How We Could Solve the Dark Matter Mystery | Chanda Prescod-Weinstein | TED

84,290 views ใƒป 2022-07-13

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ์„ฑ์ค€ ์•ˆ ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:04
When we look at the night sky,
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๋ฐคํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ด‘ํ™œํ•œ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ํŽผ์ณ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:06
we see a vast cosmos
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00:08
filled with stars and galaxies and dust,
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๋ณ„๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜, ์šฐ์ฃผ๋จผ์ง€๋“ค์ด
00:12
a cosmos teeming with luminous phenomena.
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๋ฐ˜์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ˆˆ๋ถ€์‹  ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:16
So we've all heard some version of that famous Carl Sagan line,
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์นผ ์„ธ์ด๊ฑด์ด ํ•œ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ง์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:19
"We are made of star stuff."
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โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณ„์˜ ์ž”ํ•ด์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
00:21
And it's true, we are.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
And that makes it easy to believe that what matters is what's visible --
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์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
us, the trees, the stars --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ๋ณ„...
00:31
because it helps us feel connected to everything that we can see.
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๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ๋А๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:36
Today, we know that everything visible in the universe
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€
00:39
is composed from a basic set of building blocks
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์†Œ๋ฆฝ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ž…์ž๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
known as elementary particles.
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00:44
We call this incredibly elegant picture
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์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€
00:47
the standard model of particle physics,
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์†Œ๋ฆฝ์ž ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ชจํ˜•์ด๋ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
00:49
and we understand it in great mathematical detail.
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ์ƒ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
Comprehending the standard model is an enormous achievement.
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์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ํ•ด์„ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์—…์ ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
But we are now certain that it describes very little of what's out there.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฐ–์— ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
It turns out that most of the stuff which fills our universe
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
01:06
is completely invisible to us.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€์ธก ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
In other words, visible matter,
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์ฆ‰, ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ณ„์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ
01:11
the kind that we and the stars are made from,
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๋น›์„ ๋‚ด๋ฟœ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€
01:15
the kind that radiates light,
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01:16
is not what's normal.
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์ผ๋ถ€์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
And we, the luminous matter,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€
01:21
we are the cosmic weirdos.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์ด์ฃ .
01:26
So how do we know?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
01:28
Well, consider this invisible nonbinary person,
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๋ณด์ด์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‚จ์ž๋„, ์—ฌ์ž๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
01:31
who's hiding in plain sight inside of their suit.
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์˜ท์„ ์ž…์–ด์„œ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:36
We can't exactly see a person,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„
01:38
but we know that they're there, because the suit is filled out.
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์˜ท์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
So the presence of the invisible enby
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๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ
01:43
is governing how the suit hangs in space-time.
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์˜ท์ด ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ•ด์ง€์ฃ .
01:47
So we can see a similar effect with visible matter.
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๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ถ”๋ก ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
We can see that stars and galaxies are affected
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์ „ํ˜€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ
01:53
by the presence of something more,
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01:55
something completely invisible to us.
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๋ณ„๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
So we now know that the universe is more queer and fantastical
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋งจ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
02:03
than it looks to the naked eye.
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๊ธฐ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒœ์™ธํ•จ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
(Cheers)
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(ํ™˜ํ˜ธ)
02:06
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:07
That's right.
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๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
(Laughter and applause)
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(์›ƒ์Œ๊ณผ ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
02:10
So how did the universe get this way,
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์–ด์จฐ์„œ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ 
02:12
and what exactly is inside?
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:15
So I'm a theoretical physicist
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์ €๋Š” ์ž…์ž ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก  ์ „๊ณต์˜ ์ด๋ก  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
with expertise in particle cosmology.
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02:20
And it's my job to use math
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์›๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋“ฑ
02:22
to study the origin and evolution of space-time
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02:25
and every single thing that's inside of it.
