The Wheat Field That Could Change the World | Guntur V. Subbarao | TED

23,949 views ใƒป 2022-12-15

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Ryu Jin Jeong ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:04
What you see over there is
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ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์šฐ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ€๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:07
elite modern-day wheat lines
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00:11
that have a special ability to produce
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”
00:14
large amounts of antibiotics
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:18
from the root systems.
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00:20
You may be wondering,
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์•„๋งˆ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
why do we need antibiotics from the wheat root systems?
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โ€˜๋ฐ€์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์— ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์™œ ํ•„์š”ํ• ๊นŒ?โ€™
00:27
You only take antibiotics when you are sick, isn't it?
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ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋Š” ์•„ํ”Œ ๋•Œ๋‚˜ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:33
The agricultural systems,
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๋†์—… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์˜๋† ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€
00:35
the modern farming systems have become
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์ ์  ๋ณ‘๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
increasingly sick lately.
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00:42
They are so sick that nearly 70 percent of the nitrogen fertilizers
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์ด๋“ค ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ถ€์‹คํ•ด์ ธ์„œ
๋†์ง€์— ์“ฐ๋Š” ์งˆ์†Œ ๋น„๋ฃŒ์˜
00:49
that are being applied to farmlands
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 70%๊ฐ€ ์œ ์‹ค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
are being leaked out.
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00:54
They're leaking nitrogen uncontrollably.
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์งˆ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑท์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ์œ ์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:59
If you look at the nitrogen fertilizer consumption
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์งˆ์†Œ ๋น„๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
01:03
from the beginning of the Green Revolution,
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๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ˜๋ช… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด
01:06
it has grown nearly 30 fold.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 30๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
From five million metric tons
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๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ˜๋ช… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ 5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ํ†ค์—์„œ
01:12
at the beginning of the Green Revolution,
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01:14
to 150 million metric tons,
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1์–ต 5์ฒœ๋งŒ ํ†ค์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ ์–‘์„ ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:17
what we are currently using.
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01:19
A 30-fold increase in nitrogen fertilizer consumption
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์งˆ์†Œ ๋น„๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰์ด 30๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:24
has resulted in a four-fold increase in global food grain production.
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณก๋ฌผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ 4๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
Of course, we all know
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
01:34
that the Green Revolution has transformed the global food grain production,
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๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ˜๋ช…์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณก๋ฌผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋†จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
saved us from famine,
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๊ธฐ๊ทผ๊ณผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:43
food scarcities,
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01:47
and provided the global food security.
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์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:50
But you have to ask yourself.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž๋ฌธํ•ด๋ณด์…”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
A 30-fold increase in nitrogen fertilizer consumption
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์งˆ์†Œ ๋น„๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰์ด 30๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:00
is supporting only four-fold increase in food grain production.
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๊ณก๋ฌผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 4๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
What's happening?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
02:10
When you apply nitrogen fertilizers,
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์งˆ์†Œ ๋น„๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
it is mostly in ammonium form.
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02:16
Ammonium form binds the soil, doesn't move.
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์•”๋ชจ๋Š„์€ ํ† ์–‘์— ์—‰๊ฒจ์„œ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
Doesn't create any harmful nitrogen byproducts.
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๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ์งˆ์†Œ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
02:26
There's no problem with ammonium nitrogen.
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์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์งˆ์†Œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
But there is a little bacteria, lives in the soil,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ† ์–‘ ์†์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์„ธ๊ท ๋“ค์ด
02:32
that started eating away this fertilizer, nitrogen ammonium,
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๋น„๋ฃŒ, ์ฆ‰, ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์งˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋จน์–ด์น˜์šฐ๊ณ 
02:37
and spitting it out into nitrate.
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์งˆ์‚ฐ์—ผ์„ ๋ฑ‰์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
And also it's making many other
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ์งˆ์†Œ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋„
02:45
harmful nitrogen byproducts.
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๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ฃ .
02:49
The problem with the nitrates is,
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์งˆ์‚ฐ์—ผ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”,
02:53
though many plants can use nitrates as a nitrogen source,
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๋งŽ์€ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์งˆ์‚ฐ์—ผ์„ ์งˆ์†Œ์›์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
02:57
but nitrogen cannot bind to the soil.
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์งˆ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ† ์–‘์— ์—‰๊ฒจ๋ถ™์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
It washes out.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์“ธ๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
03:03
If you have rain, if you have irrigation,
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๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋†์ง€์—์„œ ์”ป๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
it washes out from the farmlands.
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03:09
That is the problem.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ .
03:11
This little bacteria [that] used to be a small,
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ํ† ์–‘ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ™œ๋™ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ
03:14
subdued microbial activity in the soil biological activity,
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์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์–ต์ œ๋œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ž‘์€ ์„ธ๊ท ๋“ค์ด
03:21
has grown now into a monster.
