How to Design Mosquitoes Out of Cities | Cameron Webb | TED

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang

We're going to have hotter, drier summers in our cities.

我們的城市將來會要面對 更熱、更乾的夏天。

We're going to have to deal with more frequent and intense heat waves.

我們將來會要處理 更頻繁更劇烈的熱浪。

It's going to have an impact on our health and well-being,

這將會對我們的健康 及安康有所影響，

but not just us.

但不只有我們。

What about the plants and animals that call our cities home?

住在我們城市裡的 植物和動物怎麼辦？

So what could we do about that?

我們能怎麼做？

We could green our cities, we could plant trees.

我們可以把城市綠化， 我們可以種樹，

The shade provided by trees provides protection

樹木的陰影能保護我們， 減少高溫的影響。

from those impacts of the heat.

But what do we need to make those plants thrive and survive?

但我們需要什麼，才能讓 那些植物茁壯並存活下來？

We need water.

我們需要水。

Our green cities need water, but mosquitoes also like water.

我們的綠色城市需要水，

但蚊子也很喜歡水。

And so how can we balance the impacts that come from both of those,

我們要如何在這兩者的 影響之間找到平衡？

if we perhaps are inadvertently creating increasing pests

我們也許是

不經意地讓害蟲變多，讓我們 自己的公共衛生風險增加，

and public health risks for ourselves

in the ways in which we try to respond to a changing climate?

而造成這個現象的竟是我們 因應氣候變遷的方法？

How can we green our cities and not create a problem with mosquitoes?

我們要如何將城市綠化， 同時不要造成蚊子問題？

The mosquito is the deadliest animal on the planet.

蚊子是地球上最致命的動物。

About half a million people die every year because of mosquito bite.

每年大約有一百萬人 因為被蚊子叮咬而死。

Diseases such as malaria and dengue

瘧疾和登革熱這類疾病

infect hundreds of millions of people every year, across the planet.

每年在全世界會感染數億人。

That burden of disease weighs quite heavily

社區和地方當權機關 艱辛地處理這些衝擊，

on both communities and local authorities,

肩負著非常沉重的疾病重擔。

as they struggle to try to deal with those impacts.

Here in Australia, we're very fortunate to be free

在澳洲這裡，我們很幸運沒有

一些由蚊子傳染的嚴重疾病，

of some of the more serious mosquito-borne diseases,

but there are still pathogens spread by local mosquitoes

但當地蚊子所散播的病原體仍然

that can make us sick.

會讓我們生病。

So something like Ross River virus.

比如羅斯河病毒。

If we get infected with this virus, we may not die,

如果我們感染到 這種病毒，也許不會死，

but we could get seriously ill.

但可能會重病。

Fever, rash, joint pain, fatigue ...

發燒、起疹子、關節痛、疲勞……

We could be battling illness for many months.

可能要花好幾個月的時間對抗疾病。

But notwithstanding the burden of disease,

但，儘管有疾病的重擔，

what about the nuisance that mosquitoes can have just to our day-to-day lives?

蚊子對我們日常生活的 帶來的困擾又如何呢？

How many of you have been bothered by mosquitoes

在座有多少人被蚊子騷擾過， 也許是在戶外享用烤肉時，

when you're outside, enjoying the barbecue

or visiting the local wetlands during summer?

或者在夏天去造訪當地的濕地時？

What about that mosquito that buzzes around your bedroom at night?

晚上在你臥室嗡個不停的蚊子呢？

How can we manage these risks and move forward,

我們要如何管理這些風險

and try to live in a greener city

向前邁進，想辦法住在更綠化的城市，

and not create opportunities for mosquitoes?

而且不要創造出機會給蚊子？

So I spend my summers sloshing about in wetlands,

我的夏天都花在濕地 泥濘裡看管蚊子。

wrangling mosquitoes.

若不談曬傷、蚊子叮咬，和泥巴，

Despite the sunburn and the mosquito bites and the mud,

I actually do quite like my job.

