The Internet's Accessibility Problem — and How To Fix It | Clive Loseby | TED

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang

Hi, everyone. I'm Clive Loseby

大家好，我是克萊夫‧洛斯比， 我對改變世界充滿熱情，

and I am passionate about changing the world,

one website at a time.

一次改變一個網站。

As Dale said I was in a bad car crash a long time ago.

如戴爾剛才說的，我很久以前 出過嚴重的車禍。

It left us all with life-changing injuries.

它讓我們所有人都留下了 改變我們人生的傷。

And that's why accessibility and website accessibility

那就是為什麼無障礙性

以及網站無障礙性 變成了我的熱情所在。

has become my passion.

那場意外也讓我的記憶變得很差，

The accident also left me with a very bad memory,

so please forgive me if I keep looking at my notes.

所以如果我一直看小抄，請見諒。

OK. Does everybody know what a cookie banner is?

大家都知道 cookie 橫幅是什麼嗎？

Those annoying banners that pop up on a website

網站上會跳出來的惱人橫幅，

asking for consent to put cookies into your browser?

要求你同意

在你的瀏覽器中放置 cookie？

It may say something like, "This website uses cookies

上面可能會寫：

「這個網站使用 cookie 來提供你最佳的線上體驗。

to give you the best online experience.

Follow this link to confirm that you consent to this.”

點選這個連結，以確認你同意。」

Does everyone know what I'm talking about?

大家知道我在說什麼嗎？ （觀眾：知道！）

(Audience: Yes!)

Good. Right, now I want you to imagine

很好。現在我要請大家 想像一種不同的瀏覽器。

a different kind of browser.

This one says the following:

這種瀏覽器會這樣說：

"This website is designed for white people only.

「這個網站是專為白人設計，

Follow this link to confirm that you are white."

點選這個連結以確認你是白人。」

Or, "This website is for men only.

或者：

「這個網站僅供男性使用。

Follow this link to confirm that you are a man."

點選這個連結以確認你是男性。」

Or, "This website is for straight people only.

或者：

「這個網站僅供異性戀使用。

Follow this link to confirm that you are straight."

點選這個連結以確認你是異性戀。」

Or even, "This website is for people who have hair.

或甚至：

「這個網站僅供有頭髮的人使用。

Follow this link to confirm you have hair."

點選這個連結以確認你有頭髮。」

OK.

好。在現實世界不會有這種事。

These don't happen in the real world,

but what I do need to tell you about is another banner that does exist

但我得告訴各位 另一種橫幅，它確實存在，

on over 97% of the world's websites.

在超過 97% 的網站上都有。

"This website is for people who are not disabled.

「這個網站是給沒有 身心障礙的人使用。

Follow this link to confirm that you are not disabled."

點選這個連結以確認 你沒有身心障礙。」

This may not be as apparent as the cookie banner.

這可能沒有 cookie 橫幅那麼明顯，

Believe me, this banner exists.

相信我，這種橫幅真的存在。

Ninety-seven point four percent of 1 million website home pages

在去年測驗的一百萬個網站中，

97.4% 的網站首頁

tested last year

had detectable accessibility failures.

都有可偵測到的無障礙性問題。

So how many disabled people are there in the world?

那麼，世界上有多少身心障礙人士？

In 2010, the World Health Organization

2010 年，世界衛生組織估計

estimated that 1 billion people on the planet

地球上有十億人在生活上 有某種形式的障礙，

live with some form of disability,

with over 110 million having highly significant difficulties in functioning.

其中超過一億一千萬人

在功能運作上有高度明顯的困難。

We are talking about a lot of people.

我們在談的是非常多人。

They also would like to use the web as much as you or I do.

他們也和你我一樣想要使用網站。

他們也想成為你的顧客， 花錢買你的東西，

They also want to become your customers and spend money with you,

if you make it possible for them to do so.

如果你讓他們能夠這麼做的話。

The title of this talk is a direct quote from somebody I met last year.

這場演說的題目，是我直接 引述我去年遇到的一個人。

She works in health, safety, employee well-being

她的工作和健康、 安全、員工福利有關，

and has done for 20 years,

且在那個領域二十年了， 所以她真的很懂包容性。

so she has a real understanding of inclusivity.