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๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
I connect the very small -- elementary particles --
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฝ์ž์™€
02:32
with the extremely large -- galaxies and galaxy clusters,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์€ํ•˜์™€ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”
02:36
and I'm a griot of the universe.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์Œ์œ ์‹œ์ธ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
I develop creative mathematical narratives
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š”
02:41
that may just be our cosmic origin story.
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์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์„œ์‚ฌ๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:48
Now as a theoretical physicist, I really love doing math
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์ด๋ก  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
02:53
and coming up with different ideas
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์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด
02:55
that may describe our mostly invisible universe.
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๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
But it's important to be accountable to data too,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‹ค์ธก ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์†Œํ™€ํžˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
the real stuff.
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03:04
So after mathematics,
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์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ
03:06
my second favorite tool for addressing these large cosmological questions
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š”
03:12
is the biggest laboratory we know,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์ธ
03:14
the universe itself.
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์šฐ์ฃผ ์ž์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
Observatories with capabilities from visible light
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๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„ ๊ณผ ๊ณ  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์—‘์Šค์„ ,
03:20
to high-energy X-ray and gamma-ray photons
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๊ฐ๋งˆ์„  ๊ด‘์ž ๊ด€์ธก์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฒœ๋ฌธ๋Œ€๋Š”
03:23
are still some of the best ways to gain insight
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๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด
03:26
into what's going on in space-time, with the invisible stuff.
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์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์ตœ์ ์ด์ฃ .
03:31
So what you're looking at here is the Vera C. Rubin Observatory,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ๋ฒ ๋ผ ๋ฃจ๋นˆ ์ฒœ๋ฌธ๋Œ€๋กœ
03:35
an exciting new facility
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2๋…„ ๋’ค์— ์™„๊ณต๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ธ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‹œ์„ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
that's about to see its first light over the next two years.
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03:41
It's a leading example of a new generation of telescopes
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์ด๊ณณ์€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€
03:44
that are going to change the way we see this mostly invisible universe.
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์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ฒœ์ฒด๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์˜ ์„ ๋‘ ์ฃผ์ž์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
Now it's also the case that swarms of satellites
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์‚ฌ์ง„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์€
03:54
threaten images from ground-based facilities like this one.
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์ธ๊ณต์œ„์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ํฐ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
But the Vera C. Rubin Observatory can help us understand
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฒ ๋ผ ๋ฃจ๋นˆ ์ฒœ๋ฌธ๋Œ€๋Š”
04:01
where the invisible stuff is and what it's doing,
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๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€
04:04
which will help us determine what exactly it is.
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์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
So when it comes to the cosmic accounting,
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์•„์ง์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
here is what we know so far.
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04:16
We're in the midst of a great cosmic drama,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ํœ˜๊ณ  ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜๋Š”
04:19
where space-time is curved and itโ€™s expanding.
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๋Œ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์„œ์‚ฌ์‹œ์˜ ํ•œ๋ณตํŒ์— ์„œ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
And the history and future of that curvature and expansion
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์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์™œ๊ณก๊ณผ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š”
04:26
is determined by what's inside,
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
which is mostly not visible stuff like us --
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 5%์ฃ .
04:31
that's only about five percent.
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04:34
The majority of the energy-matter content in the universe
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€-๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์•”ํ‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
is something that we call dark energy.
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04:39
So empty space seems to have an energy associated with it.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์•”ํ‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
And that's increasingly affecting how space-time expands.
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์•”ํ‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์ ์ฐจ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
After dark energy,
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์•”ํ‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ
04:50
the second-largest ingredient is something that we call dark matter.
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํฐ ์ง€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
So here's the funky thing about dark matter.
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ์ ์€
04:57
Unlike dark energy,
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์•”ํ‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
04:59
it gravitates exactly like visible matter.
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์ค‘๋ ฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
But it's completely unlike us in every other way.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ฃ .
05:09
So you might be thinking,
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:11
"OK, dark matter.
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05:12
It clearly has a color associated with it."
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๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜คํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
It's dark, like my pants.
