A Virus-Resistant Organism -- and What It Could Mean for the Future | Jason W. Chin | TED

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2022-11-13 ・ TED


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A Virus-Resistant Organism -- and What It Could Mean for the Future | Jason W. Chin | TED

42,896 views ・ 2022-11-13

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Hyeryung Kim κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:03
So we built a virus-resistant organism.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— 내성이 μžˆλŠ” 생λͺ…체λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:07
Why?
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ”
00:08
It's not about disease, or not directly.
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μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ 직접 μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λ €λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
00:12
It's about building the clean factories of the future.
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미래의 μΉœν™˜κ²½ 곡μž₯을 λ§Œλ“€λ €λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
Let me explain by taking a big step back.
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μ•„μ£Ό 기본적인 κ²ƒμ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° μ„€λͺ…을 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
All life runs on DNA.
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λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ” DNA둜 μ›€μ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
DNA codes for proteins, and proteins run life.
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DNAλŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€κ³  λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ 생λͺ…을 μ›€μ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
DNA is composed of four bases:
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DNAλŠ” λ„€ 가지 μ—ΌκΈ°λ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
A, T, G and C.
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A, T, G 그리고 Cμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
And triplets of these bases, known as codons,
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이 쀑 μ—ΌκΈ° μ„Έ 개둜 이루어진 β€˜μ½”λˆβ€™μ΄λΌλŠ” 것이
00:39
encode each of the amino acid building blocks in proteins.
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚° ꡬ성 λ‹¨μœ„λ₯Ό ν‘œμ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
The genetic code is a rulebook
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μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜ΈλŠ” κ·œμ •μ§‘μœΌλ‘œμ„œ
00:46
that defines which codon encodes which amino acid.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ½”λˆμ΄ μ–΄λ–€ 아미노산을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
So, for example,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λ³ΌκΉŒμš”?
00:53
the triplet codon TCG encodes the amino acid serine.
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TCGλΌλŠ” μ½”λˆμ€ μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚° 세린을 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
And the order of triplet codons in DNA
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그리고 μ½”λˆμ΄ DNA에 λ°°μ—΄λœ μˆœμ„œλŠ”
01:03
encodes the order of amino acid building blocks in a protein.
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μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚° ꡬ성 λ‹¨μœ„κ°€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ— λ°°μ—΄λ˜λŠ” μˆœμ„œλ₯Ό κ·œμ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
There are 64 triplet codons in DNA
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DNA에 μžˆλŠ” μ½”λˆμ€ μ˜ˆμˆœλ„€ 가지인데
01:11
and just 20 common amino acids.
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아미노산은 슀무 가지밖에 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
And this means that most amino acids
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μ΄λŠ” μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚° λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄
01:17
are encoded by more than one triplet codon.
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ν•œ 가지 이상 μ½”λˆμ—μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„λ‹€λŠ” 뜻이죠.
01:20
So, for example, the amino acid serine
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ„Έλ¦°μ΄λΌλŠ” 아미노산은
01:23
is encoded by six different triplet codons.
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ½”λˆ μ—¬μ„― κ°€μ§€μ—μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
And triplet codons that encode the same amino acid
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 같은 아미노산을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μ½”λˆλ“€μ„
01:30
are defined as synonymous codons.
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β€˜λ™μ˜ μ½”λˆβ€™μ΄λΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
The DNA code used for life is near universal.
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생물이 μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” DNA μ•”ν˜ΈλŠ” 거의 λ³΄νŽΈμ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
All forms of life and viruses use essentially the same genetic code.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λͺ¨λ“  μƒλ¬Όμ΄λ‚˜ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€
λ‹€ 같은 μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•  μˆ˜λ°–μ— μ—†μ£ .
01:44
And that's a trait that we can exploit.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ 이 점에 μ°©μ•ˆν•˜μ—¬
01:48
Here's what we did.
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연ꡬλ₯Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
We asked whether life needs multiple synonymous codons
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생λͺ…체가 μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚° ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ λ–Ό
λ™μ˜ μ½”λˆ μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지가 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
to encode a single amino acid.
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01:56
For example, does life need six different codons,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λ™μ˜ μ½”λˆ μ—¬μ„― 가지가 λ‹€ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό
02:00
which all code for the amino acid serine?
