Who Owns the Internet of the Future? | Ordinary Things | TED

62,603 views ใƒป 2023-03-17

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jaewook Seol ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:04
The internet as you know it it is under attack
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
00:07
and it's more fragile than you might think.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์•ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:10
(Dial-up sounds)
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(๋ชจ๋Ž€ ์ ‘์†์Œ)
00:11
In the earlier, nerdier, screechier days of the net
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์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋” ๊ดด์งœ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ๋” ์‚๊ฑฑ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€
00:14
the possibilities seemed endless.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฌด๊ถ๋ฌด์ง„ํ•ด ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
โ€œ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค.โ€
00:17
"Information wants to be free," said the Web 1.0 pioneers.
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์›น 1.0์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™์ž๋“ค์ด ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:22
They envisioned a free internet where countless independent nodes
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ตฌ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€
์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ง€์ ๋“ค์ด
00:27
would sustain a worldwide system of instant communication,
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์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ฐ›์ณ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
00:31
entirely decentralized and therefore immune to central control or sabotage.
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์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํƒˆ์ค‘์•™ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
์ค‘์•™์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋‚˜ ํƒœ์—…์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜์ฃ .
00:37
Cut to today, and ehh, I think they got it about half right.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๋กœ ์™€์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„๋งŒ ๋งž์ถ˜ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
00:41
So much for independent,
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๋…๋ฆฝ์€์ปค๋…• ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๊ณผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์€
00:43
it now seems like the internet and its infrastructure
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00:46
are owned by the same three American dudes.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์„ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํ”Œ๋žซํผ๊ณผ
00:49
In a world of mega-platforms,
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋นจ์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ฐ์‹œ์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ
00:51
attention-sapping algorithms and mass surveillance,
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00:54
we aren't wondering if information is free,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•œ ๊ฑด ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
00:57
we're wondering if we are.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
Now with all the doom and gloom aside, I should say I love the internet.
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๋ง์„ธ๋ผ๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ๊ณผ ์šธ์ ํ•จ์€ ์ผ๋‹จ ์ œ์ณ๋‘๊ณ ,
์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
01:03
It's where I spend most of my time.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
The best thing about my pandemic
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์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰์—์„œ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ผ ์ข‹์•˜๋˜ ์ ์€
01:07
has been watching the rest of you get reduced to my level.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ œ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊นŒ์ง€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
01:10
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:11
It's accelerated the digital world's invasion of the material one.
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์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ์นจํˆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•ž๋‹น๊ฒผ์–ด์š”.
01:16
That meeting that could have been an email
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ๋งŒ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ํšŒ์˜๋Š”
01:18
is now an email.
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ๋งŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃ .
01:20
Malls are being shut by search bars.
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์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์ฐฝ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:22
Fortnite tournaments are filling national stadiums
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ํฌํŠธ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ์ „๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ๋“ค์„ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:25
and JPEGs are selling for the price of a da Vinci.
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JPEG ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํŒŒ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค ๋นˆ์น˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ํŒ”๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
Whatever happens next,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋“ ,
01:31
we're all going to be spending more time online.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:34
So how do we protect what makes it great and change what makes it terrifying?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ 
์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ๋ฌด์„ญ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€๊นŒ์š”?
01:40
Well, first of all, I think we need an update.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
Internet access is no longer a luxury.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ ‘์†์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
It is a necessity for economic and individual development.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๋ฐœ์ „์— ํ•„์ˆ˜ํ’ˆ์ด์—์š”.
01:50
For developing countries, increased access is a pathway out of poverty
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ ‘์†์ด ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆ„๊ธธ์ด๊ณ 
01:55
and enables smoother access to essential services
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๊ต์œก์ด๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ
๋” ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
like education and health care.
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02:00
As millions in the Global South have logged on,
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์ ‘์†ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
02:03
the way the world accesses the Internet has completely changed.
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์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
In 2011, mobile internet use accounted for just 5% of total traffic.