我其實還挺喜歡我的工作。

And I've also got a confession to make to you all ...

有件事我要對大家坦白……

I actually quite like mosquitoes.

我其實蠻喜歡蚊子的。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I'm quite fascinated by them.

我覺得牠們很迷人。

如果你有機會用顯微鏡看牠們， 我認為牠們其實很美麗，

I think they're actually quite beautiful,

if you get a chance to look at them underneath the microscope.

So before I started my research

在我開始做研究之前， 第一次透過顯微鏡看蚊子，

and first looked through a microscope at a mosquito,

I don't think I'd really given them much of a thought.

我當時並沒有想太多。

我知道牠們和海外的疾病爆發有關，

I knew that they were involved in outbreaks of disease overseas,

and I was quite familiar with that smell of a smoldering mosquito coil.

我也很熟悉燒蚊香的味道。

It still reminds me of summer holidays.

那仍然會讓我想起夏天的假期。

But the work I do now,

但我現在的研究及全國其他 科學家的研究，是在想辦法

together with that of scientists around the country,

is trying to work out how we can stop people getting sick

防止人因為被蚊子叮咬而生病。

because of mosquito bites.

It requires us to understand

我們必須要了解

the role that mosquitoes have in our local environment,

蚊子在我們的當地環境中 扮演什麼角色，

and how we can change our cities

以及我們能如何改變我們的城市

so that we're greening our cities,

讓我們可以綠化我們的城市，

we're mitigating those impacts of climate change,

可以減少氣候變遷帶來的衝擊，

but at the same time not creating opportunities for mosquitoes.

但同時不要製造機會給蚊子。

Did you know there are over 60 different types of mosquitoes

你可知道，在西雪梨就有 超過六十種不同的蚊子？

that are found in Western Sydney?

So it's not just that one mosquito that you slap on your arm and squash;

不只是停在你手臂上 被你打死的那一種，

they're an incredibly diverse and interesting range of animals.

這種動物的種類非常多樣化且有趣。

There's 60 different types across Western Sydney.

在西雪梨有六十種不同的蚊子。

These mosquitoes might be big, they might be small.

有的蚊子很大，有的很小。

They might be black with distinctively striped legs.

有的是黑色，腳上有明顯的條紋。

They might be a pale brown color.

有的是沙黃色，

Or they might be a really vibrant orange color.

也有非常亮的橘色。

But one of the things I love about all of these mosquitoes

關於蚊子，我最愛的其中一點是

is that they're very unique,

牠們非常獨特，能適應 非常不同類型的環境。

they've adapted to very different types of environment.

這是我喜歡牠們的原因之一， 因為牠們適應力超強。

It’s one of the reasons that I like them, because they’re incredibly adaptive.

But it’s also the thing that worries me about them,

但這也是我會擔心蚊子的原因之一，

因為牠們可能會適應 我們為城市創造的這些水源。

because they could be adapting to these sources of water

we're creating around our cities.

So mosquitoes are found in an incredibly wide range of environments,

所以，在很多不同的環境中 都可以找到蚊子，

from coastal rock pools

從海岸岩池到阿爾卑斯山區 融雪產生的溪流，

to snowmelt streams in our Alpine regions,

from polluted drains to pristine wetlands

從被汙染的排水道，到原始的濕地，

and almost every puddle of water in between.

以及幾乎是介於兩者 之間的所有水坑。

There are mosquitoes found in all of these environments.

在所有這些環境中都能找到蚊子。

And understanding how the mosquitoes interact with these environments

了解蚊子如何與這些環境及氣候互動

and the climate

is really important to understand how they might play a role

非常重要，可協助了解牠們 在疾病爆發中可能扮演的角色。

in outbreaks of disease.

But all of these mosquitoes essentially need two things:

但，基本上，這些蚊子 需要兩樣東西：

they need blood and they need water.

牠們需要血，牠們也需要水。

So I'll get to the blood in a little while,

我等一下會談到血，先讓我 談談為什麼水對蚊子很重要。

but let me talk to you about why water is really important for mosquitoes.

