiceless consonant, the
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์™ผ์ชฝ์—๋Š”
06:54
voiceless option of this pair.
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์ด ์Œ์˜ ๋ฌด์„ฑ ์˜ต์…˜์ธ ๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ž์Œ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
And the voiced is to the right, voiced option of this pair.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ์€ ์ด ์Œ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ ์˜ต์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
And sometimes there is only one option - you don't have two
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜ต์…˜๋งŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
options of voiced and voiceless.
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์œ ์„ฑ์Œ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์„ฑ์Œ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ต์…˜์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
And you'll see why that is in just a little bit.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
Okay?
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07:10
This is in English.
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
It doesn't mean that in other languages you don't have the choice
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š”
07:14
between voiced and voiceless.
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์œ ์„ฑ์Œ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์„ฑ์Œ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
In English, it means that there isn't if you only see one consonant in a box.
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์˜์–ด๋กœ ์ƒ์ž์— ์ž์Œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
But a box helps us understand always the place of articulation
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์ž๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์กฐ์Œ์˜ ์œ„์น˜
07:26
and the manner of articulation.
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์™€ ์กฐ์Œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
So here's how it's going to work.
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์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ด์„
07:29
I'm going to take you through the column (I always confuse columns and
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ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (ํ•ญ์ƒ ์—ด๊ณผ ํ–‰์„ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:34
rows) I'm going to take you through the columns of the place of articulation.
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) ์กฐ์Œ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์—ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
And then we'll see what are the consonants that are produced at that
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทธ ํŠน์ • ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์Œ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€
07:42
specific place, based on the different manner, and if it's voiced or voiceless.
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, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌด์„ฑ์Œ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
It's going to be very, very exciting.
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์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ์‹ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
Okay.
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07:51
So are you ready?
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์ข‹์•„์š”.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:52
Let's get started with going through all the different consonants of English.
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์˜์–ด์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž์Œ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
07:57
We're going to begin with this column.
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์ด ์นผ๋Ÿผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
Remember, this is the place of articulation.
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์กฐ์Œ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
And this column is the bilabial consonants.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์—ด์€ ์–‘์ˆœ ์ž์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
Remember: place of articulation where the consonant is produced, right?
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”: ์ž์Œ์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ์Œ ์œ„์น˜, ๋งž์ฃ ?
08:09
And bilabial consonants are consonants that are produced at the lips.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Œ์ˆœ์ž์Œ์€ ์ž…์ˆ ์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
That means that the sound is stopped, partially stopped, or interrupted.
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์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ง€, ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘๋‹จ๋จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
So think of what sounds are produced here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
08:22
Don't look.
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๋ณด์ง€๋งˆ.
08:24
Okay?
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08:24
So, think of what sounds are produced here.
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค .
08:29
/p/, right?
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/p/ ๋งž์ฃ ?
08:30
So when you think about it, probably a P sound comes to mind
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ P ์†Œ๋ฆฌ
08:35
and a B sound, and you're right.
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์™€ B ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
Now, the first row is oral stop.
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์ด์ œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ–‰์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์ค‘์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
Oral stop is when the air, or air with voice, is stopped and released.
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๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์ •์ง€๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ, ์ฆ‰ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ํ•ด์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
08:46
All at once.
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์—.
08:47
/p/, right?
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/p/ ๋งž์ฃ ?
08:48
Stopped, air pressure is kind of building up and released.
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๋ฉˆ์ถ˜ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์••์ด ์ถ•์ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
/p/, right?
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/p/ ๋งž์ฃ ?
08:54
It's very different from a fricative, which we'll talk about
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๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
08:57
in a second, where the air comes out continuously with a friction.
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๋งˆ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
So, /p/.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ /ํ”ผ/.
09:06
So right here in this box, we're seeing consonants that are produced
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ์ƒ์ž์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
09:10
at the lips and produced with a stop.
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์ž…์ˆ ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์ค‘์ง€๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์Œ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
And, lo and behold, there are two different consonants.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ผ, ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž์Œ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
There's the P, which is the voiceless consonant, cause it's just air.
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๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ž์Œ์ธ P๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
And there is the B - /b/, which is the voiced consonant.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ์ธ B - /b/๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
09:26
So the air comes out, the vocal chords are vibrating, and the air is released.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์„ฑ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
P - B.
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P - B.
09:35
Try it with me.
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๋‚˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด๋ด.
09:36
P - B.
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P - B.
09:38
Now, it's really interesting to see if you are the kind of person who struggles
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์ž, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด ๋‘ ์ž์Œ์˜ ๋ฐœ์Œ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ์ง€,
09:43
with the pronunciation of these two consonants or one of them, right?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ฃ ?
09:47
You, first of all, have to ask yourself, "Okay, why is it so confusing
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋จผ์ € ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
for me to produce one consonant?"
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09:54
Because you're already doing what it takes to produce the other consonants.
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž์Œ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
For example, for Arabic speakers, the /p/ sound does not exist.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์•„๋ž์–ด ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ /p/ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
But the /b/ sound does exist.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ /b/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
So you're already doing everything right: creating that pressure, stopping the sound
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ 
10:11
and releasing it, doing it with your lips.
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, ์ž…์ˆ ๋กœ ๋ฑ‰์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
But you're always activating the vibrations of your vocal chords.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์„ฑ๋Œ€์˜ ์ง„๋™์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
And here, to produce the P, all you need to do is just whisper it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ P๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์†์‚ญ์ด๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
Right?
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ?
10:26
Which means not to activate the vocal chords, it's just the air.
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์ฆ‰, ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
You know how to produce voiceless consonants, you know how to produce
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๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ž์Œ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  , ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ž์Œ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
10:34
a similar consonant, so there is no reason why you shouldn't be able to
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10:37
produce a consonant within this box.