Lovely, caring person,

她是個很有愛心的好人， 但她就是無法理解

but she just could not understand how blind people could use the internet

視障人士要如何使用網際網路，

because they couldn't see the screen.

因為他們看不到螢幕。

I explained to her what a screen reader was

我向她解釋螢幕閱讀器是什麼，

and she got it.

她就懂了。

A screen reader, by the way,

順道一提，螢幕閱讀器

is a piece of software that reads out the content of a website

是一種軟體，能把 網站的內容讀出來，

using a computerized voice.

用電腦語音讀出來。

If you're blind, you can't use a mouse because you can't see where to put it.

如果你是視障人士，你因為 看不到游標所以不能用滑鼠。

So you will use your keyboard instead in conjunction with the screen reader.

所以你會改用鍵盤，

結合螢幕閱讀器。

It's not that easy to do

這並不容易，

but cookie banners make life so much worse.

但 cookie 橫幅讓他們的 人生變得好難好難。

And in some cases, they actually prevent blind people

在某些例子中，這類橫幅 甚至防止視障人士

from accessing the website beyond it.

使用該網站。

We are in the year 2022.

現在是 2022 年。

The first set of guidelines for websites

協助網站確保能滿足

身心障礙人士需求的一系列指引最早

to help ensure that they met the needs of disabled people

were released quite recently, actually, in 1999.

是在 1999 年推出， 那只是不久以前的事，

A mere 23 years ago.

不過是二十三年前。

Yep. I'm not joking.

是的，我沒開玩笑。

All the information has been available to everyone since then.

從那之後，所有的資訊 就是人人都可以取得的了。

It is also a legal requirement in most countries,

在大部分國家，法律 也要求網站要做到。

but above everything else,

但最重要的是， 這麼做能協助每個企業

it helps every business and every organization

及每個組織變得更具包容性。

become more inclusive.

And yet, 97% of websites

然而，

去年仍然有

contained detectable accessibility failures last year.

97% 的網站含有 可偵測的無障礙性問題。

Think of a website as a building,

把網站想像成建築就會更明顯，

it becomes even more obvious.

After all, websites are physical buildings.

畢竟，網站是實體建築， 是你看世界的窗戶，對吧？

They're your window on the world, aren't they?

Legislation for access to physical buildings

實體建築的無障礙相關立法

has always made allowances for very old buildings

一直都會對很老舊的建築網開一面，

where it's simply not possible to make them fully accessible

因為它們就是不可能

做到對身心障礙人士完全無障礙。

for people with disabilities.

We all understand that.

這我們都了解。

So actually, I think it's perfectly fair

所以，事實上，我認為本著公平，

that you shouldn't expect a website over 23 years old

不應該期望已經 有二十三年歷史的網站

to cater for disabled people either.

能夠顧及身心障礙人士。

I'm actually not sure the last time I went on a website

我其實也不確定我上次造訪有 二十三年歷史的網站是何時了。

that was over 23 years old.

But what about five years old or about three years old?

但有五年歷史的呢？三年呢？ 去年或今年建造的網站呢？

What about last year? This year?

Typically, websites get replaced every three to five years

通常，只要三到五年 網站就會被取代，

as a new one is built to cater for the latest trends.

換成符合最新潮流的新建網站。

Is it really OK that websites that are recently built

最近才建造的網站 對於身心障礙人士而言

are still inaccessible for disabled people?

仍然有障礙，這樣也沒關係嗎？

If not now, when?

若不是現在，要等何時？

OK, so what does accessible web design actually mean?

那麼，無障礙的網站設計 到底是什麼意思？

Please take a look at these doors.

請看看這些門。

They both go into the same building.

它們都設置在同一棟建築上。

Both sets of doors have level access.

兩個門也都有無障礙通道，

The door on the left slides open automatically as you approach it.

左邊的門

只要你靠近，就會自動滑開。

The doors on the right have to be pulled open.

右邊的門需要用拉開的。

I would like to ask you all a question,

我想問大家一個問題，

and if you are able,

如果可以的話， 我希望你們能舉起左手

I would like you to either raise your left hand

or your right hand in answer.

或是右手，來代表答案。

Imagine you're in a wheelchair and you want to enter this building.