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์ด ๋ฐ”์ง€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
05:17
Right?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
05:19
But the first thing you should know about dark matter
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์ƒ‰์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์šฐ์„  ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
is that it doesn't have a color,
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05:23
and at least at first approximation,
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ถ”์ •์—์„œ๋Š”
05:25
light seems to go right through it, so we can't see it.
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๋น›์ด ์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
It's invisible, maybe transparent, maybe clear.
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ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์–ด์จŒ๋“  ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
So if you put out your hands
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์†์„ ๋‚ด๋ฐ€์–ด
05:34
and think about the weight of having a clump of dark matter in your hands --
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๋А๋‚„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
05:39
that's how it would feel,
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์† ์œ„์— ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
but your hands would look exactly the same.
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05:46
Today, we believe
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ 80%๋Š”
05:47
that 80 percent of the normally gravitating matter in the universe
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05:50
is dark matter.
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
Dark matter is dominant on the outskirts of galaxies,
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ํฌ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:56
and it affects stellar motions on the edges.
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์€ํ•˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒด์˜ ์šด๋™์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
This effect is actually how Vera C. Rubin and Kent Ford
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋ฒ ๋ผ ๋ฃจ๋นˆ๊ณผ ์ผ„ํŠธ ํฌ๋“œ๋Š”
06:03
found the first substantive evidence for the existence of dark matter.
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ž…์ฆํ•  ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:08
What you're looking at here
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
06:10
is an artist's rendering of our own galaxy, the Milky Way,
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06:14
and it's enveloped in a halo of dark matter,
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
represented here by a blue gas.
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ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
We believe that every single galaxy,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜, ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:21
or almost every single galaxy,
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06:23
lives inside of a dark matter halo.
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋œ ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์— ์‹ธ์—ฌ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
And we think that they're not alone.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์€ํ•˜๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
The Milky Way itself has around 60 gravitationally bound satellite galaxies
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์€ํ•˜์—๋Š” ์œ„์„ฑ ์€ํ•˜ ์•ฝ 60๊ฐœ๊ฐ€
์ค‘๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
that are in its orbit.
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06:37
Some of these, you may have seen when observing the night sky,
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๋ฐคํ•˜๋Š˜์—์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
or you may have heard of,
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๋Œ€๋งˆ์ ค๋ž€์„ฑ์šด์ด๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋งˆ์ ค๋ž€์„ฑ์šด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
06:41
like the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud.
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06:47
Each of these satellites
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์œ„์„ฑ ์€ํ•˜๋Š”
06:48
lives inside of its own dark matter subhalo.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ์— ์‹ธ์—ฌ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:53
So, like the invisible enby in their suit,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜ท์„ ์ž…์€ ํˆฌ๋ช… ์ธ๊ฐ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:55
the presence of dark matter
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€
06:57
is affecting how galaxies are distributed throughout space-time.
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์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์€ํ•˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
So we can also reverse-engineer where dark matter is --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:08
it's represented here by the bluish purple.
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์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ํ‘ธ๋ฅด์Šค๋ฆ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
We can look at how images of galaxy clusters
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์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์™œ๊ณก๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ 
07:15
are distorted, which tells us something
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์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์™œ๊ณกํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ง์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
about how dark matter is distorting space-time.
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07:20
So we know something about how much dark matter there is,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ 
07:25
and even how the dark matter is distributed,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
but what kind of particle is it?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ž…์ž๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
07:32
So all that we know
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
07:33
is that it's beyond standard-model physics.
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07:37
It's not like any of the particles that we have ever seen
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์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์ž…์ž์™€๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์ด์ฃ .
07:40
or had any kind of contact with.
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07:44
Alright, so this seems like a potentially terrifying,
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๊ณ  ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ฌด์„œ์šธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
intractable problem,
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07:48
because we're talking about something that we can't see,
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๋ณด์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋А๋ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:51
something that we can't touch.
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07:53
You might be thinking,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
"OK, they haven't had many ideas about that over the years,
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โ€œ๋ชน์‹œ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์•„๋ฌด ์†Œ๋“์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ฒ ์ง€.โ€
07:57
because that just seems really hard."