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์ด ์ƒ์ž ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ž์Œ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
10:42
So this is why it's really good to understand how it all works, because
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์€ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
10:45
then you're like, "Oh, so it's just the brain playing tricks on me.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ "์˜ค, ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์†์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์•ผ.
10:50
My mouth is perfectly fine and knows how to produce the sounds
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๋‚ด ์ž…์€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๊ณ  ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
that need to be produced in English.
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์˜์–ด๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
Okay, moving on.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—
10:58
Cause we have one more consonant here and this is the M sound.
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์ž์Œ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด M ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
/m/.
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/m/.
11:04
So, the air is stopped in the lips, but this is a nasal stop.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž…์ˆ ์—์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
So, I stopped the air here, and the air comes out through the nose.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ท„์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
It's like, where do I go?
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์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
11:17
Where do I go?
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์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
11:18
Cause the air has to come out.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™€์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
Right?
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11:19
So for the P and B, the air kind of like manages to break out through the lips.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
P์™€ B์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ํ„ฐ์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
But for the M sound, the air can't come out through the mouth, so the air
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ M์Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
11:31
is looking for other places to come out, and then it comes out through the
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๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์„ ์ฐพ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
11:36
nasal passages and through the nose.
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์ฝง๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
Nasal consonants in English are always voiced.
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์˜์–ด๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
So, you always activate the vocal chords for nasal consonants,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋น„์Œ ์ž์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
as you'll see, always.
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11:49
So we don't have pairs here...
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์Œ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค...
11:51
something to think about.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
Okay.
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์•Œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
No fricatives in the lips, no affricates, I'll talk about those in a second.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์š” f ์ž…์ˆ ์˜ ricatives, affricates ์—†์Œ, ์ž ์‹œ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
So for example, a fricative here, there is actually a sound that is a fricative.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์ธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
For example, /v/.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, /v/.
12:07
But it does not mean that it's going to be empty in other languages as well.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ๋„ ๋น„์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
Okay.
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12:13
Moving on to labiodental.
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ๋ผ
๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋ดํƒˆ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
Labiodental: dental, 'dental', like 'dentist', is all about the teeth.
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Labiodental: ์น˜๊ณผ, '์น˜๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ'์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ '์น˜๊ณผ'๋Š” ์น˜์•„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
So yes, the teeth take part in articulation as well.
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์˜ˆ, ์น˜์•„๋„ ์กฐ์Œ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
And 'labio' has to do with lips, right?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '๋ผ๋น„์˜ค'๋Š” ์ž…์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ ?
12:28
So lips and teeth.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž…์ˆ ๊ณผ ์น˜์•„.
12:31
What sounds come out through the combination of lips and teeth?
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์ž…์ˆ ๊ณผ ์น˜์•„์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:36
Think about it, I'll let you think about it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”, ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
Do we have oral stops in this position?
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์ด ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์ •์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:41
No.
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12:42
Right?
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๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์—†๋‹ค?
12:43
/buh/ - that would be an oral stop.
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/buh/ - ๊ตฌ๋‘ ์ค‘์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
/buh/ - it doesn't exist in English.
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/buh/ - ์˜์–ด๋กœ๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ฐ•
12:49
Do we have a nasal stop?
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์ค‘์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:54
Maybe, it's too similar to an M sound.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด M ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ์™€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:56
So this is one of those like, "Mmm, no, we're not going to put any consonants
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ "์Œ, ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ž์Œ๋„ ๋„ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:00
here" - the people who invented English.
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"์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค - ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค.
13:03
And then...
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ...
13:04
I'm going to erase that because that actually is a consonant, the
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ž์Œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
phonetic symbol of a consonant.
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์ž์Œ์˜ ๋ฐœ์Œ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
So, this is why I'm not going to put it here.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
But hey, fricative.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ด, ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ.
13:16
Fricative is a sound that comes out gradually, that is partially
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๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์€ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ
13:20
stopped and then it comes out.
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๋ฉˆ์ถ”์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
And here we have two consonants, right?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ž์Œ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
13:24
Labiodental - bottom lip, top teeth.
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Labiodental - ์•„๋žซ ์ž…์ˆ , ์œ—๋‹ˆ.
13:28
This is the voiceless versus voiced.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์„ฑ ๋Œ€ ์œ ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
Now, something important to remember: this is a fricative, that means that
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์ด์ œ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰,
13:38
it's going to take you a little bit of time to pronounce this sound - 'vvvery'.
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์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ 'vvvery'๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
Now, some people might pronounce it as an oral stop - 'bery', just not
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์ž, ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์ค‘์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 'bery',
13:51
letting it flow out for long enough.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
Right?
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ?
13:56
And then it's going to sound a little differently.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
People who are not used to this sound might think that you're just pronouncing a
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์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ
14:03
/b/ sound - 'bery', so it's going to sound to them like "berry" instead of "very".
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/b/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ 'bery'๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ " very" ๋Œ€์‹  "berry"์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์Œ
14:09
So pay attention to the manner of articulation, because the manner of
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๋ฐฉ์‹
14:14
articulation is really important as well.
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๋„ ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กฐ์Œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด์„ธ์š”.
14:16
Okay, moving on.
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์ข‹์•„, ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด.
14:17
As you can see, the rest of the boxes are empty.
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๋ณด์‹œ ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ƒ์ž๋Š” ๋น„์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
So there are no consonants, no other consonants that are
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž์Œ์ด ์—†๊ณ ,
14:24
produced with the lips and teeth.
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์ž…์ˆ ๊ณผ ์น˜์•„๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž์Œ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:27
Dental - teeth, your favorite /f/ and /v/.