The humble mossie is a really frail and fragile creature.

卑微的蚊子是很虛弱且脆弱的 生物，彷彿會在強風當中解體。

Looks like it'll fall apart in a strong breeze.

It's hard to imagine these are the most dangerous animals on the planet.

很難想像牠們是地球上 最危險的動物。

But these animals kind of rely on water;

但這些動物需要仰賴水； 牠們驚人的生命循環始於水中。

they've got an amazing life cycle that starts in the water.

They need water.

牠們需要水。

所以卵會產在水源中以及水源附近，

So eggs are laid in and around sources of water,

and then, when it rains, or tides come into the wetlands,

接著，下雨時，或潮水進入濕地時，

these eggs hatch, and out of these eggs hatch these wormlike larvae

這些卵會孵化， 孵出像蟲一樣的幼蟲，

that swim around in the water.

在水中游來游去。

Maybe you’ve seen them in puddles or your pot plant saucers.

也許各位曾經在水坑 或放盆栽的墊盤中看過牠們。

Or maybe, as I did as a child,

或者像我小時候，

if you're a bit slow to clean your backyard swimming pool

如果你清理後院游泳池的進度 有點緩慢，天氣變暖時，

when warmer weather arrives,

all of a sudden, you can see these mosquitoes

突然間，你就會看到蚊子 在水面上游來游去。

swimming around at the top of the water.

But during summer, it might only take a week or so

但，在夏天，只要 一個星期左右牠們就會

for them to emerge from that water and start flying around.

從水中跑出來，開始飛來飛去。

They only live for a few weeks,

牠們的壽命只有幾個星期，

but during that time, they can bite a lot of people,

但在這段時間內， 牠們能叮咬很多人，

and they can lay more than a thousand eggs.

且牠們能產下超過一千個卵。

But to get those eggs, they need blood.

但牠們需要血才能產卵。

Mosquitoes need blood, that's why they bite.

蚊子需要血，所以牠們才會叮咬。

It's only the female mosquito that bites,

只有母蚊子會叮咬，

and she needs that protein hit in her blood to develop her eggs.

母蚊子需要血液中的 大量蛋白質，才能產卵。

They can live quite happily on plant juices and sugars, most of the time,

通常，蚊子靠植物汁液 和糖份就能活得很快樂。

but they really need that blood to develop eggs.

但牠們一定要血液才能產卵。

且牠們可以從各式各樣的動物 身上取得必要的血液，

And the animals they can get that blood from can be incredibly varied,

從牛和袋鼠，到鳥和青蛙。

from cows and kangaroos to birds to frogs.

But also us.

還有我們。

And I know some of us in this room, you're probably thinking,

我知道在座可能有人在想：

"Boy, mosquitoes sure like to bite me

「啊，蚊子超愛叮我， 就沒那麼愛叮我的朋友。」

more than they like to bite my friends."

And sometimes, we can be a bit unlucky like that.

有時，我們就是這樣運氣不好。

But it's also important to remember that mosquitoes, when they bite,

但，很重要的是要記住，

被蚊子叮時，不僅是皮膚上 會出現很癢的紅色腫塊，

can not only create an itchy red lump on our skin,

but they can also make us sick.

也有可能會生病。

They can transmit pathogens that make us sick.

牠們可能會傳染病原體， 讓我們生病。

But mosquitoes aren’t flying around,

但蚊子並不會飛來飛去

transferring droplets of infected blood from person to person.

將受感染的血滴從人傳給人。

These are not dirty syringes;

牠們不是不乾淨的注射器；

they’re much more complicated organisms.

牠們是有機體，複雜得多。

So the mosquitoes themselves have to become infected with the pathogen

蚊子自己本身

必須要先被病原體感染，

before they can pass that on to us.

然後才有可能傳給我們。

And when it comes to pathogen transmission,

在病原體傳染這方面，

not all mosquitoes are created equal.