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07:59
Right?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฐ€์š”?
08:01
So here's the Venn diagram to end all Venn diagrams.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒค ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒค ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:06
[Theories of Dark Matter]
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[์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ด๋ก ]
08:07
So I'll bet y'all a hundred dollars that you can't find a better one.
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์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์— 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฑธ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
At least according to me.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:15
So Tim Tait created this diagram
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์ด ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ํŒ€ ํ…Œ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€
08:17
to help us visualize just some of the hypotheses
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ด๋ก ๋“ค์„
08:21
that physicists have had over the years to explain the dark matter problem
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
08:25
and how these ideas overlap with each other.
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์ด๋ก ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฒน์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ •๋ง ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์ฃ ?
08:29
So as you all can see, there's a lot happening here, right?
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08:33
And hopefully, it's becoming increasingly clear
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ด๋ก ์ด
08:36
that this isn't just an astrophysics problem
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์€ํ•˜์™€ ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒด๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ผ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:39
of galaxies and galaxy clusters,
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์ž…์ž ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด
08:42
but this is also a particle physics problem.
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๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
In order to understand what's happening on the largest scales,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
08:49
we need to understand something very small,
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
like a new particle,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…์ž๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€ ์›์‹œ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํ™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:54
or maybe primordial black holes.
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08:57
So you've been looking at this for a moment,
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๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ž ๊น ๋ณด์…จ์„ ํ…๋ฐ ์•„๋งˆ ์ •๋ง ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
and you know what you're all really thinking is,
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09:02
"What's Chanda's favorite dark matter candidate?"
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โ€œ์ € ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ?โ€
09:04
Right? This is what you're dying to know?
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์ •๋ง ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์ฃ ?
09:07
So, I'll end the suspense by telling you ...
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์ •๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
that my favorite candidate is something called the axion.
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์ €๋Š” ์•…์‹œ์˜จ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ ฅํ•˜๋‹ค ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
This is the hypothetical particle.
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์•…์‹œ์˜จ์€ ๊ฐ€์„ค๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
And the first thing that I want to tell you about the axion
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์•…์‹œ์˜จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ์„  ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ํžˆ๊ธ€๋ ›์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ป”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
is that it was almost called the higglet ...
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09:20
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์•…์‹œ์˜จ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ฐธ ๋ณ„๋กœ๋„ค์š”.
09:22
And whoever chose "the axion" just completely blew it, OK?
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09:26
I'm pretty bummed about that.
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์ •๋ง ๋งˆ์Œ์— ์•ˆ ๋“ค์–ด์š”.
09:28
But the axion is a compelling particle, because it's a twofer:
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ํ•˜์—ฌํŠผ ์•…์‹œ์˜จ์€ ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž…์ž์ธ๋ฐ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
it addresses a problem that we already had,
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์•…์‹œ์˜จ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
a conflict between theory and experiment
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฟผํฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ทน์ด์ฃ .
09:36
in the realm of quark physics.
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09:39
"OK," you say, "but, like, how can I visualize it?"
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
09:42
At this point in the talk, you should know better, right?
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ๋“ค์œผ์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
09:45
Because to first approximation, dark matter is invisible.
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ž–์•„์š”.
09:48
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:49
But I know you really want a visual,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹  ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
so I'm going to give you one.
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09:54
Here's what it looks like to me, in my everyday work.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ‰์†Œ์— ๋ณด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:58
(Applause)
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10:02
Which is to say, it's OK if this is unintuitive.
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์ง๊ด€์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ญ ์–ด๋– ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•˜์ฃ .
10:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:07
The universe is a wonderfully strange and fantastical place,
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒœ์™ธํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด๊ณ 
10:11
and that's why humans as a species have always wanted to study it.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
And this is why we have so much fun, trying to understand it.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฑฐ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
10:21
So how are we going to go looking for the axion
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์•…์‹œ์˜จ์ด๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฐพ์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:23
or any other dark matter particle?