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์น˜๊ณผ - ์น˜์•„, ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” /f/ ๋ฐ /v/.
14:33
Fricatives as well, so again, it's a gradual sound.
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๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
You kind of like slow down the release of the air.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
This is the voiceless TH: /ฮธ/ as in 'think', voiceless.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์„ฑ TH: /ฮธ/ '์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ค'์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฌด์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
And this is the voiced TH - /รฐ/ as in 'they'.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 'they'์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ TH - /รฐ/์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
The only difference is the vibration of the vocal chords.
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ์„ฑ๋Œ€์˜ ์ง„๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
By the way, I have a lot of videos about each and every one of those consonants.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์Œ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
15:00
So, I'm going to link to all my consonant videos in the description.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์„ค๋ช…์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž์Œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ๋งํฌํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
15:06
Just so you know.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
Definitely, a lot of videos about the TH cause I know this might
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ํ™•์‹คํžˆ TH์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
15:10
be a struggle for many of you.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:12
So, voiceless TH - tongue and teeth.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฌด์„ฑ TH - ํ˜€์™€ ์น˜์•„.
15:17
Voiced TH /รฐ/: it's not a stop sound - 'tanks' - right?
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์œ ์„ฑ์Œ TH /รฐ/: ์ •์ง€์Œ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค - 'ํƒฑํฌ' - ๋งž์ฃ ?
15:24
Because then people might analyze it as another sound.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:27
No, it's a fricative.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
So it's a continuous sound, very similar to /f/-/v/, and later
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๋กœ /f/-/v/์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์ค‘์—
15:34
as you'll see, to /s/ and /z/.
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ /s/ ๋ฐ /z/์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
This is why these are common substitutions for the TH, if
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด TH์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:41
that sound is difficult for you.
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๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฑด
15:43
By the way, let's talk for a second about substitutions.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ , ๋Œ€์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž ์‹œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
15:46
If you are a speaker of English as a second language, and you're trying
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์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์ œ 2์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
15:49
to pronounce the /ฮธ/ sound, right, and it's hard for you, you are likely
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/ฮธ/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:55
to either pronounce a consonant that is in a close place, right?
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์Œ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
16:01
Very close place of articulation, in this case, a T and a D.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์กฐ์Œ ์œ„์น˜, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” T์™€ D.
16:05
Or a close manner - F-V: 'fink' instead of 'think'; or S-Z:
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๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹ - F-V: ' ์ƒ๊ฐ' ๋Œ€์‹  'ํ•‘ํฌ'; ๋˜๋Š” S-Z:
16:11
'sink' instead of 'think'.
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'์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ค' ๋Œ€์‹  '๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰๋‹ค'.
16:13
Right?
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ?
16:14
So, when you struggle with a certain consonant, you have to look around
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž์Œ์ด ๊ณ ๋ฏผ๋  ๋•Œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๊ณ ,
16:20
and, first, analyze what is the substitution and why you're going there.
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๋Œ€์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€, ์™œ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ๋จผ์ € ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
Because it's either close in articulation placement or in manner.
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์กฐ์Œ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ฐ€๊น๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:30
And again, that sheds so much light on pronunciation, and how we organize
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐœ์Œ,
16:36
sounds in our brain, and why we choose to produce certain sounds in place of others.
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๋‡Œ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์‹  ํŠน์ • ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:40
Moving on.
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๊ณ„์†.
16:41
Let's talk about alveolar consonants, a very popular column, very
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์น˜์กฐ ์ž์Œ, ๋งค์šฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์นผ๋Ÿผ, ๋งค์šฐ
16:46
popular place of articulation.
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์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ์Œ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
16:48
So the alveolar ridge is that little bump right behind the teeth.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์น˜์กฐ ์œต๊ธฐ๋Š” ์น˜์•„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋Œ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:52
Feel it with your tongue.
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ํ˜€๋กœ ๋Š๊ปด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
16:53
So, take your tongue, put it on the back of the teeth, and then kind
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ํ˜€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์น˜์•„ ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ๋Œ€๊ณ 
16:57
of like bring it up, like brush, or lick the inside of your mouth
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์นซ์†”์งˆ์„ ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž… ์•ˆ์„ ํ•ฅ์€
17:04
right through the teeth and then up.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์œ„๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์„ธ์š”.
17:06
And then there is this little bump as your gums, as your
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
17:09
tongue starts touching your gums.
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ํ˜€๊ฐ€ ์ž‡๋ชธ์— ๋‹ฟ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‡๋ชธ์— ์ž‘์€ ๋Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:11
And that is, that little bump is the alveolar ridge.
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์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ ์ž‘์€ ๋Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์น˜์กฐ ์œต๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:15
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
17:16
So all the consonants that are produced there - many of
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž์Œ(๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ž์Œ)์„
17:19
them - are called tip of the tongue consonants or alveolar consonants.
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ํ˜€๋ ์ž์Œ ๋˜๋Š” ํํฌ ์ž์Œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:24
Now, oral stop sound.
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์ด์ œ ๊ตฌ๋‘ ์ •์ง€์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:27
The sound is stopped completely and released.
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ํ•ด์ œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:32
So here we have /t/ - voiceless.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— /t/ - ๋ฌด์„ฑ์Œ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:37
Remember, the voiceless is always on the left.
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๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
17:39
And now try it with me.
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์ด์ œ ์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
17:42
/d/, right?
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/d/ ๋งž์ฃ ? ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ
17:43
The tip of the tongue is blocking the air here, by connecting
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ํ˜€๋์€
17:49
with the alveolar ridge, right?
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์น˜์กฐ์œต๊ธฐ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ ?