蚊子並非生而平等。

It's why it's really important to understand mosquitoes,

這就是為什麼了解 蚊子十分重要，因為

because even though we have dozens of mosquitoes here in Sydney

雖然在雪梨有數十種蚊子

that could transmit something like Ross River virus,

能傳染羅斯河病毒，

there are no mosquitoes currently in Sydney

但目前在雪梨沒有任何蚊子

that can transmit the pathogens that cause more serious diseases,

會傳染造成更嚴重疾病的病原體，

things like dengue, chikungunya or Zika.

比如登革熱、屈公病，或茲卡病毒。

Let's hope it stays that way.

希望能持續下去。

So what does a green city look like for a mosquito?

所以，對蚊子而言， 綠色城市是什麼樣子的？

So first of all, there are trees that provide shade,

首先，有樹木，

能提供陰影，阻擋風和太陽……

protection from wind and sun ...

It provides these kind of protected, humid little areas,

它們能提供這種 有保護又潮濕的小區域，

where mosquitoes can take refuge.

能成為蚊子的庇護所。

The longer mosquitoes live,

蚊子活得越久，

the more people they bite,

就會叮咬越多人，

the more eggs they lay.

就會產下更多卵。

But it’s not so much the plants but the water they need,

但牠們很需要的是水而非植物， 對蚊子來說水很必要。

which is really critical for mosquitoes.

So in a green city, we have water tanks,

在綠色城市中，我們有水塔，

we build wetlands.

我們會建立濕地。

We’ve got green walls and frog ponds.

我們有綠牆和青蛙池。

We’ve got bioretention basins.

我們有生態調節池。

We’ve got rain gardens.

我們有雨花園。

All of these structures that might be designed to store and recycle water

在城市及近郊裡面及附近，有各種

設計來貯存水和回收水的結構，

in and around our cities and suburbs

could be used by mosquitoes.

它們都可能被蚊子利用。

Remember, mosquitoes love this water that's available to them.

切記，蚊子喜歡這種 牠們可以取得的水。

So how can we design our cities

那我們要怎麼設計城市，

so that mosquitoes aren't quick to adapt to these types of environments?

才能讓蚊子不要這麼快 適應這些環境？

Wherever there's water, mosquitoes will lay eggs,

只要有水的地方，蚊子就會產卵，

and we have to be mindful about that as we try to respond and green our cities,

我們要將這點謹記在心，再來 試圖做出因應並將城市綠化，

create the structures that will help us.

建造能幫助我們的結構。

It'll make a city greater.

這樣能讓城市變得更棒。

I want to live in a green city.

我想要住在綠色城市裡。

I would love to live in a green city;

我很想住在綠色城市裡； 對我的身心健康可能會很有益。

it's probably great for my physical and mental health and well-being.

我只是不想和太多蚊子分享這些。

I just don't want to share that with too many mosquitoes.

And mosquitoes are so adaptive

蚊子的適應力相當強，我很確定，

that I'm sure that they're going to create opportunities

牠們會在我們建造的這些 結構中創造出機會，所以

in these structures that we're building,

and so I'm really worried

我真的很擔心我們在未來 會看到更多更多蚊子。

that we're going to see more and more mosquitoes into the future.

那麼，要如何建立濕地， 又不讓它成為蚊子的家？

So how do you create a wetland that's not home to mosquitoes?

One of the really interesting pieces of research we've found in recent years

這幾年我們找到一些 有趣的研究，其中之一是

is that problematic mosquito populations

會造成問題的蚊子族群 通常似乎都會連結到

often seem to be associated with wetlands of poor health:

健康不佳的濕地，

wetlands that have more stagnant water,

也就是死水較多的濕地，

wetlands that don't have enough predators to eat the mosquitoes.

沒有足夠捕食性動物 來吃蚊子的濕地。

So it’s a tantalizing idea

所以，有個挺誘人的想法就是， 如果能創造出更健康的濕地，

that if you can create a wetland that's healthier,

it has more water flow,

有更多水的流動，

it has a greater level of biodiversity,

有更高的生物多樣性， 就可以讓蚊子的數量減少。

you can actually keep mosquito populations down.