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μ„Έλ¦° 아미노산을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
We took the four-million-character DNA of E. coli, its genome,
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이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λŒ€μž₯균의 μœ μ „μ²΄μ—μ„œ DNA μ½”λ“œ μ‚¬λ°±λ§Œ 자λ₯Ό μΆ”μΆœν•΄μ„œ
02:10
and completely rewrote the code of this microbe
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μ•„μ£Ό νŠΉλ³„ν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 이 λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ˜ μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
in a very specific way
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02:15
by replacing targeted codons in its genome
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μœ μ „μ²΄ μ•ˆμ˜ ν‘œμ  μ½”λˆμ„
02:19
with synonymous codons that encode the same amino acid.
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같은 아미노산을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ λ™μ˜ μ½”λˆμœΌλ‘œ λ°”κΎΌ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
So for example,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄
02:26
we replaced the TCG and TCA codons,
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TCG와 TCA μ½”λˆμ€
02:29
which encode the amino acid serine,
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μ„Έλ¦° 아미노산을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ°
02:32
with AGT and AGC codons,
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이것을 AGT와 AGC μ½”λˆμœΌλ‘œ λ°”κΏ” λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
which also encode the amino acid serine.
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이듀 μ—­μ‹œ μ„Έλ¦° 아미노산을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” λ™μ˜ μ½”λˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
By doing this across the whole four-million-base genome,
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이런 방식을 μœ μ „μ²΄ μ•ˆμ˜ 400만 염기에 λͺ¨λ‘ μ μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
we completely removed the targeted codons from the genetic code of E. coli.
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λŒ€μž₯균의 μœ μ „μ²΄μ—μ„œ ν‘œμ  μ½”λˆμ„ μ™„μ „νžˆ μ œκ±°ν•œ κ±°μ£ .
02:48
Overall, we compressed the genetic code from using 64 codons to using 61 codons.
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이제 μœ μ „ μ½”λ“œ μ•”ν˜Έν™”μ— μ“Έ μ½”λˆμ΄
μ˜ˆμˆœλ„€ κ°€μ§€μ—μ„œ μ˜ˆμˆœν•œ κ°€μ§€λ‘œ μ€„μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
How did we do it?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν–ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
02:58
We first took the four-million-character code in a computer
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μš°μ„  μ½”λ“œ μ‚¬λ°±λ§Œ 자λ₯Ό 컴퓨터에 μ „λΆ€ μž…λ ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
and used a find-and-replace operation
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그리고 β€˜μ°Ύμ•„μ„œ 바꾸기’ κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ΄μš©ν•΄
03:05
to replace targeted codons with their synonyms.
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ν‘œμ  μ½”λˆμ„ λͺ¨λ‘ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ™μ˜ μ½”λˆμœΌλ‘œ λ°”κΏ¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
This created our new genome design,
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이둜써 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μœ μ „μ²΄ 섀계도가 생겨났고
03:11
which contained more than 18,000 changes with respect to the original genome.
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μƒˆ μœ μ „μ²΄λŠ” κΈ°μ‘΄ μœ μ „μ²΄μ—μ„œ λ§ŒνŒ”μ²œ ꡰ데 이상 λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆμ£ .
03:18
We then asked whether we could build an organism
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그리고 λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ μƒˆλ‘œ λ§Œλ“  이 섀계도λ₯Ό 가지고
03:21
that runs on our synthetic genome design.
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생λͺ…체가 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ‚΄ 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
We built the synthetic genome starting from short pieces of DNA.
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짧은 DNA μ‘°κ°μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν•΄ ν•©μ„± μœ μ „μ²΄λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚˜κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
These were made by chemistry in a test tube,
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이건 μ‹œν—˜κ΄€μ—μ„œ ν™”ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
03:31
something that would have been prohibitively expensive to do
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μ‹­ λ…„μ—μ„œ 이십 λ…„ μ „κΉŒμ§€λ§Œ 해도 이 정도 규λͺ¨μ˜ μ‹€ν—˜μ€
03:34
on this scale just a decade or two ago.
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λΉ„μš©μ΄ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ 많이 λ“€μ—ˆμ£ .
03:38
We then assembled these short pieces of DNA
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λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ 이 짧은 DNA 쑰각듀을 λ‚˜μ—΄ν•΄
03:40
into longer stretches of DNA,
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κΈ°λ‹€λž€ DNA κ°€λ‹₯을 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
which we then used to step-by-step replace
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그리고 순차적으둜
03:46
all four million bases of the E. coli genome.