17:51
Blocking the air completely, that's an oral step, and releasing it.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ’€์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:55
There's like, thank God I'm out.
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๋งˆ์น˜, ์‹ ์ด์‹œ์—ฌ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:58
Okay?
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17:58
So that's a T and a D.
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด T์™€ D์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:00
Now, we also have a nasal stop.
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์ด์ œ ๋น„๊ฐ•๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜€๊ฐ€ ์น˜์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฝ”๋กœ
18:02
The air wants to come out through the nose is blocked because the tongue is
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๋‚˜์˜ค๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ํžˆ์ง€
18:05
like pushing against the alveolar ridge, but the air still wants to come out.
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๋งŒ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:10
So, it comes out through the nose.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฝ”๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:11
Try it, blocking here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
18:15
/n/, right?
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/n/ ๋งž์ฃ ?
18:17
That's the N.
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18:17
And that's the difference between M and N.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด N์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด M๊ณผ N์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:19
Now, if you tend to confuse those two sounds, notice that the only difference
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์ž, ์ด ๋‘ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€
18:23
here is the place of articulation.
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์กฐ์Œ ์œ„์น˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
18:26
It might be subtle to your ears, but it is still different.
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๊ท€์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:29
Listen: /n/ - the air is stopped here, right behind the
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๋“ฃ๊ธฐ: /n/ - ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉˆ์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์น˜์•„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค์—
18:33
teeth, /n/ with the tongue.
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/n/ ํ˜€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:35
Versus /m/ - air is stopped with the two lips.
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Versus /m/ - ๋‘ ์ž…์ˆ ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:39
Moving on.
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๊ณ„์†.
18:40
Fricative.
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๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ.
18:41
So here, the tongue is touching...
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ˜€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค...
18:45
is almost touching the upper palate.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ—์ž…์ฒœ์žฅ์— ๋‹ฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:46
Cause, you know, you have to release it slowly.
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์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ํ’€์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:49
Think of it like a balloon that you're holding the top and releasing air slowly.
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์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์žก๊ณ  ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฟœ๋Š” ํ’์„ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
18:54
/sssss/.
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/sssss/.
18:57
Right?
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ?
18:58
So that would be the S and the Z - /z/.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ S์™€ Z - /z/๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:03
By the way, as a side note, for a lot of people it's not going to be the tip of the
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋‹ด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
19:07
tongue that touches the alveolar ridge or the upper palate, it might be this part
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์น˜์กฐ ์œต๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ์ž…์ฒœ์žฅ์— ๋‹ฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜€์˜ ๋์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
19:13
of the tongue, the body of the tongue.
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ํ˜€์˜ ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„, ์ฆ‰ ํ˜€์˜ ๋ชธ์ฒด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:16
It doesn't matter.
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19:16
If you hear this sound, you're good to go.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๋„ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:19
S is voiceless, Z is voiced.
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S๋Š” ๋ฌด์„ฑ, Z๋Š” ์œ ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:22
So we have /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:28
I have to say that the S and Z are slightly to the back, right?
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S์™€ Z๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
19:32
The place of articulation is slightly to the back, but it's still
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์กฐ์Œ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ
19:35
considered as an alveolar consonant.
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์น˜๊ฒฝ ์ž์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:38
And then we have the /l/ consonant.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  /l/ ์ž์Œ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:42
It's also an alveolar consonant, but here, this is a new manner of articulation.
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์น˜๊ฒฝ์ž์Œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์กฐ์Œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:47
It's a lateral approximate.
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์ธก๋ฉด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:49
An approximate is a sound that the quality is not very defined.
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๊ทผ์‚ฌ์น˜๋Š” ์Œ์งˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ •์˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:54
It's like it's somewhere on the verge of a vowel because you hear
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19:59
the air and sound coming out.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ์ง์ „ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:02
It's not fully stopped, like /p/ and /d/ and /g/, right?
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/p/, /d/, /g/์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฉˆ์ถ˜๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ ?
20:07
But it's still considered to be a consonant.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ž์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:09
So, this is the L.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด L์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:12
For the L, the air is stopped here, but it still flows out
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L์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ
20:18
through the sides of the tongue.
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ํ˜€์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:20
/l/, right?
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/l/ ๋งž์ฃ ?
20:22
The tip of the tongue touches the upper palate, the air is
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ํ˜€๋์ด ์œ—์ž…์ฒœ์žฅ์— ๋‹ฟ๊ณ 
20:25
coming out through the sides.
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์–‘์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:27
That's the approximate, the lateral approximate.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์น˜, ์ธก๋ฉด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:30
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
20:31
So it's like almost a constant, almost.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:35
It's almost a vowel, somewhere in between.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:38
Good.
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์ข‹์€.
20:39
Postalveolar.
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ํํฌํ›„.
20:40
If you take your tongue and you kind of like lick the inside of
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ํ˜€๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ์ž‡๋ชธ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์„ ํ•ฅ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
20:43
your gums, you go through the bump and right behind the bump, right?
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๋Œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋Œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค์— ๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
20:49
There is like this little curve.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘์€ ๊ณก์„ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:51
That's called the postalveolar placement or articulation.
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์ด๋ฅผ ํํฌํ›„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ์Œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:57
And here, we don't have any stops, no.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:01
At least not in American English.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ ์˜์–ด๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:04
Nasal stop - we don't have that.
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๋น„๊ฐ• ์ •์ง€ - ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:09
But we do have a fricative.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:10
Remember, a fricative is when the two organs are almost
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๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์€ ๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜
21:14
touching each other, right?
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ฟ์„ ๋•Œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
21:16
It's not fully blocking, almost touching each other, but they're
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ฟ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
21:21
leaving very little room for the air to pass or the air with voice.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:25
And that creates this sound: /f/, /s/, /สƒ/.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค : /f/, /s/, /สƒ/.