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2011๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์„  ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 5%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
Today, it sits comfortably at 56%.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ๋ฌด์„  ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 56%์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
Cheap phones and 4G have made the internet truly global,
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์‹ผ ํœด๋Œ€ ์ „ํ™”์™€ 4G ํ†ต์‹ ์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:22
but it also means that most of us
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
02:24
only access it through a handful of applications.
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ํ•œ ์คŒ๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜๋งŒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
02:28
The internet is in all of your pockets
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์†์— ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:29
and this is a TED Talk, so it's probably on most of your wrists.
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์ด๊ฑด TED ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์†๋ชฉ ์œ„์— ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
02:33
Not mine. I've got a calculator.
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์ œ ์†๋ชฉ์—๋Š” ์—†์–ด์š”, ์ €๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
02:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:37
Keeps me humble.
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์ €๋ฅผ ๊ฒธ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
02:38
Thatโ€™s where we access it,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
02:39
but we wouldnโ€™t be able to
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด
02:41
if it weren't for unassuming, securely guarded buildings like this one.
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๋‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
Internet exchange points where bandwidth is actually produced.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
If these places cease to operate, then the internet is down
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ๋“ค์ด ์šด์˜์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ 
02:54
and not even the sweatiest guy in your IT department
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด IT ๋ถ€์„œ์—์„œ ์ œ์ผ ๋ผˆ ๋น ์ง€๊ฒŒ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋ผ๋„
02:57
can do anything about it.
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์ฃ .
02:59
In 2011, the Egyptian government
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2011๋…„์— ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š”
03:01
shut down one of the country's two main exchange points,
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์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์  ๋‘ ๊ณณ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์„ ํ์‡„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
the Ramses Exchange in Cairo.
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์นด์ด๋กœ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋žŒ์„ธ์Šค ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:07
The internet was being used to organize protests
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
as users were galvanized by sharing videos of ongoing violence in real time.
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์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํญ๋ ฅ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด์„œ ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
03:16
For days, only a few government ministries and the stock market
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๋ฉฐ์น  ๋™์•ˆ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์™€ ์ฆ๊ถŒ ์‹œ์žฅ๋งŒ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
were connected to the internet.
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03:22
It was a threat to the crumbling regime.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:24
And when the government did fall,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ •๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€์ž
03:26
the internet got the lion's share of the credit.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ณต์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์ • ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
Protests were organized without appointed leaders
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์ง€๋„์ž ์—†์ด๋„ ์‹œ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:32
and with unprecedented speed.
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์ „๋ก€์—†๋Š” ์†๋„๋กœ ์กฐ์ง๋์ฃ .
03:34
And this is what the internet does
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๋˜ ์ด๊ฑด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ
03:36
that no other technology has ever come close to achieving:
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๋งŒ์ด ์ด๋ฃฉํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
decentralized mass organization.
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ํƒˆ์ค‘์•™ํ™”๋œ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์กฐ์ง์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:44
Since then, though, regimes have gotten a lot better
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •๊ถŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
03:47
at harnessing the internet's power for themselves.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ํž˜์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
In 2019, both Iran and Iraq
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2019๋…„์— ์ด๋ž€๊ณผ ์ด๋ผํฌ๋Š”
03:53
faced potentially destabilizing protest movements,
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์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๊ถŒ์— ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋  ์‹œ์œ„ ์šด๋™์— ๋งž๋‹ฅ๋œจ๋ ธ๊ณ 
03:57
and both governments reacted by pulling the national router.
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๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€์‘์€ ์ „๊ตญ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ ์„ ๋ฝ‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
These blackouts, though, are costly.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ธ”๋ž™์•„์›ƒ์€ ๊ฐ’๋น„์‹ผ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:04
Iraq's 11-day shutdown was estimated to cost their economy
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11์ผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์…ง๋‹ค์šด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด๋ผํฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š”
04:08
over 2 billion dollars.