If you provide habitats for the animals that eat mosquitoes --

如果你能提供棲息地 給吃蚊子的動物——

the birds, the bats, the fish, the frogs, the spiders,

鳥類、蝙蝠、魚類、青蛙、蜘蛛，

any number of aquatic insects that love munching on mosquitoes --

任何喜歡咀嚼蚊子的水生昆蟲——

rather than being a problem,

蚊子就不會成為問題，

mosquitoes are not going to disappear,

雖然牠們並不會消失，

we're not going to get rid of mosquitoes completely,

我們不會完全擺脫蚊子，

但如果在生態系統中 牠們能處在更平衡的位置，

but if they're at a more balanced place in the ecosystem,

maybe we'll have fewer pest impacts,

我們受到害蟲的影響可能會減少，

and more importantly,

更重要的是，

也許由蚊子傳播的疾病也會變少。

maybe we will see less mosquito-borne disease.

But what about stormwater drains?

但，暴雨排水溝呢？

These are already a common sight in our local wetlands,

在我們當地的濕地， 這種排水溝已經很常見，

and there's a mosquito that calls these habitats home,

且有種大家都認識的蚊子 已經將這些棲息地視為家。

which you all already know.

You may not notice it when it flies past you,

牠們從你身邊飛過時 你可能不會注意到，

but you know its sound.

但你知道牠們的聲音。

You've probably learned to hate the sound of this mosquito,

你對這種蚊子聲音的痛恨程度 可能已經超越被叮咬。

more so than its bite.

This is a mosquito called the brown house mosquito.

這種蚊子叫做褐色家蚊。

It loves breeding in polluted ponds and pipes and waterways;

牠們很喜歡在受汙染的池塘、 管線，和水路中繁殖；

it's going to be quick to exploit

牠們很快就會利用我們 在城市中貯存廢水的方法。

the ways in which we store wastewater in our cities.

The thing is about this mosquito

這種蚊子有個特色， 牠們喜歡在晚上進到室內。

is that it loves coming indoors at night.

It's the mosquito that's going to be buzzing around your face at night,

晚上在你耳邊嗡嗡叫的 就是這種蚊子，

讓你無法入睡，打斷你的睡眠。

keep you awake, disrupting your sleep.

Now the reason you can hear that mosquito

你會聽到牠們，並非因為牠們 發出的聲音和其他蚊子不同，

is not because it makes a sound that's different to any other mosquito.

而是因為這種蚊子偏愛叮咬鳥類，

It's just that a mosquito prefers to bite birds,

and so it's flying around your face and your body,

所以牠們會繞著你的臉 和身體飛，感應到你的體溫

responding to your heat and the smell of your skin, working out,

以及你運動後皮膚上的味道：

"Is this a large, featherless bird?

「這是一隻沒有羽毛的巨鳥嗎？ 我不確定我想不想叮牠。」

I'm not sure whether I want to bite it or not."

It's bad luck for those of you who smell a bit like a bird.

如果你聞起來有點像鳥， 那就很衰了。

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

But it's a reminder that sometimes,

但，這是在提醒我們，有時， 問題不只是蚊子叮咬而已，

it's not just the bite of mosquitoes that's the problem,

還有大量蚊子可能會造成的騷擾。

it's the disturbance that can be caused by large numbers of mosquitoes.

所以我們不希望蚊子進入我們家中，

And so we don't want these mosquitoes coming inside our homes,

而我們算是在城市中 為這些蚊子創造機會。

where we're kind of creating opportunities for these mosquitoes in our cities.

So what about our backyards?

那後院呢？

We all want to keep our backyards healthy,

我們都想要保持健康的後院，

we want to have a great opportunity for our plants and our pets

我們希望能為我們的植物、寵物， 及在地野生生命創造很好的機會。

and the local wildlife.

其中一個有效的方法 就是安裝雨水池。

One effective way to do that is installing a rainwater tank.