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10:26
You might think that we have to use traditional particle physics approaches,
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ž…์ž ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์จ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
like colliders, where we smash particles together
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์ž…์ž ๊ฐ€์†๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ถฉ๋Œ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:32
and see what comes out.
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10:33
But astrophysical signals have something to say.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒœ์ฒด๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
Telescopes from across the electromagnetic spectrum --
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์ „์ž๊ธฐ ์˜์—ญ ์ „๋ฐ˜์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
for example, the proposed NASA facility,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋‚˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜ํ•  ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋ธŒ-X ์—‘์Šค์„  ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
10:43
the STROBE-X X-ray space telescope --
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10:46
can help us potentially determine what exactly dark matter is.
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ทœ๋ช…์— ๋„์›€์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:51
But telescopes look at the very large.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
How can we use the extremely large to understand something so small?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์€ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:58
Well, in the case of the axion,
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์ผ๋‹จ ์•…์‹œ์˜จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
11:00
it helps to pay attention to its quantum classification.
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์–‘์ž์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์จ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
So all particles come in one of two quantum categories,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ž…์ž๋Š”๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ์†ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
fermions and bosons.
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ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ์˜จ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ณด์†์ด์ฃ .
11:10
So fermions, even when things get cold,
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ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ์˜จ์€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ ธ๋„
11:12
like to keep their distance from each other.
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์ž…์ž ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‚ฌ๊ต์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋ฐ ์›๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ .
11:15
They're antisocial.
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11:16
That's how it is.
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11:18
Bosons, on the other hand,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๋ณด์†์€ ์ž„๊ณ„ ์˜จ๋„ ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด
11:19
when they get below a critical temperature,
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11:22
they're like five-year-olds on a soccer field,
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์ถ•๊ตฌ์žฅ์— ํ’€์–ด ๋†“์€ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‚ด๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ ์•„์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
so they don't have a concept of formation,
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ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์—†์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์–ด ์›€์ง์ด์ฃ .
11:26
they just bunch up together.
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11:30
So in technical terms,
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์ „๋ฌธ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณด์Šค-์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ ์‘์ถ•์ด๋ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
11:31
we call this the formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate,
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11:35
where all the particles come together and act like one superparticle.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ญ‰์ณ์„œ ์ดˆ์†Œ๋ฆฝ์ž์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
So importantly, axions are bosons,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€, ์•…์‹œ์˜จ์€ ๋ณด์†์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:44
and so now you have a sense of why I like working with them.
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์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ์–ด์งธ์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•…์‹œ์˜จ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋๊ฒ ์ฃ .
์•…์‹œ์˜จ์˜ ๋ณด์Šค-์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ ์‘์ถ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ํ‘น ๋น ์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
I'm completely enamored with the idea of axion Bose-Einstein condensates.
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11:53
So usually, we talk about creating these quantum states in the lab,
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๋ณดํ†ต์€ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์›์ž ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ณด์Šค-์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ ์‘์ถ•์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€๋งŒ
11:57
using atoms,
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11:58
but now,
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์€ํ•˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ณด์Šค-์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ ์‘์ถ•์ด
11:59
we're talking about the possibility of new, maybe galaxy-scale
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12:03
Bose-Einstein condensates made out of dark matter.
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๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค๋ค„๋ณผ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
So what you're looking at here
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งก์€ ํŒ€์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
is a simulation developed by a team that I lead.
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12:12
It's an axion condensate orbiting a central mass.
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์ค‘์‹ฌ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์•…์‹œ์˜จ ์‘์ถ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
So it's like a subhalo orbiting its host galaxy.
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์ฃผ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด์ฃ .