想像你需要坐輪椅，

你想要進入這棟建築。

Which of the doors do you think you would be most likely to use?

你認為你最有可能用哪一扇門？

The automatic doors on the left or the heavy doors on the right?

左邊的自動門，

或右邊很重的門？

請你們根據自己答案舉起對應的手。

Could you please raise your left or your right hand accordingly?

Well, I think it's fair to say the consensus is on the left. Interesting.

嗯，我想，可以說大家的共識 都是左邊的門，很有趣。

OK. Now instead of being in a wheelchair, you're using a walking frame,

好，現在，

你用的是助行架，不是坐輪椅，

so you can walk,

你能行走，但你的兩隻手 都得放在助行架上。

but you need to have both of your hands on the frame.

Which set of doors do you think you would be likely to use now?

現在你覺得你比較可能用哪一扇門？

可以的話，請舉手。

Could you raise your hands if you're able to?

I'm really surprised. Everyone's going left.

我很驚訝，大家都選左邊，好。

OK. Right.

Now you're pushing a child in a pushchair so you can walk quite normally,

現在你用折疊式嬰兒車 推著一個孩子，

你能正常行走，但你的雙手 要放在嬰兒車上來推車。

but you've got a pushchair and both of your hands on it.

Which set of doors now?

這時要選哪個門？左邊或右邊？

Left or right?

I'm staggered.

我好吃驚。

OK. Final example.

好，最後一個例子。

Let's assume that you've actually gone in through the doors on the right.

咱們假設你已經 從右邊的門進入了建築。

You're coming out, you want to come out the building,

你要出來，要離開建築， 但你兩手都抱著檔案箱。

but you've actually got boxes of files under both arms.

Which of the doors would you go then?

你會走哪扇門？

Yeah. Hmm.

是啊，嗯嗯。

I'm really staggered.

我真的很吃驚。

In pretty much every example

幾乎在每個例子中幾乎 每個人都舉左手，為什麼？

pretty much everybody raised your left hand.

Why was this?

畢竟，你每次都能 自由選擇要用哪一扇門。

After all, you’re free to choose which door to use at each time.

為什麼這麼多人要選自動門？

Why would so many people go for an automatic door?

Maybe because it's easier.

也許是因為，這樣比較容易。

Nobody's forcing you to use it.

沒有人強迫你用那扇門。

It's there as an alternative to the other doors.

它就在那裡， 是另一扇門的替代選擇。

Accessible web design is exactly the same,

無障礙網站設計完全一樣，

offering people with different needs

提供不同需求的人

alternative ways of using a website to get the same information.

使用網站的替代方式， 讓他們能取得同樣的資訊。

Most countries around the world have anti-discrimination laws,

世界上大部分的國家 都有反歧視的法律，

網站歸屬於這些法律。

and websites fall under these laws.

However, for me, it's not about complying with the law.

然而，對我而言， 重點不是遵守法律。

It is about becoming more inclusive, more welcoming to everyone,

重點是要變得更包容，

更歡迎每個人，

regardless of their ability or their disability.

不論他們能力如何 或有什麼身心障礙。

Disabled people have money to spend on your goods and services

身心障礙人士有錢可以 購買你的商品和服務，

如果他們不能跟你買，

and if they can't spend it with you,

they're going to spend it with somebody else.

他們就會跟別人買。

所以，

So what should you do with regard to your own website?

你的網站應該要怎麼調整？

Well, you need to have two things.

你要做到兩點。

You need to have an audit of your website,

你必須要給你的網站做審查，

接著必須要在網站上 放上無障礙聲明。

and then you need to put

an accessibility statement on your website.

I'll explain what I mean in this photograph.

我用這張照片來解釋我的意思。

This hotel, it's a beautiful building.

這間飯店是一棟很漂亮的建築。

有樓下的座位，也有樓上的座位。

There’s downstairs seating. There’s upstairs seating.

There's beautiful staircases everywhere, but unfortunately, there isn't a lift.

到處都是美麗的樓梯， 但，不幸的是，沒有電梯。

The restaurant itself is run by an outside catering company.

餐廳本身是由外部的餐飲公司經營。

It's not their fault there's no lift.

沒有電梯不是他們的錯。

It's not their building, they're just renting the space.