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์ด์ œ ๊ดด๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ปค์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
It's consuming nearly 95 to 99 percent of the fertilizer nitrogen
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์งˆ์†Œ ๋น„๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 95-99%๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:31
and splitting it out into nitrates.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์งˆ์‚ฐ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฑ‰์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:34
We should be asking,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์— ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
03:35
are we fertilizing our crops,
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03:39
or are we fertilizing this little bacteria
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์„ธ๊ท ์— ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ค˜์„œ
03:43
which we have helped to grow into a big monster?
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ดด๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
03:49
This is what happens when the nitrogen moves into water streams,
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์งˆ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
pollutes lakes,
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ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜๊ณ  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
triggers algal blooms
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04:00
and creates another Green Revolution.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
If you don't keep the nitrogen in farmlands,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋†์ง€์— ์งˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„๋‘์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
04:07
if you allow it to move into the water bodies,
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์งˆ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋†”๋‘ฌ์„œ
04:10
to the larger ecosystem,
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๋” ํฐ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:13
it creates another Green Revolution in a ecologically destructive way.
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์ƒํƒœํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
If you look at the soil,
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ํ™์€ ์ž˜ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
it's a living biological system.
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04:27
An invisible microbial world.
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๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
There's a large microbial universe operating in these soil systems.
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ํ† ์–‘ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:36
They are involved in numerous functions,
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
breaking down everything into individual components,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚ฑ๋‚ฑ์ด ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ 
04:44
nourishing our crops to grow and produce food.
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๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์ด ์ž๋ผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์˜์–‘์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:49
It's so complex.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
It's much, much bigger than the ecosystem that we know,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฌ์ฃ .
04:55
the ecosystem above the ground that we know.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋งŒ ์•„๋Š”๋ฐ
์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
It's much more complex.
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05:01
Just to give you an example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
05:02
a gram of soil would have about 10 billion microbial cells.
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ํ™ 1๊ทธ๋žจ์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 100์–ต ๊ฐœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
Ten billion microbes in a gram of soil, doing various functions.
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ํ™ 1๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ฐฑ์–ต ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:14
It's much larger than the entire human population,
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ถˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
what you see on Earth.
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05:21
This microbial universe is affected,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
affected so severely,
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05:28
from the last seven decades of the Green Revolution.
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์ง€๋‚œ 70๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ์š”.
05:33
Particularly,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์งˆ์†Œ ๋น„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
05:34
the infusion of large amounts of nitrogen fertilizers
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05:39
caused disruption to this microbial activity
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ํ™œ๋™์— ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ 
05:43
and changed the population dynamics.
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๊ฐœ์ฑ„์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ญํ•™์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
As I said, what used to be a small,
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์•ž์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
05:49
insignificant microbial activity in the soil
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ํ† ์–‘ ์† ์ž‘๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฐฎ์•˜๋˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ํ™œ๋™์ด
05:53
has grown into a monstrous proportion,
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๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ
05:57
sucking up all the fertilizer nitrogen [that] we are applying.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์งˆ์†Œ ๋น„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋นจ์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
Nature has evolved many solutions
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์ž์—ฐ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
to some of the problems we are facing in agriculture
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†์—…์—์„œ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜
06:10
and some of the problems we are going to create
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์žฅ์ฐจ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
06:12
and face in the future.
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06:15
What you see over there is a Brachiaria tropical pasture grass.
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์ œ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ธŒ๋ผํ‚ค์•„๋ฆฌ์•„ ์—ด๋Œ€ ๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
It grows extensively in South America.
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๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ์ฃ .
06:25
It has a unique ability.
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์ด ํ’€์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:27
It produces large amounts of antibiotics from the root systems.
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
These antibiotics are specifically directed to this little bacteria,
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์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์„ธ๊ท ๋“ค์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
we say the nitrifying bacteria.
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์งˆํ™” ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ํ‘œ์ ์ด์ฃ .
06:41
Because of that, it tightly controls
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ํ’€์€ ์งˆํ™” ์„ธ๊ท ์ด
06:46
this nitrifying bacteria function in the soil.
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ํ† ์–‘์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ†ต์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
It doesn't allow it to function.
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ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:52
It doesn't kill that bacteria,
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์„ธ๊ท ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ชป ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
but it doesnโ€™t allow it to function,
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06:56
just [keeps] them in a kind of coma state.
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ํ˜ผ์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ์— ๋น ์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:59
Because of that,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
07:02
you don't see any kind of nitrate formation
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์ด ์—ด๋Œ€ ๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์งˆ์‚ฐ์—ผ๋„
07:05
in these tropical pastures.
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๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
In particular, this tropical pasture grass.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ์—ด๋Œ€ ๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ง€์—์„œ๋Š”์š”.