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20์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
Iran's only lasted eight days,
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์ด๋ž€์—์„œ๋Š” ํ†ต์‹  ๋งˆ๋น„๊ฐ€ 8์ผ ๋™์•ˆ๋งŒ ์ง€์†๋์ง€๋งŒ
04:13
but the communication blackout was used to imprison organizers
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์‹œ์œ„ ์ฃผ๋™์ž๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
04:17
and murder protesters in the hundreds.
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์‹œ์œ„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
Video of violence made its way online once access was restored,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ ‘์†์ด ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋˜์ž ์ •๊ถŒ ํญ๋ ฅ ์˜์ƒ์ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ
04:25
but by then, the protest movement had lost all momentum.
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๊ทธ๋•Œ์ฏค์—” ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹œ์œ„ ์šด๋™์ด ์›๋™๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•œ ๋’ค์˜€์ฃ .
04:31
This year, the frontline fight for the free internet has been in Myanmar.
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์˜ฌํ•ด์—” ์ž์œ  ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‹ธ์›€์˜ ์ตœ์ „์„ ์ด ๋ฏธ์–€๋งˆ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
The military junta seized power in February
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๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ •๊ถŒ์ด 2์›”์— ์ง‘๊ถŒํ–ˆ๊ณ 
04:39
and enacted nightly internet shutdowns
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์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์…ง๋‹ค์šด์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์˜€์ฃ .
04:42
to hinder protest and hide human rights abuses.
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04:45
Social media was banned for months,
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์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋์ง€๋งŒ
04:48
but activists have been successfully skirting restrictions using VPNs
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ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ VPN์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์šฐํšŒํ•ด์„œ
04:52
to access restricted services and to document state violence.
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๊ธˆ์ง€๋œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
This is guerrilla cyberwarfare in action
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์ด๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ฒŒ๋ฆด๋ผ์ „์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:01
and it has real world casualties.
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ํ˜„์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
Mobile phones might be empowering the resistance,
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ํœด๋Œ€ ์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ €ํ•ญ ์šด๋™์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธด ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
05:07
but they are also facilitating data-driven mass surveillance.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
Use the wrong platform
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
05:13
and the government can monitor your private messages
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์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:16
and automatically delete them
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์šธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:18
before they reach their intended recipient.
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๊ทธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์›๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฟ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
05:21
To me, this is like halfway between the government censoring your mail
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์ €์—๊ฒ, ์ด๊ฑด ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ฒ€์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ฏค์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
05:27
and your thoughts.
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05:29
But it's not hopeless.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํฌ๋ง์ด ์—†์ง„ ์•Š์•„์š”.
05:30
Just before the junta took over,
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๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ •๊ถŒ์ด ์ง‘๊ถŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์—
05:33
their arrival was documented in this viral video
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์ด ์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿด ์˜์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
by a fitness influencer.
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์šด๋™ ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์–ธ์„œ ๋•๋ถ„์—์š”.
05:38
(Upbeat music)
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(๊ฒฝ์พŒํ•œ ์Œ์•…)
05:41
That is the junta's top brass arriving in the background
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์˜์ƒ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ •๊ถŒ ์ˆ˜๋‡Œ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ•ด์„œ
05:45
to depose the democratically elected leader.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋œ ์ง€๋„์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(๊ฒฝ์พŒํ•œ ์Œ์•…)
05:55
Now I love this video.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์ข‹์•„์š”.
๊ธฐ์ดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋น„๊ทน์ ์ด์ฃ .
05:57
It's simultaneously absurd and tragic,
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06:00
which I feel like are the twin moods of the internet at the moment.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์ ์ธ ๋Š๋‚Œ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
06:04
But it also shows
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์€
06:06
that even when the entire national infrastructure of the internet
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ „๊ตญ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€
06:10
is controlled by a repressive regime,
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์–ต์••์ ์ธ ์ •๊ถŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ†ต์ œ๋  ๋•Œ์—๋„
06:13
information still wants to be free.
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์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:17
In the West, though, some of us are worried
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์„œ์–‘์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ„๋“ค์€
06:19
that information has gone a bit too free.
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์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž์œ ๋กœ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
In some cases, fact-free.