12:21
Maybe the Large Magellanic Cloud orbiting the Milky Way.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋Œ€๋งˆ์ ค๋ž€์„ฑ์šด๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์ผ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
As you can see, over the age of the universe,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ
12:29
the subhalo starts to get to get torn apart,
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์ž‘์€ ํ—ค์ผ๋กœ๋Š” ์™€ํ•ด๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:31
and what my team's work shows
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์ œ ํŒ€์—์„œ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
12:33
is that the way that this happens with axions
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์•…์‹œ์˜จ์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด
12:35
is different than with other dark matter candidates,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
12:38
because it goes into this special condensate state.
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์•…์‹œ์˜จ์ด ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์‘์ถ• ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
Now imagine the possibility
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์ƒ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
12:44
that there's more than one type of dark matter candidate.
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12:47
Maybe there's more than one type of dark matter particle?
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ž…์ž๋„ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์ƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:50
How much richer this picture can be.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ด์งˆ๊นŒ์š”?
12:53
There's no cosmic rule that says there can only be one.
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์€ ์—†์ฃ .
13:00
So in the end,
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์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
13:01
I expect the universe to force us to reevaluate what we thought we knew.
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์šฐ์ฃผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง€์‹์„ ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
[Making the invisible visible.]
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[๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ]
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋”›๋Š” ๋•…๊ณผ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณด๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š˜
13:07
When we honor the land and the sky ...
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13:10
as our galactic relations ...
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฒฝ์™ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:13
and their Indigenous stewards,
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13:15
it becomes possible for us to imagine
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์„œ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
new ways of being in good relations with each other.
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13:20
That's why I, as a Black queer person,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ‘์ธ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž๋กœ์„œ
13:23
am so proud to follow in the footsteps of my ancestors,
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๋ฐคํ•˜๋Š˜๊ณผ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฟˆ๊ฟจ๋˜
13:27
who studied and dreamed with the night sky,
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์„ ์กฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ž์ทจ๋ฅผ ์ข‡์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž๋ถ€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
sometimes of freedom.
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13:32
Astronomers like Harriet Tubman,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋„์šด ์ œ์ž„์Šค ์›น ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€
13:34
for whom the recently launched James Webb Space Telescope
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ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์—‡ ํ„ฐ๋ธŒ๋จผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
should be renamed.
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13:38
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:44
I honor the gay NASA employees who were persecuted
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์œ ๋ž˜์ธ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ์›น์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋˜
13:49
under the leadership of JWST's namesake,
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๋‚˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๋™์„ฑ์• ์ž ์ง์›์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
even as I share in the tremendous community-wide excitement
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๊ทธ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์ด ์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
13:55
for what that facility is going to teach us about dark matter.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ™˜ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ์š”
13:58
And I honor the memory of Vera C. Rubin,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฒ ๋ผ C ๋ฃจ๋นˆ์„ ์ถ”์–ตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
the astronomer who first asked me,
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์–ด๋ฆฌ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ์— ์งˆ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด์ค€ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋น„ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜€์ฃ .
14:03
as a young, terrified graduate student,
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14:06
"How do you think we should solve the dark matter problem?"
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โ€œ์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?โ€œ
14:11
We live in an amazing time to be doing dark matter research.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
Over the next decade,
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10๋…„ ํ›„์—๋Š”
14:17
we're going to see the universe with incredible accuracy and clarity
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์ด ์ฒœ๋ฌธ๋Œ€์™€ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ
14:21
thanks to these new telescopes on the ground and in the sky.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
14:26
We'll probably get some answers,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋А ์ •๋„ ๋‹ต์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
14:28
but we're going to get a host of new questions.
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๊ธˆ๋ฐฉ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
And my team? We're going to be ready.
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์ œ ํŒ€์ด์š”? ์ €ํฌ๋„ ๋‹จ๋‹จํžˆ ์ค€๋น„ํ•ด์•ผ์ฃ .
14:36
So the search for dark matter is on.
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์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
What's your favorite candidate?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋А ์ด๋ก ์ด ์œ ๋ ฅํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜์š”?
14:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:44
If it's not an axion, you better fix that.
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์•…์‹œ์˜จ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
14:47
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:48
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
(Cheers and applause)
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(ํ™˜ํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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