The Natural Building Blocks of Sustainable Architecture | Michael Green | TED

翻译人员: Mingyue Zheng 校对人员: suya f.

I live in big, beautiful British Columbia,

我住在英属哥伦比亚， 那里幅员辽阔，环境优美，

and my life is fueled by exploring nature both at home and around the world.

在海内外探索自然 就是我生活的全部。

In fact, this is from the Himalaya just a few months ago

这张照片拍摄的是 几个月前的喜马拉雅山，

when I was climbing there.

当时我爬到了这个地方。

Nature is a huge part of my life

大自然在我的生命中 占据了很大一部分，

and it inspires my creative and professional world as well.

激发我的创造力和专业能力。

I work hard with my team inspired by nature in Vancouver,

受到大自然的启发后， 我和团队在温哥华日以继夜地工作，

designing buildings.

做建筑设计。

As an architecture practice, we have two main missions.

在建筑实操中， 我们有两项主要任务。

Our first mission is to focus on making beautiful buildings

第一项任务， 是专注打造优雅的建筑，

that serve our community

服务我们的社区，

and respond to the needs of the people within them.

满足社区居民的需求。

The second mission we have is focused on the fact

第二项任务，是认清事实，

that the first mission has a huge impact on the planet and on climate change,

意识到我们的第一项任务会对 地球和气候变化造成巨大的影响，

and we have to work to reduce it.

因此我们需要减轻这些影响。

As a result, our firm is often called a highly sustainable practice,

我们公司一直因 高度可持续的实践而著称，

and the truth is, it really isn't.

但事实并非如此。

In fact, I don't believe that word "sustainable building"

实际上，我不相信“可持续建筑”

or "sustainable practice"

或“可持续实践”

is really true in most cases.

在大多数情况下真的可以实现。

And the reason is the built environment

因为建筑环境

uses an enormous amount of the world's resources,

使用了地球上大量的资源，

and far too few of those come from renewable resources.

而这些资源几乎都不是可再生资源。

In fact, the vast majority of the material that man makes on Earth

实际上，地球上大多数的人造资源

goes into the built environment.

都为建筑环境所用。

The other challenge with buildings

建筑业面临的另一个挑战，

is they represent about 39% of our greenhouse gas emissions,

是其温室气体排放高达39%，

or, in North America,

这相当于北美洲 近一半的温室气体排放量。

almost half of our greenhouse gas emissions.

For reference, because it's not talked about enough,

由于很少提及， 这里供大家参考，

all of cars, planes, automobiles, the entire transportation sector combined

包括汽车、飞机在内的所有 交通运输行业的排放，仅占23%。

represent only about 23%.

So buildings are a huge part of the problem

所以说，建筑是个令人头疼的问题，

and not discussed enough.

但却鲜有提起。

The reason for that are both the heating and cooling of buildings, of course,

这背后的原因，除了 建筑本身的供暖和制冷系统，

but also the materials that go into buildings.

还有建筑用料。

And when it comes to materials, the buildings' structures,

提到建筑用料、建筑结构、

what holds the buildings up,

建筑支撑，

really are composed of four major materials

不管在这个星球上的哪个城市， 它们都离不开这四样材料：

in every city on the planet:

concrete, steel, masonry and wood.

水泥、钢材、砖石和木材。

And of those four materials,

在这四样材料中，

three of them have very, very high carbon footprints,

有三样的碳足迹非常非常高，

in particular concrete and steel.

尤其是水泥和钢材。

Now, wood is the only material on that list

木材是四样材料中唯一一样

that's also a renewable resource and sequesters carbon.

吸收碳的可再生资源。

So it's the only pathway as a material

因此，作为材料，它是唯一 能够让我们打造碳中和建筑的途径。

that actually can get us to carbon-neutral buildings.

And it's the pathway we choose in our practice to build all buildings.