21:31
So, the place of articulation of a /สƒ/ sound and a /ส’/ sound,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ /สƒ/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ /ส’/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กฐ์Œ ์œ„์น˜๋Š”
21:35
which is the voiced pair, right?
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์œ ์„ฑ์Œ ์Œ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
21:38
This is voiceless.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:39
Try it.
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์‹œ๋„ ํ•ด๋ด.
21:40
/สƒ/ - /ส’/, right?
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/สƒ/ - /ส’/ ๋งž์ฃ ?
21:43
So, it's right behind that bump, postalveolar, and it's a fricative.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” postalveolar์ด๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:50
But hey, there is a new...
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ด, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด... ๋ธ”๋ก
21:53
there is a new manner on the block, and that is affricate.
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์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋งค๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ดด๋กญ๋‹ค.
21:58
Affricate.
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ํŒŒ์—ด ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ.
21:59
It's like Africa with the T at the end.
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๋์— T๊ฐ€์žˆ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:01
Affricate.
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ํŒŒ์—ด ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ.
22:04
Affricate is a combination of a stop sound and a fricative.
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Affricate๋Š” ์ •์ง€์Œ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:10
Stop sound and a fricative together.
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
22:12
Why?
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22:12
Because we can, so why not?
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์™œ?
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์™œ ์•ˆ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
22:14
Because it's kind of like another creation of a sound, it's very efficient
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
22:19
and very confusing for some people.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:22
So, the affricate: right behind that little bump, but postalveolar
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, affricate: ๊ทธ ์ž‘์€ ์œต๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ postalveolar
22:27
affricate would be /tสƒ/, right?
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affricate๋Š” /tสƒ/๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
22:30
So you block the sound with a T, but instead of releasing it, you're releasing
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ T๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
22:36
it into the closest fricative, /tสƒ/.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์ธ /tสƒ/๋กœ ํ•ด์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:41
So basically, it's like a /t/ and a /สƒ/ sound together.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” /t/์™€ /สƒ/๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง„ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:47
/tสƒ/.
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/tสƒ/.
22:50
And that's the voiced...
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ...
22:52
voiceless, I mean, consonant.
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๋ฌด์„ฑ์Œ, ์ œ ๋ง์€, ์ž์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:57
And the /dส’/ sound: again, you take the voiced stop sound - /d/, and then you
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  /dส’/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ: ๋‹ค์‹œ ์œ ์„ฑ ์ •์ง€์Œ - /d/๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ
23:04
release it gradually to the fricative.
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์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:06
/dส’/ - this is the voiced.
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/dส’/ - ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:11
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
23:14
Now, for many speakers, this is really confusing.
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์ž, ๋งŽ์€ ํ™”์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:17
'cash' - 'catch', right?
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'ํ˜„๊ธˆ' - '์žก๋‹ค' ๋งž์ฃ ?
23:19
Because they don't have that distinction in their language.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:22
They don't have fricative and affricate.
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๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:25
Right?
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ?
23:26
So the only have one, so sometimes they might merge it.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:28
Merge it, like I just did - 'merge' it.
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”. '๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ'ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ /dส’
23:31
That would be me merging the /ส’/ and the /dส’/, right, if it's
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/๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋ฉด /ส’/์™€
23:36
hard for me to pronounce /dส’/.
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/dส’/๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
23:38
So 'merging' - /dส’/, and, you know, you want to be able to
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ '๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ' - /dส’/, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
23:43
distinguish between the two.
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์ด ๋‘˜์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:45
A quick tip that I can give you is, really, one - is just, you know,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅธ ํŒ์€ ์ •๋ง ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ,
23:49
there is no stop, it flows out freely.
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์ค‘๋‹จ์ด ์—†๊ณ  ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:53
/สƒ/ - /ส’/.
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/สƒ/ - /ส’/.
23:59
And this one is completely stopped.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:00
So you really start with a T sound, you block the air, and then you
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ •๋ง T ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ณ 
24:04
think of pronouncing as a /สƒ/ sound.
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/สƒ/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:10
All the air comes out.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:11
Same thing here: pronouncing a D - I hope you're doing it
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: D ๋ฐœ์Œ -
24:16
with me - /dส’/ releasing air.
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์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค - /dส’/ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฟœ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:19
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
24:21
So that is the affricate.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ affricate์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:22
And then we have an approximate.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:25
And that, my friends, is the R.
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R.
24:28
Postalveolar, the tongue is coming up, but it's not as close as the /สƒ/ and /ส’/,
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Postalveolar๋Š” ํ˜€๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ /สƒ/ ๋ฐ /ส’/๋งŒํผ ๊ฐ€๊น์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ณ 
24:35
it's further back, but the tongue still directs towards the postalveolar position.
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๋” ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜€๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ postalveolar ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:41
This is why it's like similar between a consonant and a vowel.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž์Œ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์Œ์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:46
/r/.
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/์•„๋ฅด ์žํ˜•/.
24:48
I have a lot of videos about the R.
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์ €๋Š” R์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” R์„ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋Š”
24:50
I'm not going to teach you how to pronounce the R, I'm just going
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€
24:52
to tell you: it's a postalveolar consonant, and it's an approximate.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์น˜์กฐํ›„ ์ž์Œ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋žต์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:56
So, you know that it's somewhere between a vowel and a consonant.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ชจ์Œ๊ณผ ์ž์Œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:00
It's not the scientific linguistic term, okay?
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๊ณผํ•™์  ์–ธ์–ด ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ , ์•Œ์•˜์ฃ ?
25:04
So don't use it if you have a test about consonants at the university.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์ž์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š” .