Problem is, rainwater tanks can be a great source

問題是，雨水池有可能 造成非常嚴重的蚊子問題。

for very serious mosquitoes.

You all in this room have probably been bitten

在座每個人可能都曾經 被澳洲後院蚊給叮過。

by the Australian backyard mosquito.

Its scientific name is Aedes notoscriptus.

牠們的學名是白線斑蚊。

It is the most widespread mosquito in Australia;

牠們是澳洲分佈最廣的蚊子；

almost everybody has opportunities for this mosquito in their backyard.

幾乎每家的後院 都可能會有這種蚊子。

Whether it's a birdbath, a pot plant saucer,

不論是小鳥水盆、盆栽墊盤，

even the smallest volumes of water trapped in a water-holding container

或甚至有最少量的水 殘留在裝水容器中，

都能成為牠們產卵的地方。

will be a place this mosquito can lay its eggs.

It's a nuisance biting pest,

這種蚊子是會叮人的討厭害蟲， 但對我們的健康並非嚴重威脅。

but it's not a serious threat to our health.

But there's a problem here,

但有個問題，

because these same habitats where this mosquito is found

因為這種蚊子的棲息地

could also be the home of a mosquito

也可能是另一種蚊子的家，

that's associated with the transmission of much more serious pathogens,

而這種蚊子就會傳染 更嚴重許多的病原體，

pathogens that can cause outbreaks of disease

這些病原體可能會造成 下列疾病爆發：登革熱、

such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika.

屈公病，或茲卡病毒。

These mosquitoes are the Asian tiger mosquito

這種蚊子是亞洲虎蚊，

or the yellow fever mosquito.

或埃及斑蚊。

These two mosquitoes are not found in Sydney at the moment,

目前在雪梨還沒有發現這兩種蚊子，

but worldwide, they contribute to major outbreaks of mosquito-borne disease.

但在全世界，牠們造成了 蚊子傳染疾病的大爆發。

They don't breed in wetlands,

牠們不是在濕地繁殖，

they love these water-holding containers in our backyards.

牠們喜歡後院的裝水容器。

And as we do a better job of creating these opportunities

當我們把像是後院雨水池

like rainwater tanks in our backyards,

這類機會做得很好時，

maybe we're creating an opportunity for these mosquitoes to move in.

也許我們是在創造機會 讓這些蚊子搬進來。

The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti,

至於埃及斑蚊，曾經在雪梨很常見，

was actually once common in Sydney,

but during the '50s, it disappeared.

但在五○年代時，牠們就消失了。

One of the reasons for its disappearance

消失的原因之一很有可能 是我們移除了雨水池。

could well have been the fact that we moved away from rainwater tanks.

And now, rainwater tanks are coming back.

而現在，雨水池又回來了。

They're going to become more common.

它們會變得更常見。

And could that see the return of these mosquitoes?

那有沒有可能會讓這類蚊子再現？

I certainly hope not.

我肯定希望不會。

So what can authorities do about reducing the mosquitoes

所以，當權機關能做什麼，

來減少我們要面對的這些 和綠化城市相關的蚊子問題？

associated with these greening cities that we're dealing with?

There's a role for our local authorities

地方當權機關扮演角色是

to consider mosquitoes when they're building wetlands,

要先把蚊子納入考量再來建立濕地、

creating wastewater recycling schemes,

創造廢水回收方案、

regulating the installation of rainwater tanks.

制訂規定管理雨水池的設置。

Because these are dynamic systems.

因為這些是動態的系統。

It's not just about how you design them and build them,

重點不只是怎麼設計和建造它們，

but it's how you maintain them.

還有如何維護它們。

You can't just build them and walk away,

你不能建造好之後就一走了之，

because as we've learned,

因為我們已經學到，

if these habitats degrade, they become more suitable for mosquitoes.

如果這些棲息地變糟了， 就會變得更適合蚊子。

These types of structures,

這些結構，在城市中的 這些濕地都很棒。

these wetlands in our cities, they're great.