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λŒ€μž₯κ·  μœ μ „μ²΄μ˜ μ—ΌκΈ° μ‚¬λ°±λ§Œ 개 전체λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ”λ‚˜κ°”μ£ .
03:51
This created the largest synthetic genome ever made.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•΄μ„œ 역사상 κ°€μž₯ 큰 ν•©μ„± μœ μ „μ²΄κ°€ νƒ„μƒν–ˆκ³ 
03:55
And the resulting cell was alive.
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κ·Έ 결과둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ‚΄μ•„μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
Think about that.
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μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ€„μ˜€λŠ”λ°λ„
04:01
We streamlined the genetic code, and yet the cell lived.
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μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
We can create life with a compressed genetic code.
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μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ••μΆ•ν•œ 생λͺ…체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
Now because our organism with a compressed genetic code
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이 생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ” 이제 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€ λ•Œ
04:13
doesn't use all 64 triplet codons to make proteins,
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μ˜ˆμˆœλ„€ 가지 μ½”λˆμ„ λ‹€ 쓰지 μ•ŠμœΌλ―€λ‘œ
04:18
we could remove some of the machinery from the cell
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거의 보편적인 μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ½λŠ” μž₯μΉ˜λ“€ 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ”
04:21
that normally reads the near-universal genetic code.
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μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ μ œκ±°ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
Specifically, we could remove components of the translational machinery,
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ꡬ체적으둜 λ§ν•˜λ©΄ 그것은 λ²ˆμ—­ μž₯치의 κ΅¬μ„±ν’ˆ 쀑
04:31
specific tRNAs,
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νŠΉμ • 운반 RNA이며
04:32
that normally read the codons that we've removed from the genome.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ œκ±°ν•œ νŠΉμ • μ½”λˆμ„ 읽던 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
Now, the key point here is that we've created a cell
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핡심은 μ΄κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μƒˆλ‘œ λ§Œλ“  μ„Έν¬λŠ” 거의 보편적인 μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έμ— μžˆλŠ” μ½”λˆμ„
04:41
that no longer reads all the codons in the near-universal genetic code.
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μ „λΆ€ λ‹€ 읽지 μ•Šμ•„λ„ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
Now viruses infect cells.
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이제 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ 세포λ₯Ό κ°μ—Όμ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
These might be the cells of our bodies
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우리 λͺΈμ— μžˆλŠ” 세포일 μˆ˜λ„ 있고
04:53
or single-celled microbes like E.coli.
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λŒ€μž₯κ·  같은 단세포 생물일 μˆ˜λ„ 있겠죠.
04:56
They commonly have their own DNA,
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λŒ€κ°œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λŠ” 자체 DNAκ°€ 있으며
04:59
which uses the near-universal genetic code
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이듀 μ—­μ‹œ 거의 보편적인 μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄
05:02
to encode the proteins necessary to make copies of the virus.
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžκ°€ λ³΅μ œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:07
But viruses don't have the machinery to read the genetic code in their DNA,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ—λŠ” μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ½λŠ” μž₯μΉ˜κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:11
and instead they rely on the host cell, the machinery of the host cell,
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κ·Έ λŒ€μ‹ μ— μˆ™μ£Ό μ„Έν¬λ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€ μˆ™μ£Όμ˜ μž₯치λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄
05:17
to read the genetic code in their DNA
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자기 DNA μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό 읽고 λ³΅μ œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:19
and make copies of the virus.
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05:22
It's these copies of the virus that go on to infect other cells.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 볡제된 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 세포λ₯Ό 또 κ°μ—Όμ‹œν‚€κ³ 
05:26
And this is how viruses spread.
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이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ νΌμ§€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
05:29
But viruses are unable to make copies of themselves in our new organism
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§Œλ“  생λͺ…μ²΄μ—μ„œλŠ” λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ λ³΅μ œν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:33
because our new organism doesn't have the machinery
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ DNA의 λͺ¨λ“  μ½”λˆμ„ 읽을 수 μžˆλŠ” 기계가
05:36
to read all the codons in the DNA of the virus.
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이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μƒλ¬Όμ²΄μ—λŠ” μ—†μœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
05:40
The code in the DNA used in the virus
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” DNA μ•”ν˜Έμ™€
05:42
and the host cell's machinery to read that code are incompatible.
