Why Africa Needs Community-Led Conservation | Resson Kantai Duff | TED

翻译人员: Violet Yu 校对人员: Yanyan Hong

The world has lost 68 percent of its wildlife populations

在不到 50 年时间里

in under 50 years,

68% 的野生动物从地球上消失。

and there are people around the world

世界各地的工作者

working to protect and grow the wildlife that is left.

正在努力保护、 培育幸存的野生动物。

In Africa, however,

然而，非洲的

the approach to conserving this wildlife

野生动物保护工作

has almost always involved a separation of people from nature,

往往将人类与自然割裂开，

the involvement, but never leadership, from local people,

当地人只能参与其中， 而不能领导工作，

and a problem statement that has often come from outside our continent.

另外，提出问题的往往不是非洲人。

Basically years ago, colonial governments decided that we, as Africans,

基本上，多年前， 殖民政府决决议，非洲人自己

were not fit to take care of our own wildlife.

并不适合保护野生动物。

And so people who had lived alongside wildlife for generations

因此，生生世世与 野生动物相依而居的人们

were removed from their ancestral lands

被迫离开自己祖先居住的土地。

and called new names.

还被冠以新的名号：

Poachers, encroachers, squatters.

偷猎者、侵占者、非法占有者。

The story of conservation, as a result,

所以，野生动物保护的故事

has almost always then involved only a foreign scientist

大都是个拿着写字板夹的

with a clipboard

外国专家，

or a guy in green with a gun,

或者是一个手持枪械、身穿绿衣的人

there to protect that wildlife from everyone else.

来保护野生动物不受他人侵害。

The rest of us have never existed in this story.

故事中没有我们其他人。

And those who came to save species, came from the outside.

人们称外来的动物保护专家

And when they came, they were labeled heroes.

为英雄。

They had to teach local people how to live alongside wildlife

他们站在当地人曾拥有的土地上

on the fringes of wild lands that they used to own.

指导他们如何与野生动物共生。

This has created two distinct problems.

这就出现了两个明显问题。

One, because we don't often tell our own stories,

第一，因为我们很少 讲述自己的故事，

it means that those who are closest to the wildlife

所以最亲近野生动物的人

are not seen as invested in conserving that wildlife

对野生动物的付出鲜为人知，

compared to those who've come from the outside.

相比之下，外来者的投入 更为人所知。

And because foreign conservationists

还有，由于外来环保主义者

have sometimes not taken into consideration

有时并没有考虑

the needs of local people,

当地人的需求，

they are then seen as caring more for animal life than for human life.

他们被视为关心动物 多于关心人类。

If we do not change this approach to conservation in Africa,

如果非洲野生动物保护的政策不变，

we will lose all of our wildlife

我们就会失去所有野生动物，

and with it, a part of our humanity.

我们部分的人性也将随之消失。

I believe that the time for Africans to define conservation ourselves has come.

我相信，非洲人自己定义 野生动物保护时机已经到了。

(Applause)

（掌声）

And when Africa leads its own conservation efforts,

非洲人自己领导的保护工作

we will not only restore our wildlife populations

不仅要恢复野生动物数量，

but our land and our cultures

还要捍卫我们的土地、 我们的文化，

and our broken relationship with nature.

修复我们与自然破碎的关系。

Through my work with Ewaso Lions,

我与埃瓦索狮子合作，

an organization based in northern Kenya

这是肯尼亚北部的一个

doing lion conservation,

狮子保护工作组织，

I am working with a group of people

我和我的同事

who, together we are co-designing what that conservation could look like.

一起绘制野生动物保护的蓝图。

But first, a little about myself.

但是首先，我来介绍一下自己。

I grew up in a crumbling bungalow in the heart of Nairobi,

我在内罗毕市中心的 一个破旧小平房里长大，

Kenya's capital city.

内罗毕是肯尼亚的首都。

Long before it was called Nairobi by the Maasai,

早在马赛部落称它为内罗毕之前，

the nomadic pastoralists where I get my heritage,

游牧民族，我的文化遗产的来源， 我的祖先

they had called it a different name.

用一个不同名字称呼内罗毕：

Nakusontelon.

纳库森特隆。

"The beginning of all beauty."

“所有美丽的起点”。

As they would graze their cows and goats on the banks of the river,

他们在河边放牧着牛羊，

they would watch the evening sun creep down the acacia trees.

看着夕阳西下，映照金合欢的树影，

That was their vision of beauty.