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์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:24
Disinformation and misinformation
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ํ—ˆ์œ„ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์˜ค๋ณด๋“ค์ด ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ
06:26
on social media
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06:28
are testing the boundaries of free speech.
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ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ž์œ ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
The World Health Organization has called the pandemic an infodemic,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰์„ ํ—ˆ์œ„ ์ •๋ณด ๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ
06:35
with their official updates sharing a timeline
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฐœํ‘œ์— ํ•œ ๊ธ€์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
with posts telling you to cure coronavirus by drinking bleach.
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๊ทธ ๊ธ€์€ ํ‘œ๋ฐฑ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์…”์„œ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:43
In the UK, a conspiracy theory linking 5G to coronavirus
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์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 5G ๋ฌด์„  ํ†ต์‹ ๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์—ฎ๋Š” ์Œ๋ชจ๋ก ์ด
06:47
spread so quickly that it led to over 30 arson attacks on cell towers
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ์„œ ํ†ต์‹ ์ค‘๊ณ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 30๊ฑด์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
in March 2020 alone.
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2020๋…„ 3์›”์—๋งŒ์š”.
06:55
Absurd. Tragic, once again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๊ธฐ์ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ทน์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
But it's easy to see there's a problem.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑด ์‰ฌ์›Œ์š”.
07:00
Combating disinformation is tricky
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ํ—ˆ์œ„ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กญ์ฃ .
07:02
when mega-platforms have become so enormous
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๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ๋“ค์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด
07:05
that they're nearly impossible to effectively moderate.
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ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
When Facebook attempted to use machine learning
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
07:11
to identify and remove dangerous posts,
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์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ธ€๋“ค์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
07:14
it often couldn't tell the difference between government guidance
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์ •๋ถ€ ์ง€์นจ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•œ ๊ธ€๋“ค์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ
07:17
and posts meant to mimic it.
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๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
Imperfect machines ultimately create imperfect machines.
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๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
So this is a very human problem and it obviously outdates the internet.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„๋ช… ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋์ฃ .
07:29
There's always been demand for disinformation.
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ํ—ˆ์œ„ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
It's based on what people want to believe.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:35
And where there is demand, there is opportunity to supply.
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๋˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
Facebook themselves will tell you
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ž์ฒด๋„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
that most disinformation on their platform is financially incentivized.
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ—ˆ์œ„ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๊ธˆ์ „์  ๋™๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
07:46
Malicious actors who own small websites crammed with ads,
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๊ด‘๊ณ ๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎ์ธ ์ž‘์€ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์•…ํ•œ ์ž๋“ค์ด
07:50
who will pay to advertise on Facebook first to get the ball rolling.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์— ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์„œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
07:55
Platforms might not be able to moderate everything we say
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ํ”Œ๋žซํผ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ „๋ถ€ ์‹ฌ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ ,
07:58
and I donโ€™t think they should,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
08:00
but they are more than capable
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋“ค์„ ์ œ์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
of disrupting and regulating who pays them.
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08:05
Of course, mega-platforms resist any regulation of their advertising
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํ”Œ๋žซํผ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ทœ์ œ์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
because it's where they make most of their money.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ด‘๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒ„๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
08:12
We all know they aren't selling us a service.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ž€ ๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
They're selling access to our eyeballs.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ํŒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
There's now a widespread distrust of the unregulated Internet.
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์ด์ œ ๊ทœ์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
In the UK, there has been popular public campaigns
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์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์ต ์ผํŽ˜์ธ๊ณผ
08:26
and subsequent government proposals to connect social media accounts
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๊ทธ์— ์ด์€ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ œ์•ˆ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ณ„์ •์„ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„์‹œํ‚ค์ž๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
08:30
to government-issued identification,
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08:33
getting rid of the anonymity and holding people accountable
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์ต๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ๋งํ•œ
08:36
for all the naughty things they say online.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์–ด์š”.
08:39
This is well-meaning, but it's a fucking terrible idea.