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κ·Έ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ½λŠ” μˆ™μ£Ό μ„Έν¬μ˜ μž₯μΉ˜κ°€ μ„œλ‘œ λ§žμ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
05:47
Therefore, the virus doesn’t spread in the new organism,
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 이 생λͺ…체λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œλŠ” λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ 퍼질 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:51
and the new organism is resistant to viruses.
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이둜써 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ” λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— 내성이 μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:55
In fact, we showed that our new organism was resistant to a wide range of viruses,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 이 생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ” 맀우 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— 내성을 λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:00
suggesting that rewriting the genetic code
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μ΄λŠ” 곧 μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ μ“°λ©΄
06:03
provides a route to creating broadly virus-resistant life.
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κ·Έ 생물은 λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— κ°•ν•΄μ§„λ‹€λŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:08
By extending the approaches we've developed to other organisms,
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우리 기술의 μ ‘κ·Ό 방식을 ν™•μž₯ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€λ₯Έ 생λͺ…체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:12
it may be possible to create virus-resistant crops and animals
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— 내성이 μžˆλŠ” λ†μž‘λ¬Όμ΄λ‚˜ 동물을 λ§Œλ“€λ©΄
06:16
with important applications in agriculture and beyond.
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λ†μ—…μ΄λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 산업에 μš”κΈ΄ν•˜κ²Œ 쓰일 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:20
But our advances also provide a foundation
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λ˜ν•œ 우리 κΈ°μˆ μ„ ν† λŒ€λ‘œ ν•΄μ„œ
06:22
for turning cells into the clean factories of the future.
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세포λ₯Ό 미래의 μΉœν™˜κ²½ 곡μž₯으둜 λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:27
How?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 그럴 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
06:29
So to explain, let me take another step back
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μ„€λͺ…을 μœ„ν•΄ μ•„κΉŒλ³΄λ‹€ ν•œ 단계 더 λŒμ•„κ°€μ„œ
06:32
to how organisms read their genetic code to make proteins.
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생λͺ…체가 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€ λ•Œ μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ½λŠ”μ§€ 보죠.
06:36
Recall that the order of triplet codons in DNA
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DNAμ—μ„œ μ½”λˆ μˆœμ„œκ°€
06:40
encodes the order of amino acid building blocks in a protein.
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ—μ„œ μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚° ꡬ성 λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ μˆœμ„œλ₯Ό μ •ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ£ .
06:44
And it's the translational machinery of cells
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ΄λŠ” λ²ˆμ—­ μž₯μΉ˜λŠ” μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ μ½”λˆμ„ 읽고
06:47
that reads the triplet codons
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06:49
and builds the corresponding sequence of amino acids.
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거기에 μƒμ‘ν•˜λŠ” μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚° μ„œμ—΄μ„ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:54
The translational machinery of natural cells --
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μžμ—° μ„Έν¬μ˜ λ²ˆμ—­ μž₯μΉ˜λŠ” λ¦¬λ³΄μ†œκ³Ό
06:56
including ribosomes,
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μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ•„μ‹€ 운반 RNA ν•©μ„± νš¨μ†Œ 그리고 운반 RNAλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:58
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes and tRNAs --
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07:01
is a unique and special system for making proteins
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이듀은 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μ•„μ£Ό λ…νŠΉν•˜κ³  νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μž₯치둜
07:05
in which the 20 common amino acids are strung together in a chain.
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이 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 슀무 가지 아미노산이 고리처럼 μ—°κ²°λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:10
Now, proteins are amazing,
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ 정말 λ†€λžμ§€λ§Œ
07:13
but they're just one example
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μ΄λŠ” 사싀 β€˜κ³ λΆ„μžβ€™λΌκ³  μ•Œλ €μ§„ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λΆ„μž 쀑 ν•œ 가지일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:15
from a vast class of molecules known as polymers,
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07:19
which includes plastics, materials and drugs.
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ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹±μ΄λ‚˜ 재료, 약듀이 μ—¬κΈ° ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ£ .
07:23
And the polymer or linear polymer is really any molecule
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그리고 이 κ³ λΆ„μž ν˜Ήμ€ μ„ ν˜• κ³ λΆ„μž μ•ˆμ—λŠ”
더 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ ν™”ν•™ ꡬ성 λ‹¨μœ„λ“€μ΄ μ‚¬μŠ¬λ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
in which simpler chemical building blocks are strung together in a chain.