那就是他们心中的美好。

Centuries later, I would do the same,

几百年后的我目睹同样的美好事务，

I would watch the monkeys in the giant trees,

我看见生活在大树上的猴子，

and colorful birds would call to each other in the morning.

色彩斑斓的鸟儿 每天早晨相互呼唤。

In October, when the nandi flame trees

十月，南迪火焰树

would drop the last of their fiery orangy flowers

落下最后一朵火焰般的橘色花朵，

that we would use for hopscotch in school,

我们捡起来， 用它在学校玩跳房子，

there would be thousands and thousands of jacaranda trees in full bloom

整座城市里，数不清的蓝花楹木的花朵

across the city,

争相开放，

reminding us that it was the start of exam season.

提醒着我们考试周马上就要到了。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

"Have you studied?

“你复习了吗?

Are you ready?"

你准备好了吗？”

they seemed to say.

它们好像在对我们说。

We were just a part of nature.

我们就是自然的一部分。

It was just a fact.

事实就是这样。

And then the chainsaws came.

后来，那群人拿着电锯来到这里，

They cut down so much of what I loved,

他们砍到了许多我心爱的树木，

they cut down my memories.

还带走了我的回忆。

And they have kept coming not just to my city,

他们不仅来到我的城市，

but to places around the world,

还去到世界其他地方，

and not just for trees, but for everything.

不仅砍伐树木， 还在自然界搞别的破坏。

Let me put some numbers here so you understand what I mean.

我来用一组数据解释。

Lions have lost 92 percent of the area that they used to roam in Africa.

非洲的狮子已经失去了 92% 的生存空间。

Out of a possible 100,000 lions maybe just a century ago,

一百年前， 非洲狮子的数量大致是十万只，

there are now only about 20,000 lions left in Africa.

而现在只剩下大约两万只了。

And in Kenya, there are only 2,500 lions left or thereabouts.

而在肯尼亚， 狮子只有大约 2500 只了。

So what do you do when you're confronted with such loss?

要如何应对如此大的损失？

The answer for me was to study.

我的答案是努力学习。

And so at the University of Nairobi,

我在内罗毕大学

equipped with new zoological expertise,

学习了最新的动物学专业知识，

I was informed that I could go out

有人对我说，我可以去

and teach local people how to live alongside wildlife.

指导当地人 如何与野生动物共存了。

Where did that thinking come from,

让我去教别人该怎么生活，

that I could go out and teach people how to live?

这怎么可能？

At the University of Oxford,

我前往牛津大学

I took my studies further,

继续深造，

and I really began to unearth the conservation models

我才真正开始摸索到今天这一步的

that had led us to this point.

保护模式。

And while my studies have provided a frame

虽然我的研究为看待事件

with which to view what was happening,

提供了框架，

it is really on the ground in my country doing the work

但只有在我的国家 脚踏实地的工作时,

that I have gained the most perspective and clarity.

我才有了更多视角和清晰的认知。

In the Samburu region of northern Kenya,

在肯尼亚北部桑布鲁地区，

there's still little separation between people and wildlife and livestock.

人与野生动物、家畜相处融洽。

Here, you can still hear the cow bells clanging

这里有男童牵着羊群 到美丽的埃瓦索恩吉罗河边饮水，

as a little boy brings his goats to water on the mighty Ewaso Ng’iro river.

羊群的铃铛叮铃作响，

And behind him, nibbling on the tops of trees, are giraffes.

长颈鹿在后咀嚼着树叶，

And behind that, the rumble of elephants.

大象在更远处发出隆隆的声响。

It is here that I have found a group of people who are pushing back

我就是在这里遇见了 一群伙伴，他们抵制

on that narrative that excludes us and tells us that we're not fit to lead

排除当地人、当地人无法领导 保护工作的诸多言论，

and really building true community-led conservation.

并真正设立社区主导的 野生动物保护工作。

There is so much to this approach that I believe could be important

我相信这套方法可以真正

to form the new Kenyan and the new African conservation.

建设肯尼亚乃至整个非洲的 新野生动物保护政策。

So let me share some of those things.

我来分享几个故事。

First,

首先，

out with parachute conservation and in with indigenous local leadership.

拒绝“空降保护”，捍卫本地领导。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Parachute conservation might be a new term for some,

也许有些人没有听说过空降保护，

but it's just that old superhero story.