They help reduce pollution, they help store water,

它們能協助減少汙染，協助貯水，

but we don't want them to become an opportunity for mosquitoes.

但我們不希望它們成為蚊子的機會。

But what about us?

但，我們呢？

There's a role for local government, for our local authorities,

地方政府、地方當權機關 都有要扮演的角色，

but how an we help protect our families and our friends

但我們能如何協助， 以保護我們的家人和朋友，

from the impact of mosquitoes associated with a greening city?

不要受到和綠色城市 相關的蚊子問題所影響？

I'm going to leave you with three tips

我要給大家三項建議，

that can help you stop the bite of mosquitoes

能協助你在夏天時不再 被蚊子叮咬和騷擾。。

and the buzz of mosquitoes this summer.

First of all,

首先，

don't create opportunities for mosquitoes in your backyard.

別在你的後院為蚊子創造機會。

Anything that traps water after rainfall will be a source of mosquitoes,

凡是在降雨後會積水的地方 都會是蚊子的來源，所以，

so tip out, cover up or remove these water-holding containers

把後院這些會積水的容器 傾斜放、蓋起來，或移走。

in your backyard.

Screen your rainwater tanks.

把你的雨水池遮起來。

Clean your gutters and your drains,

清理你的排水溝和排水管，

reduce that standing water that mosquitoes love so much

減少家裡和周圍的靜水， 蚊子非常愛靜水。

around our homes.

Secondly,

第二，

insect repellents are a safe and effective way

要避免被蚊子叮咬，驅蟲劑 是安全又有效的方法。

to avoid mosquito bites.

When you're choosing a formulation

當你從當地的藥房或超級市場 選購了一種配方之後，

from the local pharmacy or the supermarket,

make sure you apply it as a nice, even coat

要確保將它均勻塗抹在 所有暴露出來的皮膚上。

over all exposed areas of skin.

Don't put it on like perfume.

不要像擦香水那樣。

A dab here or there is not going to provide protection.

這裡拍一下那裡抹一下 是沒有保護作用的。

Unless you've got complete cover, those mosquitoes will find a way

除非你能完整塗抹， 不然蚊子就會想辦法

to find that gap in your repellent and bite.

找到沒有驅蟲劑的地方叮咬下去。

Lastly, a way that you might be able to stop the buzz of mosquitoes.

最後，有種方式可能可以 阻止蚊子嗡嗡聲的騷擾。

Why not just switching on a fan?

為什麼不把電扇打開？

We know that operating a fan in a bedroom can help reduce those mosquitoes

我們知道，在臥室開啟電扇 可能協助減少蚊子

that come in and buzz around our ears at night.

晚上在你耳邊嗡個不停。

It disperses the smells and the temperatures

電扇能將你身體周圍會吸引 蚊子的味道和溫度吹散；

around that body that attracts them;

it might make it a bit harder for that mossie

可能可以讓蚊子比較難 到處飛並找到我們。

to fly around and find us as well.

So finally, I want to leave you with a thought.

最後，我想留給大家一個想法。

We may hate mosquitoes, and I understand.

我們可能很討厭蚊子，

我懂，我不期望把各位 改變成會喜愛這些吸血鬼。

I don’t want to convert you into loving these bloodsuckers.

But we need to understand them.

但我們得要了解牠們。

Because if we can’t understand the diversity of mosquitoes

因為如果我們不能了解 蚊子的多樣性，

and their relationships with the environments

以及牠們和我們在綠色城市中 創造的環境有什麼關係，

we’re creating in our green cities,

it's going to become a much greater struggle

若想減少蚊子帶來的疾病重擔， 難度可能就會增加很多。

to kind of reduce the burden of disease that might come with them.

And unfortunately,

不幸的是，

mosquitoes are going to be yet another challenge we face

所以我們朝向未來城市 邁進時，蚊子會變成

as we move forward into our future cities

我們在氣候變遷的衝擊下 要面對的另一個挑戰。

under the impact of a changing climate.