那不是他們的建築， 他們只是租用那個空間。

However, if you're in a wheelchair, you can't use the upstairs seating.

然而，如果你坐輪椅， 你就不能坐樓上的座位。

But if there was a sign near the entrance saying something like,

但，如果在入口處有個標牌寫著：

"Patrons in wheelchairs, please note that although we've got upstairs seating,

坐輪椅的顧客，請注意， 雖然我們有樓上的座位，

we do not have a lift.

但我們沒有電梯。

However, we do have some reserved seating for you

然而，我們有保留座位可以給您，

with extra turning space and raised tables."

這些座位有增高的桌面 和額外的空間供輪椅轉動。」

Think about raised tables.

想想增高的桌面，如果你坐輪椅，

If you're in a wheelchair and you try to go into a restaurant anywhere,

你去任何地方的餐廳， 都很難把腳放到桌子下面。

you can't quite get under the table.

Easily fixed, just put them on some small wooden blocks.

很容易解決，用小木塊 把桌子墊高即可。

Anyway, if you just put up that sign,

總之，若你掛出那個標牌，

somebody in a wheelchair who reads that sign,

坐輪椅的人看到那個標牌，

are they going to feel more or less included?

他們感覺被包容的程度 會更高或更低？

The cost of doing this is almost nothing, but the effect is huge.

做這件事幾乎沒有成本， 但效益卻很大。

It's not the catering companies fault there's no lift.

沒有電梯不是餐飲公司的錯。

They've just gone out of their way to offer an alternative

他們只是很努力去提供替代方案，

despite the limitations of the hotel.

儘管飯店本身有所限制。

In other words, the catering company themselves

換言之，這家餐飲公司 本身變得歡迎客人、

have become more welcoming, inclusive and accessible.

更包容，也更無障礙。

So the first part of this story

在故事的第一部分我解釋了 餐廳有樓上座位但沒有電梯，

where I explained the restaurant has upstairs seating, but no lift.

That could be seen as an audit.

那就可以被視為是審查。

"We realize there's no lift to the upstairs seating

「我們發現沒有電梯 可以上到樓上座位，

so disabled people in wheelchairs cannot use it."

所以坐輪椅的身心障礙人士 無法使用它。」

But the sign at the entrance telling everyone

但入口處的標牌告訴大家

that there is accessible seating downstairs as an alternative

替代方案是樓下的無障礙座位，

is like their accessibility statement.

那就像是他們的無障礙聲明。

"We've discovered that wheelchair users cannot use the upstairs seating.

「我們發現坐輪椅的人 無法使用樓上的座位，

This is what we've done instead."

所以我們改成這個做法。」

So how does all this apply to a website?

那麼，上述這些要如何用在網站上？

Well, as far as the audit goes,

就審查來說，你可以付錢 讓別人來做或是自己做。

you can either pay somebody or you can do it yourself.

And the same goes for an accessibility statement.

無障礙聲明也是一樣。

Sadly, I don’t have time to go into the details

可惜我沒時間談細節， 但我想說一件事。

but I do want to say one thing.

Make your accessibility statement real.

你的無障礙聲明要有真實性。

What do I mean by this? Simple.

什麼意思？很簡單。

I see website after website with an accessibility statement

我一再看到有網站的 無障礙聲明在一開頭就用

that begins with a slightly pompous tone, and it says something like,

有點浮誇的語調，說：

"We fully care about people with disabilities.

「我們盡全力關心身心障礙人士，

我們想要確保所有人 都能完全運用我們的網站，

We want to ensure that everyone is able to fully utilize our website.

It meets the following standards, blah, blah, blah."

它符合下列標準，一些有的沒的。」

I don't actually really care what you say.

我真的不在乎你說什麼。

If somebody can't use your website, they can't use your website.

如果有人不能用你的網站， 他們就是不能用你的網站。

I've got an idea.

我有個點子。

Why not instead use this as a wonderful opportunity

為何不換個方式，

把它當作一個去接觸 身心障礙人士的美好機會？

to reach out to disabled people?

你的無障礙聲明一開頭可以這樣寫：

The first line of your accessibility statement

could be something like,

“We’re aware that there’s some problems with our website

「我們知道我們的網站 有些問題，可能會

that might make the experience

讓身心障礙人士在網站的 使用上比較辛苦一些。

more difficult for visitors with disabilities.