但这不过就是老掉牙的 超级英雄故事。

You jet in, you have all the answers,

一个超级英雄 手握所有答案从天而降，

you employ a few people to effect your solutions,

雇佣几个人来实施自己的计划，

and then you leave or you never hand over.

随后就直接离开， 或者一直不把权利转交给别人。

And the world labels you a hero.

然后世人都说他是个英雄。

This sort of conservation is so detrimental

这样的保护手段有明显弊端，

because it means that local people will forever be the helpers

这意味着当地人永远只能打打下手、

or the local informants

提供信息，

and never the leaders and the decision makers.

却不能成为领导者、决策者。

And when that happens, people lose.

发生这样的事情， 我们就输掉了这场游戏。

And when people lose, wildlife loses.

人们一旦被打败， 野生动物也随之被打败。

So what's a better way?

那么有什么更好的方法呢？

Let me give you an example.

我来举个例子。

One of the first people to join the Ewaso Lions project

耶内利亚·莱基莱莱（Jeneria Lekilelei）是

was Jeneria Lekilelei,

埃瓦索狮子项目的创始成员之一，

a young Samburu warrior at the time,

他当时是一名年轻桑布鲁部落勇士，

and now a junior elder.

现在是一名初级长老。

Now this is not some crazy thing you wouldn't understand.

这些疯狂的事情 你们可能无法理解，

A Samburu warrior is just a young man between the ages of 15 and 30

桑布鲁部落勇士是大约 15-30 岁的

or thereabouts,

年轻人，

and it is his job to take care of the family's livestock.

负责照顾家族养的牲畜。

The Samburu and the Maasai are brother tribes.

桑布鲁和马赛是兄弟部落。

But while I have lost quite a lot of my Maasai heritage to city life,

虽然城市生活方式已经 代替了我的许多马赛传统习俗，

Jeneria still lives a very traditional Samburu life.

但是耶内利亚仍然过着 非常传统的桑布鲁部落生活。

And so while I was at home,

所以，我在家里看

watching David Attenborough and loving lions,

英国自然纪录片主持人大卫·爱登堡 （David Attenborough）的节目，

喜欢着狮子的时候，

Jeneria was hating lions.

耶内利亚却憎恨着狮子。

He saw them as the killers of his cows,

在他眼里狮子是牛群的杀手，

and it's understandable that when a lion comes along

这是能理解的，因为狮子会

and takes the family cow or the family camel,

吃掉家族饲养养的牛、骆驼，

there’s going to be anger, and people will go out and kill lions.

人们发怒了就会去捕杀狮子。

But Jeneria had an idea.

但是耶内利亚有了一个主意。

He wanted to involve warriors like himself in conservation.

他希望自己这样的 勇士加入保护的队伍。

He knew that these warriors had the exact skills

他知道，部落勇士们技术高超，

to track and kill lions every time they'd go after livestock.

能够在狮子伤害家畜后 跟踪、捕杀狮子。

He also knew that these warriors

他也知道这群勇士

had never been brought to the decision-making table.

从未坐上决策椅。

And so he brought them, and he said,

所以耶内利亚请勇士们 一起来决策，他说，

"Instead of us tracking lions to kill them,

“我们应该追踪狮子，

let us track lions and then tell every other herder where these lions are,

告知其他放牧者狮子生活的区域， 而不应该捕杀狮子，

so that livestock are safe

这样家畜和狮子

and lions are safe.

都是安全的。

And they can share the space.”

这样他们就可以共存。”

And it is through Jeneria's Warrior Watch program

通过耶内利亚与勇士们领导的

that he has worked with these warriors as conservation leaders,

勇士守望项目，

and they have saved lions hundreds of times in this way.

他们用这种方式拯救狮子数百次。

And Jeneria, as the director of community conservation,

耶内利亚作为 社区主导保护工作的负责人，

has worked with his community over these years,

几年来与整个社区共同努力，

and the Samburu lion population has tripled.

使桑布鲁部落的 狮子数量翻了三倍。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Next, let us stop merely involving women.

下一步，让女性不仅仅是参与者。

Women must be as much part of the solution as men.

女性一定要在保护工作中 拥有与男性同等的地位。

And if our imagination for 50 percent of the world’s human population

如果我们对世界 50% 人口的想象力

ends at involvement,

仅仅停止在参与工作，

we have already lost.

我们就已经输了。

So women where I work demanded to be part of conservation.