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07:31
We wanted to unlock the potential of the translational machinery
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ²ˆμ—­ μž₯μΉ˜κ°€ 이런 ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹±μ΄λ‚˜ 재료, 약을
07:35
for making plastics, materials and drugs
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λ§Œλ“€ 잠재λ ₯이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œκ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:38
that simply can't be made in any other way,
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사싀 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œλŠ” λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μ–΄λ €μš΄ 것듀이죠.
07:41
or that could be made more cleanly and efficiently
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λ˜ν•œ μ„Έν¬μ˜ λ²ˆμ—­ μž₯치λ₯Ό μ‘°μž‘ν•΄μ„œ 그걸둜 κ³ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ©΄
07:45
using engineered versions of the cell's translational machinery.
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더 κΉ¨λ—ν•˜κ³  νš¨κ³Όμ μΌμ§€λ„ κΆκΈˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:49
The building blocks for these polymers
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이런 κ³ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” ꡬ성 λ‹¨μœ„λŠ”
07:51
go well beyond the 20 common amino acids used to make proteins.
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 슀무 가지 아미노산보닀 μ’…λ₯˜κ°€ 훨씬 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:57
It's been impossible to unlock the potential
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€λŠ” λ²ˆμ—­ μž₯μΉ˜κ°€ ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹±, 재료, 약을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”
07:59
of the translational machinery for making plastics, materials and drugs
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잠재λ ₯을 λ°œνœ˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 게 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆλŠ”λ° μ΄μœ λŠ” 두 κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:03
for two reasons.
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08:05
First, all 64 triplet codons in natural cells
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첫 번째둜, μžμ—° μ„Έν¬μ˜ μ½”λˆ μ˜ˆμˆœλ„€ κ°€μ§€λŠ”
08:09
are used for making natural proteins,
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μžμ—° λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€ λ•Œ 쓰이며
08:12
and there are simply no codons available to encode the synthesis of new polymers.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ³ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό ν•©μ„±ν•˜λŠ” μ½”λˆμ€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:17
Second, the natural translational machinery
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두 번째둜, μžμ—° λ²ˆμ—­ μž₯μΉ˜λŠ”
08:21
specifically uses natural amino acids
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ μžμ—° 아미노산을 μ΄μš©ν•  뿐이고
08:24
and simply can't use the chemical building blocks
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ³ λΆ„μž 합성에 ν•„μš”ν•œ ν™”ν•™ ꡬ성 λ‹¨μœ„λŠ” μ΄μš©ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:26
required to make new polymers.
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08:30
However, a virus-resistant organism
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λ°˜λ©΄μ—
λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— 내성이 μžˆλŠ” 생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ”
08:34
doesn't use all 64 triplet codons to make proteins
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€ λ•Œ μ½”λˆ 64가지λ₯Ό λ‹€ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©°
08:38
and doesn't contain the machinery to read the codons
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μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μ„œ μœ μ „μ²΄μ—μ„œ 제거된 μ½”λˆμ„ μ½λŠ” μž₯μΉ˜λ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:41
that have been deleted from its genome.
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08:43
And this cell provides the starting point for genetically-encoded polymer synthesis.
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이 μ„Έν¬λŠ” μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έν™”λœ κ³ λΆ„μž ν•©μ„±μ˜ μ‹œμž‘μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:50
To realize genetically-encoded polymer synthesis
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ λ‚΄μ„± 생λͺ…체 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ
08:53
in our virus-resistant organism,
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μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έν™”λœ κ³ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό μƒμ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
08:55
we added synthetic DNA containing the triplet codons
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기쑴에 μ œκ±°ν–ˆλ˜ μ½”λˆμ΄ μžˆλŠ” ν•©μ„± DNAλ₯Ό μΆ”κ°€ν•˜κ³ 
08:59
we'd removed from the genome of the cell
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09:02
and engineered translational machinery to read these codons
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이 μ½”λˆμ„ μ½λŠ” λ²ˆμ—­ μž₯치λ₯Ό μ‘°μž‘ν•΄μ„œ
09:05
and reassign them to new chemical building blocks for new polymers.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ³ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν™”ν•™ ꡬ성 λ‹¨μœ„λ₯Ό 읽게 ν–ˆμ£ .
09:11
This system can be programmed to make diverse synthetic polymers.
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이 방법은 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν•©μ„± κ³ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ„λ‘ μ‘°μž‘ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
By changing the order of the triplet codons
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ν•©μ„± DNA μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μ½”λˆ μˆœμ„œλ₯Ό λ°”κΎΈλ©΄
09:17
in the synthetic DNA,
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09:19
we can change the order of the chemical building blocks
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›ν•˜λŠ” κ³ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” ν™”ν•™ ꡬ성 λ‹¨μœ„ μˆœμ„œλ„ λ°”λ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:22
that we program into the resulting polymer.