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์ข‹์€ ๋œป์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ง„์งœ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
08:43
Marginalized groups and political dissidents
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์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์ฒด์ œ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€
08:45
rely on anonymity to protect their free speech,
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ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ต๋ช…์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
08:49
and having your government ID connected to your social media account
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์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ณ„์ •์— ์ •๋ถ€ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ์„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ฉด
08:53
would leave you extremely vulnerable to phishing scams and identity theft.
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ํ”ผ์‹ฑ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„ ์ ˆ๋„์— ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:58
I don't share my name online or anywhere publicly,
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ๋“  ์–ด๋””์„œ๋“  ๊ณต๊ณต์—ฐํžˆ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
not because I'm shy,
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์ˆ˜์ค์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
09:02
but because I'm just curious to see how long I can keep it up.
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์–ธ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:06
Gaining notoriety but retaining anonymity
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์•…๋ช…์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ต๋ช…์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด
์ •๋ณดํ™” ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํŠน๊ถŒ์ด์ฃ .
09:10
is a unique privilege of the information age,
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09:13
so why not take advantage of it?
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๊ทธ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:16
The internet is difficult to tame because it was built that way.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ๊ธธ๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ ๋ฐ ์›๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
09:19
This is Jon Postel,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์กด ํฌ์Šคํ…”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
a man who once held the unofficial title of โ€œGod of the internet.โ€
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ํ•œ๋•Œ โ€˜์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ์‹ โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต์‹ ์งํ•จ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์ฃ .
09:26
Here he is posing in front of a hand-drawn map of it in 1998.
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๊ทธ๋Š” 1998๋…„์— ์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ง€๋„ ์•ž์— ์„œ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
The US government had contracted Jon
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์กด๊ณผ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ•ด์„œ
๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ๋„ค์ž„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ฃจํŠธ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
09:34
to run the root authority of the Domain Name System,
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09:38
the closest thing the internet's infrastructure has
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„ ์„œ์—ด์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
09:40
to the top of its hierarchy.
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09:43
Basically when you type in twitter.com
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ twitter.com์ด๋‚˜ paymytaxes.gov๋ผ๊ณ  ์ž…๋ ฅํ•  ๋•Œ
09:46
or paymytaxes.gov,
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09:48
the root authority is what makes sure you get there.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฃจํŠธ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
That's an oversimplification,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ„๋žตํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์…”์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฑด
09:54
but what you need to understand
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09:55
is that whoever controls the root authority
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“  ๋ฃจํŠธ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€
09:57
controls access to every website
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๋ชจ๋“  ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘์†์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋ฉฐ
09:59
and theoretically could delete all of them.
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์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ญ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:03
So when the US government asked Jon to hand control over,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์กด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ํ†ต์ œ๊ถŒ์„ ๋„˜๊ฒจ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
10:07
he said no.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:08
And this one act of resistance would lead to the creation of ICANN,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ ํ–‰๋™์ด ICANN์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
an international multistakeholder group
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ICANN์€ ๊ตญ์ œ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ
10:15
that ensures the global internet can't be controlled
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด๋‚˜ ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด
10:18
by a single company or government.
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ํ†ต์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ๋” ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
10:21
Naturally, some governments have resisted this.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์–ด๋–ค ์ •๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ์ด์— ํ•ญ์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
Notably, the Chinese government have been advocating
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 2013๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
10:28
for what they call internet sovereignty since 2013.
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์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
This is the idea that each country has the right
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์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ
10:35
to control a separate version of the internet within their own borders.
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๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
Of course, China's internet has worked this way for decades,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋ผ์™”์ง€๋งŒ,
10:43
but it's increasingly an attractive option to others.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ ์  ๋” ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:46
Iran booted up their own version in 2018,
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์ด๋ž€์€ 2018๋…„์— ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
10:49
and Russia are quietly testing theirs out.
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋„ ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:54
And these national firewalls are used to restrict unwanted information,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉํ™”๋ฒฝ๋“ค์€ ์›์น˜ ์•Š๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋„ ์“ฐ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
10:58
but their main priority is to crush organization
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋Š”
๋‹น ์ •์น˜ ์ฒด์ œ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์„ ์–ต์••ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
that happens outside of a party political structure.