这也是我们建造建筑时 所选择的途径。

So our practice has been a timber-only practice since our inception

我们从最开始就使用纯木材，

and as part of our advocacy for the use of wood in buildings,

响应我们木制建筑的倡导，

about 15 years ago, I wrote a book called "The Case for Tall Wood Buildings,"

我在15年前写过一本书， 名为《高层木制建筑案例》，

and that book taught the lesson of why we should do this

这本书讲的是 我们为什么要这么做，

and how we should do this.

以及我们该如何做到。

And in the beginning, it was a very unlikely concept

刚开始时， 这一概念教人难以置信。

that people had a hard time believing.

And yes, we figured out

我们发现，

that we could have built the Empire State Building

我们完全可以使用木材 建造帝国大厦。

entirely out of wood.

That early idea now is a mainstream concept

这一早期想法现在演变成主流观念，

around the world in sustainable building practices,

渗透全球的可持续建筑实践，

and there are hundreds of tall wood buildings

成千上万座木制高楼拔地而起，

that have either been built

有的已经建好，

or are currently under design and construction,

有的正在设计或建设中，

and thousands more to come.

未来我们将会看到更多的木制大楼。

But wood as a sustainable idea is not sustainable

虽然木头符合可持续观念， 但伐木本身不可持续，

unless it actually comes from sustainable forest practices.

除非进行可持续伐木。

And much of the planet has forests that we actually need to keep standing

地球上大多数土地 拥有我们所需的森林资源，

as part of our climate solution.

以解决部分气候问题。

And in fact, lots of the world have forests that are under deep threat.

实际上，很多地区的森林资源 遭到严重威胁。

If we think about where population in the world mostly resides

试想世上人口最密集的地方，

and where it's growing the quickest,

以及人口增长最快的地方，

in fact, most of those areas either don't have forests

就会发现， 这些地区要么缺乏森林资源，

or also are aware these forests are threatened.

要么不重视森林危机。

And so wood, as good a solution as it is

因此，木制建筑虽然是好方案，

and a solution that I still very much believe in,

我也一直坚信它的好，

is not a global solution.

但它不适用于所有地区。

Most of our cities are still built in those first three materials:

我们大多数的城市建造 离不开头三样材料：

steel, concrete and masonry,

钢材，水泥和砖石，

and they have a high carbon footprint.

这些材料的碳足迹很高。

We're working hard and people are working hard

我们和所有人一样， 努力地让水泥和钢材变得更好。

to make concrete and steel better.

But unfortunately, tweaking those existing materials

但遗憾的是， 这些材料在调整后的效益不过沧海一粟。

is making them only modestly better.

In the case of concrete,

拿水泥举例，

it's estimated they can reduce the carbon footprint of concrete

水泥的碳足迹 预计最多降低10%至35%。

at best between 10% and 35%.

And that's a long way to go from where we need to be,

而我们距离自己 需要实现的目标还很远，

either at carbon neutrality in our cities,

不管是在城市碳中和方面，

or better yet, in carbon-sequestering, carbon-negative buildings.

还是在碳封存或负碳建筑上。

So how do we get there?

我们如何实现这些目标？

After building about 1.5 million square feet of mass timber

大约150万平方英尺 的大型木构建筑落成后，

I still believe in that material,

我仍然坚信用材的重要性，

but I keep asking myself this question:

但我常常问自己：

what is the alternative to “the big four”?

这“四大”材料的替代品是什么？

And the answer, in my mind without question,

毫无疑问，我认为答案是

is studying and understanding what's happening in nature

对大自然及其结构的学习和了解，

and nature's structures,

combining that with modern biotechnology

并同时利用现代生物技术

and combining that with all of the computer modeling

以及种种计算机模型，

that allows us to make incredibly efficient structures going forward.

帮助我们推进高效结构的实现。

All those things together are creating what we call “Five.”

这些创造出来 的结构我们统称“老五”。

Five is a fifth way, a new structural material

老五是第五种方式， 一种全新结构的材料，

that will replace, in my mind over time,

将在一段时间后替代“四大”。

“the big four.”

It's an all-organic material made from forests and crops

这是由木头与农作物 制成的全面有机材料，

that can be grown all over the world.