25:09
But it's just my way of explaining the difference between, you know,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
25:15
the /r/ sound and the /สƒ/ sound, and why this is a little harder to
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/r/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ /สƒ/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
25:19
pronounce because it's more vague.
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๋” ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:22
And by the way, when I try to teach how to pronounce the R sound, a lot of
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ R ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
25:25
times I start with a /ส’/ sound, /ส’/.
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/ส’/, /ส’/๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์š”.
25:28
Because all you need to do is pull the tongue away a little bit.
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ํ˜€๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:33
Because they're very similar in terms of placement.
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๋ฐฐ์น˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:37
Food for thought.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ.
25:38
Okay.
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์ข‹์•„์š”.
25:39
So that is the /r/, the American /r/ sound.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด /r/, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ /r/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:42
No lateral approximate.
443
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์ธก๋ฉด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:44
Actually, there is only one in American English, which is the L.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—๋Š” L์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
25:49
Moving on to palatal.
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๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:51
Palatal is the hard palate, that roof in the back, before we get to the uvula
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์ž…์ฒœ์žฅ์€ ๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•œ ์ž…์ฒœ์žฅ, ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ถ•,
26:00
that is hanging there, right - the soft part and the back, the velum.
447
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ –์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—, ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ - ์—ฐ์•ฝํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋’ค์ชฝ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:05
So, the palate, the hard palate is up here in the back.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž…์ฒœ์žฅ, ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:08
So, palatal.
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๊ตฌ๊ฐœ.
26:10
What do we have here?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
26:11
No stop sounds, no fricatives, no nasals.
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์ •์ง€์Œ๋„, ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ๋„, ๋น„์Œ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:15
I feel like a teacher right now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:17
No affricates.
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๊ณ ํ†ต์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:19
But we do an approximate.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:22
Okay?
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26:22
And this is, even though it looks like a J, it's not a J, it's a /j/ sound.
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ J์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ J๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ /j/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:27
This is the /j/.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด /j/์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:29
I'll put like little 'y' here, just so you remember it.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ž‘์€ 'y'๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
26:32
Because the letter Y is usually associated with the /j/ sound as in "yes" or "yay".
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๋ฌธ์ž Y๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ "yes" ๋˜๋Š” "yay"์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด /j/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:39
But this is the IPA, the IPA of the /j/ sound.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ IPA, /j/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ IPA์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:45
So, yes, it's where the tongue goes very, very close, but not close enough,
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์˜ˆ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜€๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๊น์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ณ 
26:53
not too close to the hard palate.
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๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ€๊น์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:56
So the back of the tongue rises up, it's not touching.
463
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ˜€์˜ ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์œ„๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‹ฟ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ
26:59
It's not 'gya', that would be a stop sound here - 'gya', that sound does not exist.
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์ •์ง€์Œ์ด ๋˜๋Š” '๊ฐธ'๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๊ฐธ'๋ผ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:04
It's not a fricative - 'yyya', okay?
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๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค - 'yyya', ์•Œ์•˜์ฃ ?
27:09
Not a nasal sound.
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์ฝง์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:10
So, this is an approximate.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€๋žต์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:14
/j/.
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/์ œ์ด/.
27:17
Then we have velar consonants.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ ์ž์Œ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:20
That's, basically, the throat.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:24
I want you to think of it as the throat.
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๋ชฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต
27:25
That's the soft part in the throat and the back of the tongue that
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๋ชฉ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ๊ณผ ํ˜€์˜ ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
27:30
usually come together, right?
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๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ฃ ?
27:32
This is how we close the back of the tongue.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜€์˜ ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋‹ซ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:35
So, for a stop sound, we bring the back of the tongue up, the roof of
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ •์ง€์Œ์€ ํ˜€์˜ ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์œ„๋กœ,
27:41
the mouth - the soft part of the roof of the mouth down, /k/, right?
476
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์ž…์ฒœ์žฅ - ์ž…์ฒœ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ, /k/, ๋งž์ฃ ?
27:47
This is a voiceless consonant.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ž์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:49
And /g/ - this is a voiced consonant, right?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  /g/ - ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ์ด์ฃ ?
27:54
The air is stopped and released.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:57
/k/ - /g/.
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/ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ/.
27:59
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
28:00
We actually have a nasal sound here, where we block the air.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์Œ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:03
So think of you trying to pronounce the /g/ sound, but the air can't come out.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด /g/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
28:10
So, it's going to come out through the nose - /ล‹/.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฝ”๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค - /ล‹/.
28:15
The back of the tongue is up, you're closing, the air
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ํ˜€์˜ ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์œ„๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ซํžˆ๊ณ 
28:19
comes out through the nose.
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์ฝ”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:20
That's the NG consonant, as in 'sing', 'sing'.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 'sing', 'sing'์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด NG ์ž์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:26
'sing' - one word, versus 'sin', where the tip of the tongue is touching the
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'sing' - ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด, 'sin'์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ˜€๋์ด
28:32
upper palate, the air is blocked here.
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์œ—์ž…์ฒœ์žฅ์— ๋‹ฟ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ํž™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '
28:35
Versus 'sim', like 'SIM card'.
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SIM ์นด๋“œ'์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ 'sim' ๋Œ€.
28:38
'sim', where the air is blocked here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ํžˆ๋Š” '์‹ฌ'.
28:40
Right?
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ?
28:41
So, placement matters.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. #placement_matters
28:44
We need to start a movement- #placement_matters.
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์šด๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
28:48
So, NG /ล‹/: the air comes out through the nose.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ NG /ล‹/: ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:52
We also have an approximate here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ๋Œ€๋žต์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:54
The /w/ sound.
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/w/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ.