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11:05
And frankly, if it is disinformation that we're worried about,
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์†”์งํžˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํ—ˆ์œ„ ์ •๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:09
governments are the last group we should trust with regulating it.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ชป ๋ฏฟ์„ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ˆ์š”.
11:14
In 2018, Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg
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2018๋…„์— ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ COO์ธ ์…ฐ๋ฆด ์ƒŒ๋“œ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธธ
11:17
claimed that the company deleted over 1.3 billion fake accounts
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์ž๊ธฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ์œ„ ๊ณ„์ •์„ 13์–ต ๊ฐœ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ญ์ œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
in just six months.
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๋‹จ 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋งŒ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:24
A few hundred million of them were probably cooked up here,
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ์ˆ˜์–ต ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์กฐ์ž‘๋์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
11:27
in the old Saint Petersburg office of the Internet Research Agency,
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์ƒํŠธ ํŽ˜ํ…Œ๋ฅด๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ๊ตฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ์š”.
11:32
a private company owned by a close friend of Vladimir Putin
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๋ธ”๋ผ๋””๋ฏธ๋ฅด ํ‘ธํ‹ด์˜ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด๋ฉด์„œ
11:36
and a state-funded troll army.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋Œ€๋Š” ํŠธ๋กค ๋ถ€๋Œ€์ฃ .
11:39
Their job is to spread disinformation and sow discord online
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ํ—ˆ์œ„ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์— ๋ถˆํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
๊ผญ๋‘๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ณ„์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ์œ ๋ น ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€ ์Œ๋ชจ๋ก ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:44
with a phantom army of puppet accounts and conspiracy theories.
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11:49
Their job isn't to bolster the argument of one side,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ํ•œ ํŽธ์— ์„œ์„œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:52
but to inflame debate and make all sides look equally ridiculous.
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๋…ผ์Ÿ์— ๋ถˆ์„ ๋ถ™์ด๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ํŽธ์ด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:56
But this nihilistic genre of propaganda
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์ฃผ์˜ ์„ ๋™์€ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋งŒํผ ์•ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
is incredibly weak
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12:01
when it's confronted with the sincerity of outsiders.
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์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:05
That's why I think Alexei Navalny
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ‰์„ธ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฐœ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
is the most interesting person on the internet today.
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12:11
If you donโ€™t know who he is, heโ€™s a lot of things:
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ํ˜น์‹œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์—„์ฒญ ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—์š”.
12:14
a dissident, lawyer, criminal and YouTuber who took on the Russian government.
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๋ฐ˜์ฒด์ œ ์ธ์‚ฌ, ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ฐ€, ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž์ด๋ฉฐ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•œ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„์ด์ฃ .
12:20
His video on Putin's palace got 120 million views,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ‘ธํ‹ด์˜ ์•„๋ฐฉ๊ถ ์˜์ƒ์€ ์กฐํšŒ ์ˆ˜ 1์–ต 2์ฒœ๋งŒ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
12:25
which inspires professional awe and jealousy in me.
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์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ง์—…์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ์™€ ์งˆํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค์ฃ .
12:30
And aside from some high-budget drone shots,
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์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์€ ๋“œ๋ก  ์ดฌ์˜๋ถ„ ์™ธ์—๋Š”
12:32
there is very little new information in this video.
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์–ด์š”.
12:35
It's a compilation of previously available sources,
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๊ธฐ์กด์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:38
sometimes decades-old information.
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๊ฐ€๋”์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊นŒ์ง€๋„์š”.
12:41
But unlike these old sources,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
12:43
this video reached 25 million people in 24 hours
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์€ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋งŒ์— ์กฐํšŒ ์ˆ˜ 2์ฒœ5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
12:47
and delivered this information
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์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์งœ๋ฆฟํ•˜๊ณ  ์›ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ํก์ธ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
12:49
in an exciting, hilarious and inclusive way.