世界各地都可以种植。

It's strong and safe, and it eventually will be cost-effective

这种材料牢固安全，性价比高，

and competitive against any other material available.

能够超越现有的其他材料。

Now, this isn't a new idea.

这个想法在今天算不上新鲜。

Products made from natural materials, thankfully, are growing up everywhere.

庆幸的是，世界各地 天然材料制成的产品越来越多。

There's a huge industry of biomaterials in academia,

生物材料行业在学术界

as well as in private business.

和私营企业中都大放异彩。

And we're seeing new products come online every day.

我们发现每天都有新上线的产品。

This community is strong and hopefully getting stronger

强大的社区有望变得更强大，

and our contribution to it is really focused on this idea

我们对其的贡献其实体现在

of the biggest material use, which again is the building structure.

主要的用料，即建筑结构上。

So how does it work?

具体如何实现呢？

So the idea is based on the same concept

这个原理类似于

of how a tree works or any other vascular plant.

一棵树或导管植物的作用原理。

As we zoom in, a tree is sort of made of lignified tissues

我们放大来看， 一棵树是由木质化组织构成的，

that go from the bottom of the tree to the top,

从树的底部到顶部，

as are plants.

植物也是如此。

And those lignified tissues have within them, in cell structure,

而这些木质化组织在细胞结构中，

cellulose fibers and lignin

有纤维素纤维和木质素，

that together make the plant strong in order to grow and thrive.

它们让植物变得强壮，茁壮成长。

And those two materials,

这两种物质，

the fiber in the plant, as well as the lignin,

植物纤维和木质素，

as well as other binders,

以及其他粘合物，

make up the ingredients of what we call Five.

构成了我们所说的第五原料。

Studying the fibers and how they work in plants

了解纤维及其在植物内的运作模式

is another part of how we're trying to make this structure.

是我们尝试建构新结构的另一途径。

And if we all imagine cutting through a branch as the image just showed,

想象我们如视频所示砍下树枝，

we know that nature finds very efficient ways to create structures,

我们便会发现大自然 在结构创造中极其高效，

and they're often round like a branch.

这些结构如同树枝横截面一样圆润。

But as humans, we tend to make boxy structures.

但对人类而言， 我们常常制造方形结构。

And the reason we do that is concrete, steel and these materials and wood,

这是因为水泥、钢材、木材等材料

are more efficient when we form them as a box

要想得到高效利用， 需要我们搭建方形结构，

or when we cut them as a box,

或者把它们切割成方状物，

It's more affordable and that's why we see it.

这样更加经济实惠， 因此我们才会这样做。

So a typical structure has columns and beams and a slab that make it up,

所以说，一个典型的结构 由柱、梁、板构成，

and they're very boxy forms, as you can see in the image.

如图所示，这些构件均呈方形。

Now different structures behave very differently all the time.

一直以来，不同 的结构有不同的用途。

This particular structure is an example from a tall building,

这个特定的结构为高楼大厦所用，

but if we were talking about a house, it would be a different structure.

但如果是家里，会使用不同的结构。

Or if we're talking about a hockey rink, it would be another structure.

如果是冰球场，又会是另一种结构。

So just in this example, how do the forces work?

以高楼为例，力的作用如何实现？

Well, you have the force of the weight of people

我们要思考的有人的重力、

and you have the force of the weight of the building above.

楼上建筑的重力，

You have wind blowing on the sides or an earthquake impacting it.

以及四侧所受的风力 或地震带来的冲击。

The forces, as they press down on this particular example,

在这个特定的例子中， 这些向下压的力

in blue are forces of compression. That’s the squeezing forces, pushing down.

作用于蓝色区域， 它们是受到挤压后向下的压力。

And the forces here in yellow are the tension forces,

黄色区域承受的是拉力，

the pulling apart on that structure.

是往结构外拉的张力。

When we put those together,

当我们合起来看它们时，

we see how the forces move to the ground through this simple frame.

我们能看到这些力是如何通过 这个简单的框架向地面移动的，

And it's sort of a flowing diagram.