07:11
And also, you donโ€™t see any nitrogen gas emitted from these pastures.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” ์งˆ์†Œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์‚ฐํ™” ์งˆ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
No nitrous oxide is emitted from these pastures
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07:21
because it controls these bacteria so tightly
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด
07:25
by producing large amounts of antibiotics from the root systems.
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์„ธ๊ท ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:30
The question is,
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๋‚จ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ ์˜ค๋Š๋ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
how do we bring this kind of ability into our crop lands?
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07:37
Most of our food production comes from four crops:
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
Wheat, maize, rice and sorghum.
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๋ฐ€, ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜, ์Œ€, ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
These are the four crop that provide the global food security.
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์ด ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์ด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
Almost 80 to 90 percent of the food grains are produced from these four crops.
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๊ณก๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 80~90%๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋„ค ์ž‘๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์ฃ .
07:56
And also ... more than 90 percent
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์€
๋†์—…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต์žฅ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ์ „์ฒด ์งˆ์†Œ ๋น„๋ฃŒ์˜
08:01
of the entire nitrogen fertilizer produced industrially
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08:05
goes to these four production systems.
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90% ์ด์ƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
These food crops, the staple crops,
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์ด ์–‘๊ณก๋“ค, ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณก๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋”ฑํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
don't have much ability.
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08:16
That's the reason they are leaking.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์งˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:19
So, if you look at this, you see the wild wheat.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์•ผ์ƒ ๋ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
It has the ability to produce 20 to 30 times antibiotics
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ 20~30๋ฐฐ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:30
from the root systems.
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08:31
Our group has worked for the last 15 years
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
08:36
to try and locate the genomic region
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์–ด
08:39
responsible for producing these antibiotics
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08:42
and transfer to the cultivated wheat.
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์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ข… ๋ฐ€์— ์ด์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
We have done it.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
You see that the orange,
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ํ™”๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์ƒ‰ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
08:50
orange is here part of the chromosome that is coming from the wild wheat,
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์•ผ์ƒ ๋ฐ€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
which is coding the antibiotics.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ฃ .
08:58
We have got that integrated to the wheat genome
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ฐ€์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ํ†ตํ•ฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
without disrupting the elite [agronomic] architecture of the wheat system,
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๋ฐ€์˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์น˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ 
09:07
and also without disrupting the yield potential
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์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์— ์ง€์žฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ 
09:11
and without interfering with the bread-making quality of the wheat.
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๋ฐ€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋นต์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์š”.
09:16
This new category of wheats we call BNI-wheats,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ โ€˜BNI ๋ฐ€โ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐ€์€
09:19
the wheats that can produce large amounts of antibiotics
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ด์„œ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
from the root systems
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09:24
to control this bacteria
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09:25
so that they can control the nitrate production in the root systems.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์งˆ์‚ฐ์—ผ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:31
Because of this,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์งˆ์†Œ ๋น„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋“  ๊ฐ„์—
09:33
the nitrogen fertilizer, whatever we are applying,
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09:36
would stay in the [root-zone], doesnโ€™t leak.
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ณ  ์”ป๊ฒจ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
Look at the the BNI wheats, well, it looks quite healthy and green.
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BNI ๋ฐ€์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฝค ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋ฆ‡ํŒŒ๋ฆ‡ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
You see the right side,
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฐ€์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
09:46
that is the current modern wheats,
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09:48
which leaks out all the nitrogen, whatever we have applied.
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์–ด๋–ค ์งˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋“  ๋ชจ๋“  ์งˆ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
Both the plants were applied the same amount of nitrogen
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์–‘์ชฝ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์งˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–‘ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
at exactly the same time.
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09:57
In one case, it leaked out.
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ํ•œ์ชฝ์€ ์งˆ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๊ณ ,
09:59
In the other case, it remained in the farmland.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ๋†์ง€์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
These are the BNI wheats.
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์ด BNI ๋ฐ€์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฐ€์ด์ฃ .
10:06
These are the next generation wheats under development.
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10:09
So in a few years from now,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
they will be available to the farmers.
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10:15
So our hope is, in the next 10 years,
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์ €ํฌ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ 10๋…„ ์•ˆ์—
10:19
most of the wheats that are grown in different parts of the world
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
10:23
would have this kind of ability
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์„œ,
10:25
so that the nitrogen leakage can be stopped
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์งˆ์†Œ ์œ ์ถœ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
by infusing these large amounts of antibiotics
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋•๋ถ„์—์š”.
10:32
from the root systems.
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10:34
Thatโ€™s what is going to control --
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ€ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
10:35
thatโ€™s what is going to reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in future ...
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์งˆ์†Œ ๋น„๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
in wheat root systems.
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10:42
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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