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09:25
And by changing the identity of the engineered translational machinery
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그리고 세포에 μΆ”κ°€ν–ˆλ˜ μ‘°μž‘λœ λ²ˆμ—­ μž₯치λ₯Ό λ°”κΎΈλ©΄
09:28
that we add to the cell,
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09:30
we can change the identity of the chemical building blocks
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μ›ν•˜λŠ” κ³ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ ν™”ν•™ ꡬ성 λ‹¨μœ„λ„ λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:33
from which we compose the polymer.
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09:36
Overall, we've created a cellular factory
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μš”μ•½ν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ³ μ•ˆν•œ 세포 곡μž₯μ—μ„œ
09:39
that we can reliably and predictably program
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믿을 수 있고 μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ ν•©μ„± κ³ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:42
to make synthetic polymers.
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09:44
Using our approach, we've already been able to program cells
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이 기술둜 세포가 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ„λ‘ μ‘°μž‘ν•  수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:47
to make new molecules,
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09:49
including molecules from an important class of drugs
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—” β€˜λŽμ‹œνŽ©ν‹°λ“œ κ±°λŒ€ κ³ λ¦¬β€™λΌλŠ” μ•½ν’ˆμ— μ“°λŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•œ λΆ„μžλ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:52
known as depsipeptide macrocycles.
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09:55
Molecules in this class include antibiotics,
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이런 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λΆ„μžμ—λŠ”
ν•­μƒμ œλ‚˜ λ©΄μ—­ μ–΅μ œμ œμ™€ ν•­μ’…μ–‘ 화합물도 ν¬ν•¨λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:57
immunosuppressives and anti-tumor compounds.
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10:01
We've also been able to program cells to make completely synthetic polymers
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λ˜ν•œ 세포가 μ™„μ „ν•œ ν•©μ„± κ³ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ„λ‘ 섀계할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
10:06
containing the chemical linkages found
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이 κ³ λΆ„μžλŠ” 생뢄해성 ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹±κ³Ό μœ μ‚¬ν•œ ν™”ν•™ 결합이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:08
in several classes of biodegradable plastics.
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10:12
As we build new polymer molecules using our cellular factories,
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이 세포 곡μž₯을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ³ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ©΄μ„œ
10:16
we have the opportunity to consider from the beginning
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹€μ‹œ μ›μ μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€μ„œ 이런 생각도 ν•΄ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:19
how we might also use engineered biological cells
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μ‘°μž‘ν•œ 생물 세포λ₯Ό μ¨μ„œ
10:23
to break these polymers down
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κ³ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λΆ„ν•΄ν•˜μ—¬ ν™”ν•™ ꡬ성 λ‹¨μœ„λ‘œ 되돌렀 놓을 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
10:25
into their constituent chemical building blocks
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10:27
that could be recycled and used for new encoded polymers.
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그러면 κ·Έ ꡬ성 λ‹¨μœ„λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 있겠죠.
10:33
We envision a circular bioeconomy
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μˆœν™˜λ˜λŠ” λ°”μ΄μ˜€ 경제λ₯Ό κ΅¬μƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:35
in which our new genetically-encoded plastics and materials
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μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έν™”λœ ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹±κ³Ό 재료λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  λ‚˜μ„œ
10:39
are manufactured and ultimately broken down
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μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό 적게 μ“°λŠ” 세포 κ³΅μ •μœΌλ‘œ κ·Έκ±Έ λ‹€μ‹œ λΆ„ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
10:43
using low-energy cellular processes,
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10:45
taking advantage of existing bioreactors and fermenters.
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κΈ°μ‘΄ 생물 λ°˜μ‘κΈ°μ™€ 발효쑰λ₯Ό κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μ“Έ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:50
By taking inspiration from nature and reimagining what life can become,
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μžμ—°μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ˜κ°μ„ μ–»κ³ 
μ•žμœΌλ‘œ λ‹€κ°€μ˜¬ 삢을 λ‹€μ‹œ κ·Έλ €λ³Έλ‹€λ©΄
10:56
we have the opportunity to build the sustainable industries of the future.
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지속 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 미래 산업을 λ§Œλ“€ κΈ°νšŒκ°€ 올 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:03
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:04
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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