就像一个流动的模型。

In fact, when we use what's called a structural stress plot,

事实上，当我们用到 结构应力分布图，

you can see that the form is very natural in its character.

你会发现结构自然而然产生。

But as I said, we build things out of boxes,

但正如我提到的， 我们总建造方形物体，

and when we overlap in our example,

应用到这个例子里，

a boxy structure of wood, for example,

拿方形木结构为例，

we see these areas in red which really are unnecessary.

我们会发现其实红色区域 没有存在的必要。

There wasted material in the current way we build.

我们如今的建造方式 就像这般材料浪费。

In this example, working with our engineers,

在这个例子里， 通过我们工程师的计算，

we actually calculated that this particular example

我们浪费的材料大约达到27%。

would result in about 27% material waste.

Now all buildings are different.

现在有各种各样的建筑，

It's very hard to make a sort of overall calculation,

因此很难做全面的统计，

some buildings are more efficient, some less efficient.

有的相对节约，有的比较浪费。

But if we multiply this by the amount of building

但如果我们将这个数字

that needs to be built over the next 40 years for humanity,

乘以未来40年人类 所需建筑物的数量，

it's an incredible amount of human waste.

那么我们的浪费数量是不可思议的，

And poor use of our resources.

资源的匮乏也将难以想象。

So our goal with Five is how do we use as little resources as possible?

因此我们的第五个目标 是如何尽少损耗资源。

And when you use little resources in a building,

建筑所用的资源越少，

you lighten the building up,

建筑物越轻，

and a lighter building actually means that it weighs less on the ground,

这意味着它在地面上的重量较轻，

and our foundations below the ground can be lighter as well.

地基也因此可以变得更轻。

So less resources equals lighter buildings equals even less resources.

节约资源意味着建筑变轻， 两者结合意味着进一步的资源节约。

Taking this idea of how Five can use less,

这告诉了我们减少资源损耗的方法，

we took four existing known solutions and put them together.

我们把四种已知方案相结合。

The first is we take those plant fibers I described

第一，我们利用植物纤维，

and that can come from trees, that can come from plants, grass, bamboo.

既可以来自树木、 庄稼、草地、竹子，

It can come from waste wood products.

也可以来自废弃木品，

It can come from clearing the understory of a forest

或林下植物的弃枝，

to make it less likely for forest fire in places like California.

使加州等地减少 发生森林火灾的可能性。

We take those fibers and combine them with other organic binders and lignin

我们用有机粘合剂 和木质素粘合那些纤维，

in order to sort of create a solid product.

以此创造出牢固的产品。

And then we take these computer models

接着我们使用电脑模型，

that allow us to really design efficiency into the way we build

把设计效率真正融入到 我们的建筑方式上，

so we can boil out all that waste.

这样我们才能变废为宝。

And then finally, we're going to use custom robotics.

最后，我们会用到定制机器人。

That means that every part of a building,

这意味着建筑的每一处细节，

rather than being cookie cutter and the same and wasteful,

与其整齐划一地分割，产生浪费，

could be just as much material as needed and no more

不如按需用尽 每一寸材料，杜绝浪费，

in order to make the building safe.

以此建造安全的建筑。

Together, that makes something that looks like this.

综上所述，我们的成果将如图所示。

And again, this is an example.

这仅仅是一个例子。

The flat top is flat because we walk on floors,

平顶没有坡度， 因为我们要在地面上走，

but underneath the building looks more organic in its shape,

但是它的内部形态看起来更加有机，

and as you can see, these beams and columns

你可以看到，这些梁和柱

feel a little bit more like branches and more like what we see in nature.

看上去更接近树枝， 更接近我们在大自然里看到的景象。

As we zoom in even further,

我们再进一步放大来看，

we start to see how it's actually composed.

我们能看到它们的组成部分。

And you may think in your mind: is this fiberboard?

你可能会问：这是纤维板吗？

Is this particleboard, things you’ve seen before?