所以，与我共事的女性 强烈要求加入保护工作。

They said --

她们说——

(Applause)

（掌声）

They did this, not just because they saw the men,

自己这么做， 不仅是因为看见了男人的工作，

but because they have a historical stake in the game.

还有一个历史原因。

In the Samburu creation story, wildlife belong to women.

桑布鲁的神话故事中， 野生动物属于女人。

So the story goes that all the animals in the world

故事是这样说的：在很久很久以前，

at the beginning of time belong to the Samburu,

桑布鲁拥有世界上所有动物，

and they were all livestock.

那时这些动物都是家畜。

The men were apparently very good livestock keepers,

显然男人擅于饲养家畜，

whereas the women were terrible and irresponsible,

而女人既糟糕又不负责任，

and they let the livestock out of the enclosure.

把家畜都放出去了。

And donkeys became zebras,

就这样，驴子变成了斑马，

and camels became giraffes.

骆驼变成了长颈鹿。

And that's how the wildlife of the world came to be.

世界上的野生动物 就是这样而来的。

So these women took this myth and they said,

因此女人们面对 这样的神话故事说，

"We are turning this patriarchal myth on its head.

“我们要彻底颠覆 这父权制的神话。

We are the people who own the wildlife,

既然野生动物属于我们，

and so you're doing wildlife conservation?

你在做野生动物保护工作吗？

Then that's our business."

那是我们该做的事。”

And one of them who said this was Munteli,

蒙泰利（Munteli）就是其中一员，

who is the coordinator of the Mother of Lions program.

她是狮子之母项目的负责人，

The Mama Simba program.

辛巴妈妈项目。

So Munteli said that as part of their work

蒙泰利说，她们的工作之一是

providing lion locations and forming a home network,

确定狮子的位置，建立家庭网络，

that all the women, including herself,

因此包括她的所有女性

need to be taught to read and write.

都要学习读写。

And so they were attending class once a week.

所以她们每星期上一次课。

And then Munteli came back and said,

蒙泰利回来对我们说，

"Actually, you know, we have far overtaken the men.

“实际上我们早就超过男人了。

So we have built an enclosure in our village.

我们在村子里建立了一处场地，

Bring your teacher and bring your whiteboard.

把你们的老师请过来，带上白板，

We want lessons four times a week."

我们想一天上四次课。”

And so the women were learning.

就这样女人开始上课了。

And then Munteli came back and said,

接下来蒙泰利又说，

"You people are not letting me do my work,

“我还是不能好好工作啊，

I need to reach women in so many other villages."

我得和那么多 其他村子的女人打交道。”

And so we asked her, "Munteli, what would you like?"

我们问她： “蒙泰利，你需要什么呢？”

And she said, "Teach me how to drive."

她说，“教我开车吧。”

Munteli is now one of the first traditional Samburu women to drive a car.

现在，蒙泰利是第一批 会开车的传统桑布鲁女人，

(Applause)

（掌声）

In her region.

在她的地区。

And she, after just learning how to read and write

她几年前刚刚

just a few years ago,

学会阅读写字，

she texts lion locations in three different languages.

现在她能用三种语言 发信息交流狮子的位置。

She has proved that the impossible is now possible.

她将不可能的事情变成了可能。

She has expanded the room for women to participate in conservation,

她扩大了女性参与保护工作的空间，

and there is room for all of them.

现在人人都有机会参与。

Conservation is about people.

保护工作与人类息息相关。

I have learned that the people

我认识到今天让狮子畅游

who are keeping lions roaming in Kenya today

在肯尼亚的大地上的人

are warriors and women and children and elders.

是勇士、女人、儿童和老人。

They are people educated by their culture;

他们是受传统文化滋养的人；

they are urbanites with a respect for that culture.

他们是尊重传统文化的城市居民。

And as more Africans allow co-existence to happen in our spaces,

在这里有更多非洲人获准共存，

we will turn back the clock on wildlife declines

我们就能逆转 野生动物数量下降的趋势，

and really make life better for all of us.

真正让我们的生活更美好。

It is time for conservation to be broad.

现在是时候扩大 保护工作的范畴了，

Broad enough not just to include a species in trouble,

不但要保护一个濒危物种，

but our land and our cultures,

还要保护我们的土地， 我们的文化，

our innovation, our story, us.

我们的创造，我们的故事， 我们自己。

Who we were, who we are and who we want to be.

我们的过去，我们的现在， 我们希冀的未来。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）