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์•”์‚ด ๊ธฐ๋„์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚˜๊ณ  ์œ ๋ฐฐ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋’ค์—๋„
12:53
After surviving an assassination attempt and being sentenced to a penal colony,
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12:57
Navalny is still leading resistance online.
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๋‚˜๋ฐœ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ €ํ•ญ ์šด๋™์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
The Kremlin have duly blocked access to this video
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ํฌ๋ ˜๋ฆฐ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ด ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ–ˆ๊ณ 
13:05
and have blocked access to Smart Voting websites,
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๋‚˜๋ฐœ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ํผํŠธ๋ ธ๋˜
์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ํˆฌํ‘œ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
which Navalny has been propagating.
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13:11
We might be frightened of mega-platforms,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์— ๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ๋Š๋‚„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
13:13
but they are empowering individuals and giving outsiders an audience
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํž˜์„ ์‹ค์–ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ถ€์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:18
that dwarfs the one offered by legacy media establishments
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์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๋˜
13:21
that dominated the information market during the last century.
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๊ธฐ์กด ์–ธ๋ก  ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋„ํ•˜์ฃ .
13:26
And I know it feels like we're spending our lives
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๋˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์•ฑ 4๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ
13:28
flicking between the same four apps,
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์™”๋‹ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์œผ์‹ค ํ…๋ฐ
13:31
and that's because we are.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์งœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:32
Around 80% of internet traffic
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์•ฝ 80%๋ฅผ
13:34
is captured by only a handful of companies
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ํ•œ ์คŒ๋„ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
13:36
and we're spending progressively more time with them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
Thanks to lockdown and home working,
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๋ด‰์‡„์™€ ์žฌํƒ ๊ทผ๋ฌด ๋•๋ถ„์—
13:42
internet use in the UK doubled in just one year.
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์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ 1๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
And all of those Netflix binges
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๋˜ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์ •์ฃผํ–‰์ด
13:48
are putting a strain on the internet's infrastructure.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์— ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:52
This is a hyperscale data center.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
There's around 600 of them worldwide
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ์ด ์•ฝ 600๊ฐœ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:57
and over half of them are owned
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๊ฑด
13:59
by either Amazon, Microsoft, Google or Apple.
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์•„๋งˆ์กด, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ, ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์• ํ”Œ์ด์ฃ .
14:03
The number of these computer cabinet labyrinths
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ถ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š”
14:06
has doubled in the last five years
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์ง€๋‚œ 5๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด์„œ
14:08
to keep up with our ever-increasing demand.
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๋์—†์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
14:11
And this has upset internet service providers
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๋“ค์„ ํ™”๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
who claim that these bandwidth-hogging companies
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์„ ๋…์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
14:17
aren't paying their fair share.
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์ •๋‹นํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
And maybe they aren't.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿด์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
14:21
And while I do think it is concerning
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด
14:23
that so few companies control so much of the internet,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง„์งœ ์šฐ๋ ค๋˜๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
14:27
I don't think their reign is assured.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ตฐ๋ฆผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด์žฅ๋œ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์•„์š”.
14:30
Internal projections at Facebook
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ถ”์‚ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
14:32
show that teenagers are abandoning their platform in their droves,
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์‹ญ ๋Œ€๋“ค์ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
14:36
so much so that their American user base
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด
14:39
could decrease by up to 45% in two years.
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2๋…„ ๋‚ด์— ์ตœ๋Œ€ 45%๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
I'm not saying that the problem will solve itself.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ €์ ˆ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ž€ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
14:46
These platforms are powerful,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
14:48
but only in proportion to the time and attention that we give them.
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์˜ค์ง ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•  ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
14:53
It's easy to forget that the internet is still in its infancy
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ์•„์ง๋„ ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ
14:57
and new competitors are gathering in every corner.
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์ƒˆ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์žŠ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
Then there are competitors like the super apps.
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๋˜ ์Šˆํผ ์•ฑ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
15:05
And these apps are interesting.
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์ด ์•ฑ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
They're mobile-only, mostly an Asian phenomenon so far.