But if there’s anything that we can do to help you, give us a call.”

但如果我們能做什麼來協助您，

請來電告訴我們。」電話就在上面。

There's the phone number right there.

「點選這個連結可以來信。」

“Follow this link to send an email.” There’s the link right there.

連結就在上面。 「或填寫聯絡表單。」

“Or fill in the contact form.”

你所做的，是去接觸他們。

Right there you're reaching out to them.

Just by doing that, you're being inclusive.

光這麼做，你就在展現包容， 就在多做一些什麼，

You're going the extra mile

and it speaks volumes about your ethos as a company.

這就傳遞了很多關於 這家公司風氣如何的訊息。

By the way, if you do have accessibility issues with your website,

順道一提，如果你的網站 確實有無障礙性的問題，

you should give a time frame in which you're going to get them fixed

你應該要訂時間表，

設定何時要解決它們，

or at least explain that it’s not possible on grounds of cost.

或者至少解釋因為成本 而不可能解決這些問題。

It isn't about being perfect. It's about being honest.

重點不是做到完美。

重點是要誠實。

OK, I'd like to finish by telling you all about a very simple test

結束前，我想告訴各位 一個非常簡單的測試，

that you can do on any website

在任何網站上都可以做，

to find out if it has a basic level of accessibility.

用來得知網站是否 具有基本的無障礙性。

Anyone can do it.

人人都能做。

And I call it the Tab Test.

我稱它為 Tab 測試。

If you're on a website, there will usually be

如果你上一個網站，

通常在最上面會有 一排網頁導覽按鈕。

a row of page navigation buttons along the top.

As you move your mouse over them,

當你把游標移到它們上方， 它們會依序亮起來，

they will light up in turn

and any subpages will appear as a kind of drop-down.

若有任何子頁，會以 下拉選單的方式呈現。

And they may also light up as you move the mouse over.

當你把游標移到上方時 它們可能也會亮起來。

In other words, just by moving your mouse,

換言之，只要移動你的游標，

you can go to pretty much any page on the website with a single click.

你幾乎只要透過單一次點擊 就能到網站上的任何網頁。

Do we all understand that?

大家都懂嗎？

Brilliant.

好極了。

If you're blind, as I've said, you can't use a mouse.

若你是視障人士， 我剛說過，你無法用滑鼠。

Instead, you use a screen reader and a keyboard.

你要改用螢幕閱讀器和鍵盤。

If a website has a basic level of accessibility,

如果一個網站有基本的無障礙性，

you should be able to select every page and subpage

你應該要能夠選擇

任何一個網頁和子頁，

by repeatedly pressing the Tab key.

只要重複按「Tab」鍵即可。

Not only that, each one should light up in turn,

不僅如此，每一項應該依序亮起來，

just as if you were using a mouse.

就如同你在使用滑鼠一樣。

Not everyone who is visually impaired is completely blind.

並非所有的視障者都全盲。

事實上，他們大部分 都有某種形式的有限視力。

In fact, most of them have some form of limited vision instead.

So having page navigation light up as you move,

所以，讓網頁導覽

在你按 Tab 鍵切換時， 能夠配合亮起來，

as you Tab through them,

helps them know where they are.

就能幫助他們知道他們在哪裡。

So next time anybody here is on a website, just start pressing the Tab key.

所以，在座各位下次上網站時，

就開始按 Tab 鍵。

If you do not see all the pages and all the subpages light up in turn,

如果你沒有看到所有網頁 和所有子頁依序亮起，

it's failed the test.

它就沒通過測試。

請寫封信通知他們

Please drop them an email informing them that because their website

因為他們的網站沒有 滿足基本的無障礙性，

does not meet that basic level of accessibility,

it's failed this test and they really need to do something about it.

它沒通過測試，

他們真的應該要處理這件事。

They want to know more, they can do a quick internet search

如果他們想了解更多， 可以上網快速搜尋，

and actually it's fairly easy to fix.

其實這個問題算是容易解決。

If you guys joined with me in doing this one simple thing,

如果各位能和我 一起做這件簡單的小事，

we all will truly be changing the world, one website at a time.

我們就能真正改變世界，

一次改變一個網站。

Thank you very much.

非常謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）