还是我们之前熟知的刨花板？

Well, actually what we're talking about

我们其实谈论的是 植物纤维中非常细微的分层，

is a very microscopic layering of these plant fibers

that are just a millimeter long.

长度仅有一毫米。

By laying them together

层层相叠，交叉压制，

and cross-laminating them across each other,

we can customize the way, based again on a structural model,

我们可以根据结构模型定制压制方式，

exactly how the composition of each piece of the material works

考虑结合每一寸材料的特性，

in order to make it as efficient as possible.

使其效率达到最高。

We combine it with these organic polymers and lignin

有机聚合物和木质素的结合

and ultimately make this material as strong, dense,

最终会使材料强度大，密度高，

and it behaves much like a tree would.

在表现上更像木材。

Now we do that in another unique way in the way the forming works.

成型的方式上， 我们用另一种独特的方法完成。

Because no pieces of a structure have to be the same

因为没有任何一种结构是相同的，

and we want to reduce waste,

我们希望减少浪费，

we use robotic forms and fabric forms.

所以我们使用机器和织物两种方式。

The red is fabric that moves in and out

红色的纤维来回抽动，

and allows each piece of the building to be completely, uniquely customizable.

让建筑每一处细节 都可以完全享受独一无二的定制化。

And again, we're using it to reduce the waste of the structure.

用这个方法是为了减少结构上的浪费。

Now when we put that all together,

现在我们把所有东西都放在一起，

it looks like something completely different,

塑造出截然不同的物品，

something that none of us have seen before.

这是我们此前从未见过的。

It's not like steel, it's not like concrete

既不像钢材或水泥，

and it's not like wood.

也不像木材。

Instead, in this example, what you see is an entirely plant-based structure.

取而代之的是 完全依赖植物而来的结构。

It's healthy and beautiful to be around.

这是健康美丽的存在。

Its shapes are not there as decoration.

它的外形不是基于装饰作用，

They're there as just structural essentials,

它本身就是结构最重要的部分，

and yet they're beautiful.

但是是美的。

It's safe to be within.

它既能保障安全，

It sequesters carbon,

又能起到固碳作用，

so it's part of our solution for climate change.

是我们应对气候变化 的解决方案之一。

I believe we cannot continue to work with broken systems

我相信我们无法 继续在一个破碎的系统里

and try to make them better.

进行更好的尝试。

We have to imagine something next.

我们必须拥抱未来的新想法。

We also can't wait for the world's resources to run out

不要等到全球资源都耗尽了，

before we imagine a future that's different.

才开始思考一个不一样的未来。

We are no longer part of an industrial revolution of materials.

我们的用材不再局限于 工业革命下的产物，

We are at the beginning of Mother Nature's revolution of materials.

而是开始回归 自然界芸芸众生的力量。

And as a result, we can make much more beautiful environments for everyone.

因此，我们可以为自己 打造更优美的环境。

As I walk around the forest of my home

我在家附近的森林里散步时，

and I look up into the trees

抬头看着树木，

and imagine what the buildings of the future are,

想象未来建筑的样子，

I imagine that they'll use less resources, they'll have less impact.

我想它们一定会更加节约资源， 让我们不受太多影响。

They will still make strong, healthy communities for all of us.

它们会为我们带来良好健康的社区，

But they'll do so more efficiently.

而且更加高效。

All of these ideas are ideas that already exist.

我的这些想法其实早已存在，

There's nothing new here.

算不上新鲜事。

We have an opportunity to live in a completely biological world.

我们完全有机会到一个 天然世界里生活，

We just have to decide to do so.

只是我们需要做出这个决定。

There is a community growing of companies

生物材料产品及其厂商 如雨后春笋般崛起，

and products of biomaterials that are available,

and every day there are new materials introduced into the system.

每天都为系统带来新材料。

We can and we will solve this combination of human need and the planet's need

我们能够满足人类和地球的需求，

at the same time.

互不矛盾。

All we need to do is listen to nature and let her teach us how.

我们需要做的是，

倾听大自然的声音， 虚心请教大自然。

Thank you.

谢谢大家。

(Applause)

（掌声）