28:57
/w/.
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28:57
Now, observant people here might say, "Wait a minute, you're
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/w/.
์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ "์ž ๊น๋งŒ, /w/์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
29:01
doing something with your lips for the /w/, it's produced here.
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์ž…์ˆ ๋กœ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:05
But in fact, the consonant is really produced in the back of the mouth,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ž์Œ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ž… ๋’ค์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:11
right, as the back of the tongue goes up.
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ํ˜€์˜ ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:14
But it's not blocking the air completely, it's coming close
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ,
29:19
enough until that consonant - semi-consonant, semi-vowel is produced.
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๊ทธ ์ž์Œ -๋ฐ˜์ž์Œ, ๋ฐ˜๋ชจ์Œ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:26
/w/, right?
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/w/ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
29:28
And the lips are also involved in the pronunciation of this sound.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž…์ˆ ๋„ ๋ฐœ์Œ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ.
29:31
Yes, it's true.
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๋„ค, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:33
But mainly, what creates that sound - /w/ - is the back of the tongue.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ (/w/)๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜€์˜ ๋’ท๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:39
And the lips too.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž…์ˆ ๋„์š”.
29:40
So, the lips are also a part of it.
510
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž…์ˆ ๋„ ๊ทธ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:43
Okay, that's it.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:44
Lastly, we have the glottal consonant.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ์ž์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:48
And this something that cannot be erased.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:51
So, this is the glottal consonant.
514
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ์ž์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:54
A glottal consonant is produced in the glottis.
515
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์„ฑ๋ฌธ์€ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:56
The glottis is basically where your voice is produced, it's the
516
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์„ฑ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
30:00
vocal box, you can even feel it.
517
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. ์„ฑ๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:04
For men it's a little more visible, right behind your Adam's apple.
518
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๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•„๋‹ด์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค์— ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:07
And the glottis is this opening, through which the air is coming out and where the
519
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์ด ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:15
vocal chords exist and live and vibrate.
520
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์„ฑ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ด๊ณ  ์ง„๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ.
30:19
So, you have the ability to close it and open it, close it and open it.
521
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ์—ด๊ณ  ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ์—ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:27
So the consonant that we have, that is a glottal consonant, is /h/ as in "Hi".
522
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์Œ, ์ฆ‰ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ์ž์Œ์€ "์•ˆ๋…•"์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด /h/์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ
30:34
Where the air is restricted here, in the glottis, right?
523
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๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
30:39
Coming out slowly for an H sound.
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H ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:43
Now, just so you know, we also have a stop sound.
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์ž, ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ •์ง€์Œ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:47
It's not a phoneme, it's not like a legit consonant in American English.
526
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์Œ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ ์˜์–ด์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ์ž์Œ๊ณผ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:52
So, it's not marked on the chart in standard American, but just so you
527
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ ์ฐจํŠธ์—๋Š” ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด
30:59
know, there's this thing called - you might've heard it - glottal stop.
528
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ - ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค - ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ๋ฉˆ์ถค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:05
This is how it looks like - /ส”/.
529
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค - /ส”/.
31:06
And it sounds something like this.
530
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:10
Where you close the glottis, right, the air is stopped and then released.
531
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์„ฑ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๋Š” ๊ณณ, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉˆ์ถ˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:17
Like in the word [หˆwษ”หส”ษ™], right?
532
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[หˆwษ”หส”ษ™]๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”?
31:21
"water" in some dialects.
533
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์˜ "๋ฌผ".
31:23
Where the T is replaced with a glottal stop.
534
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T๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ์Šคํ†ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ.
31:29
Actually, when there is a word that starts with a vowel, like "I",
535
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์‚ฌ์‹ค "I"์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ชจ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
31:34
usually there is a very small glottal stop at the beginning of the word.
536
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๋ณดํ†ต ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ๋งˆ์นจํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:40
Cause you're not really saying '[a]I', right?
537
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ '[a]I'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
31:44
You're not saying '[h]I'.
538
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ '[h]I'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:46
A lot of times you're adding a little glottal stop.
539
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž‘์€ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ์Šคํ†ฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:50
So, this exists in different English dialects, like the example that I
540
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ค€ ์˜ˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์–ด ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์— ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
31:56
gave you, even in American English in the word 'Manhattan', 'Manhattan'.
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'Manhattan', 'Manhattan'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:00
A lot of times people use the glottal stop instead of the T before an N.
542
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ N ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” T ๋Œ€์‹  ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ๋งˆ์นจํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:04
So this is why I wanted to introduce you to this consonant,
543
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ž์Œ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:07
because it might be useful.
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์œ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:09
But technically speaking, it's not a part of the phonemes - the
545
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—„๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด
32:15
sounds that are represented in the brain of standard American.
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ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์Œ์†Œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:20
What can I do?
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์–ด๋–กํ•ด?
32:21
So, okay.
548
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๊ทธ๋ž˜, ์•Œ์•˜์–ด.
32:24
I think that's it.
549
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32:24
I think we covered everything.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:26
Let's go through all the consonants together.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ž์Œ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
32:28
And I want you to pronounce them with me, and think about the placement,
552
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์น˜,
32:33
the manner, and the voicing.
553
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๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ณด์ด์‹ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:36
Bilabial.
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์Œ์ˆœ.
32:38
Oral stop: /p/ - /b/, voiceless - voiced.
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๊ตฌ๋‘ ์ค‘์ง€: /p/ - /b/, ๋ฌด์„ฑ - ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ.
32:44
Nasal - /m/.
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์ฝ” - /m/.
32:46
Then we have labiodental.
557
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ labiodental์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:48
Fricative: /f/ - /v/, voiceless and voiced.
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๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ: /f/ - /v/, ๋ฌด์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ.