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๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์ „์šฉ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์•„์ง์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์•„์‹œ์•„์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
They are applications that position themselves as a one-stop shop
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์ด ์•ฑ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„
15:15
for all your internet-based needs.
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ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
Singapore has Grab, Indonesia has GoTo,
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์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฉ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„์—๋Š” ๊ณ ํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
15:22
but by far the most popular is China's WeChat.
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์—ญ์‹œ ์ œ์ผ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์œ„์ฑ—์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
With over 1.3 billion active daily users,
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ํ™œ๋™ ์ผ์ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹ญ์‚ผ์–ต ๋ช…์ธ
15:30
WeChat has integrated itself
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์œ„์ฑ—์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ
15:32
into the fabric of normal social life in China.
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์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:36
It's your driver's license, your debit card and your phone.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์šด์ „ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ์ฆ์ด์ž ์‹ ์šฉ ์นด๋“œ์ด์ž ์ „ํ™”๊ธฐ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
15:39
It's where you pay your landlord, book flights, hotels
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ๋กœ ์ง‘์ฃผ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ , ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์™€ ํ˜ธํ…”์„ ์˜ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ ,
15:43
and doctor's appointments.
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์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ์ง„๋ฃŒ ์˜ˆ์•ฝ๋„ ์žก์ฃ .
15:45
It has supercharged China's journey towards a cashless society,
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์œ„์ฑ—์€ ๋ฌดํ˜„๊ธˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋ฐ•์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:49
replacing coins with QR codes,
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๋™์ „์„ QR ์ฝ”๋“œ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ–ˆ๊ณ 
15:52
with even the homeless forced to upgrade.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋…ธ์ˆ™์ž๋งˆ์ €๋„ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
์‹ค๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋„๊ตฌ์ด๊ธด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
And it is a brilliant tool.
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15:57
It has brought older generations and the industrial working class online
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๊ตฌ์„ธ๋Œ€์™€ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋…ธ๋™์ž ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋‹ค ์คฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ
16:02
and given them easier access to essential services.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•ด์คฌ์ฃ .
16:06
But it also conveniently bundles up all of your personal data,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์œ„์ฑ—์€ ๋˜ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ
16:11
private messages and physical whereabouts for a government with backdoor access.
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๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ๋ฌถ์–ด์„œ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
16:17
The surveillance enabled by these super apps
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์Šˆํผ ์•ฑ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์‹œ๋Š”
16:20
is threatening to turn privacy into a relic of the 20th century.
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์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ „๋ฝํ•˜๋„๋ก ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:25
Because when there's only one platform, there's nowhere left to hide.
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ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ˆจ์„ ๋ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
16:31
The internet was built to be plural,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ๋‹ค์›์ ์ด๋ฉฐ,
16:34
to exist nowhere in particular
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์–ด๋Š ํŠน์ • ์žฅ์†Œ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ,
16:37
and to be accessible everywhere.
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์–ด๋””์„œ๋“  ์ ‘์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:40
Internet culture is global culture,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๋ฌธํ™”์ด๋ฉฐ,
16:43
arguably the first ever instance of it,
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๋‹จ์–ธ์ปจ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ค‘ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ดˆ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
and we must ensure that everyone has equal access.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ‘์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:49
No one in this room knows what the internet will look like
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์ด ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„
์•ž์œผ๋กœ 10๋…„, 50๋…„, 100๋…„ ๋’ค์— ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ผ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:53
in ten, 50 or 100 years,
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16:56
but we can be damn sure it'll be here.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ง„์งœ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฑด ๊ณ„์† ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž€ ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:59
It's the greatest invention of all of our lifetimes,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ƒ์• ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด๋ฉฐ
17:02
and we must ensure that it reflects the best of us.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:07
It must be open, enquiring, cooperative
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์—ด๋ ค ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜‘๋™์ ์ด๊ณ ,
17:12
and suspicious of authority.
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๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ์˜์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:16
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:17
(Applause)
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(ํ™˜ํ˜ธ)(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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