32:53
Then we have dental, tongue and teeth: /ฮธ/ - /รฐ/, voiceless and voiced.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์น˜์•„, ํ˜€ ๋ฐ ์น˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. /ฮธ/ - /รฐ/, ๋ฌด์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ.
33:00
Then we have alveolar.
560
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ํํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:02
Stop: /t/ - voiceless, /d/ - voiced.
561
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์ •์ง€: /t/ - ๋ฌด์„ฑ์Œ, /d/ - ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ.
33:06
/m/ - nasal.
562
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/m/ - ์ฝ”.
33:08
/s/ - fricative, voiceless.
563
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/s/ - ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ, ๋ฌด์„ฑ.
33:11
/z/ - fricative, voiced.
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/z/ - ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ, ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ.
33:13
The L - /l/, lateral approximate.
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L - /l/, ์ธก๋ฉด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์น˜.
33:17
Then we have postalveolar.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ํํฌ ํ›„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:20
Fricative: /สƒ/ - voiceless, versus /ส’/ - voiced.
567
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๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ: /สƒ/ - ๋ฌด์„ฑ์Œ, /ส’/ - ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ.
33:26
/tสƒ/ - affricate, stop, and then a fricative, voiceless.
568
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/tสƒ/ - affricate, stop, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ, ๋ฌด์„ฑ์Œ.
33:32
/dส’/ - voiced.
569
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/dส’/ - ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ.
33:35
And then we have the approximate - /r/, where the tongue is kind of pointing
570
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋žต์ ์ธ - /r/์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ˜€๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜
33:41
towards the postalveolar position.
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postalveolar ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:46
Palatal.
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๊ตฌ๊ฐœ.
33:48
We only have an approximate and that is the /j/ sound.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต์ ์ธ /j/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:52
Then we have velar.
574
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:53
A few consonants here: /k/ and /g/, the stop sounds, right?
575
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์ž์Œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ: /k/ ๋ฐ /g/, ๋ฉˆ์ถค์Œ, ๋งž์ฃ ?
34:00
/k/ is voiceless, /g/ is voiced.
576
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/k/๋Š” ๋ฌด์„ฑ, /g/๋Š” ์œ ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:03
/ล‹/ - NG: the air is blocked as the back of the tongue goes up
577
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/ล‹/ - NG: ํ˜€์˜ ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
34:07
against the roof of the mouth, and the air comes out through the nose.
578
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์ž…์ฒœ์žฅ์— ๋‹ฟ์•„ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ํžˆ๊ณ  ์ฝ”๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค.
34:11
And /w/: we also incorporate the lips here.
579
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  /w/: ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ž…์ˆ ๋„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:15
And finally, we have the /h/ sound, a glottal fricative.
580
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์ธ /h/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:20
We also have the glottal stop - /ส”/, where you stop the air and release.
581
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์„ฑ๋ฌธ ๋ฉˆ์ถค - /ส”/๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ํ’€์–ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:28
That's it.
582
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์•ผ.
34:29
These were the consonants.
583
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์Œ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:31
Now, the question I have for you is, which consonant is the most
584
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์ž, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋“œ๋ฆด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž์Œ์ด
34:35
difficult for you to pronounce?
585
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๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
34:36
And whether or not understanding how it's organized, where it's supposed to
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋“ 
34:41
be placed, what's the closest consonant that you have in your native language
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, ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ž์Œ
34:45
or that is easy for you to produce?
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๋˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ž์Œ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
34:48
And can you understand how to shift from that consonant to the
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ž์Œ์—์„œ
34:53
consonant that you want to pronounce?
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๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ž์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
34:56
I don't know, maybe it's going to make your life a little easier.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:59
So let me know in the comments, which one of those consonants is the most difficult one,
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์ž์Œ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ค์šด์ง€ ๋Œ“๊ธ€๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์‹œ๊ณ ,
35:06
and if this lesson - the consonant masterclass - has helped you understand
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์ž์Œ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐํด๋ž˜์Šค๊ฐ€
35:12
the consonants of English even better.
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์˜์–ด์˜ ์ž์Œ์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
35:14
Now, I want to remind you that you can download the consonant
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์ด์ œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ž์Œ ์ฐจํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผœ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
35:17
chart that I've created for you.
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.
35:19
Just click the link below and download it.
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์•„๋ž˜ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
35:21
It's totally free.
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์™„์ „ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:22
So you can practice with it and write some notes.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:25
And, um, and that's it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์Œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์•ผ.
35:27
If you want to learn about vowels, the vowels of English, I also
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๋ชจ์Œ, ์˜์–ด ๋ชจ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด
35:31
have a masterclass about that, with a downloadable vowel chart.
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๋ชจ์Œ ์ฐจํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:37
So, I'm going to link to that below.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„๋ž˜์— ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:39
Thank you so, so much for being here with me throughout this entire masterclass.
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์ด ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํด๋ž˜์Šค ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:45
If you've come this far, it means that there is something about this that
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์™”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
35:48
is intriguing and interesting to you.
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๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:51
Which is great.
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35:51
And I'm happy to help and support you.
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๋•๊ณ  ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:53
By the way, come say 'hi' on Instagram and tell me how things are going for you.
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๊ทธ๋‚˜์ €๋‚˜ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์— '์•ˆ๋…•'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ธ์‚ฌ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์–ด๋–ค์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
35:59
I'm @hadar.accentsway.
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์ €๋Š” @hadar.accentsway์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:01
Have a beautiful, beautiful rest of the day.
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋‚จ์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๋˜์„ธ์š”.
36:03
And I'll see you here next week in the next video.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ์ฃผ์— ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ต™๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:06
Bye.
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์•ˆ๋…•.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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