How to Solve the Education Crisis for Boys and Men | Richard Reeves | TED

翻訳: Sakura Hamamoto 校正: Eiko Sato

In 1972,

1972年

the US passed a landmark piece of legislation.

アメリカで画期的な法律が 成立しました

The new law was called Title IX,

通称「タイトル・ナイン」

and it expanded economic and educational opportunities for women,

女性の 雇用機会の拡大や 高等教育を促進する法律です

especially in higher education.

Back then, there was a 16-percentage-point gap

その頃 大学の学位取得率は

in the awarding of college degrees

16ポイント差で男性が優位でした

in favor of men.

Within a decade,

でも10年足らずで女性が追いつき そして抜き去りました

women had caught up and then just blew right past the men.

Today, there's an 18-percentage-point gap in the awarding of college degrees.

今日 男女の学位取得率には 18ポイントもの差があります

So there's a bigger gender gap today,

アメリカの高等教育における 男女差はさらに拡大したのです

in US higher education,

than there was 50 years ago when Title IX was passed.

50年前にタイトル・ナインが 成立した時よりも

It's just the other way around.

ただし 男女が逆転した形で

I study inequality for a living,

長らく 格差を研究する中で

and for most of my career,

階級や人種にばかり 注目していました

I focused on the divides of class and race.

But in recent years,

ところが最近

男女差の拡大が 目につくようになりました

I've just been noticing more and more gender gaps

and not in the direction that I was expecting.

しかも 予想とは逆の方向で

Probably like most of you,

私もご多分にもれず 男女平等の意義は

I’m used to thinking about gender equality

and the goal of gender equality as synonymous

女性や少女の地位向上と 同義と考えていました

with the advancement of women and girls.

But it's now clear that there are many boys and men

でも今 多くの男性が 落ちこぼれています

who've fallen behind

and that we have to be able to think about gender inequality

つまり私たちは男女格差を 双方向で考える必要があるのです

in both directions.

One thing that makes that hard is that the changes have been so quick,

難しいのは この変化があまりに速く

so rapid,

that it's hard to update our beliefs to match the new facts.

新たな現実に 頭が追いつかないことです

It's a bit like the needles on a compass swinging round.

コンパスの針が ぐるぐる迷走するみたいに

Suddenly north is south and south is north.

いきなり北が南に 南が北になる

It's really quite disorienting.

道に迷っている感じです

But it's clear that on some measures at least

明らかなのは 複数の面で

now men are lagging quite a way behind,

いまや男性は女性に かなり遅れをとっている

not least on college campuses.

学位はほんの一例です

And that reflects the fact that boys are trailing girls

男性は教育全般を通じて 女性に負け続けています

throughout the education system.

Two thirds of the top academic performers in high school,

高校の成績優秀者の 上位2/3が

measured by GPA, are girls.

女子生徒です

And two thirds of those at the bottom are boys.

そして下位2/3が 男子生徒です

It's not just in the US.

アメリカに限りません

世界の経済先進国 上位20か国を見てみましょう

If we look at the 20 most economically advanced countries in the world,

there's on average a 13-percentage-point gap

男女の学位取得率の差は 平均して13パーセント

in the share of young men and young women with a college degree,

with young women much more likely to have a college degree.

女性の方が学位取得の 比率が高いのです

And in some nations, the gap is much bigger.

もっと大きな差が つく国も

In Norway, for example,

たとえばノルウェー

there's almost a 20-point gap.

ほぼ20ポイント差です

And just like in the US,

アメリカもそうですが 大学で現れる差は

these differences at the college level

reflect what's happening earlier in the school system.

その前の学校制度で 起きていることの表れです

It used to be that maybe boys were ahead in math and science,

理系は男子 文系は女子が 同じくらい優位だと

girls were ahead in reading and language in roughly equal measure.

言われましたが 今は違います

That's not true today.

Internationally, at the age of 15,

世界的に 15歳の時点で

there's a five-point gap in favor of boys and math.

数学は5ポイント差で男子

There's essentially no gap in science,

科学は ほぼ互角

a slight gap in favor of girls actually in science.

わずかに女子が優勢です

But boys are 30 points behind girls at the age of 15

ところが読解・言語分野で 男子は 30ポイントの大差をつけられています

in reading and language skills.

But not all boys and men are struggling in the same way.

男子の間にも差はあります

The intersection of gender with class and race really matters here.

大事なのはジェンダーと 階級と人種を複合的に見ること

So boys from poorer households

つまり貧困世帯や 中流階級出身の男子は

and middle-class households,

much less likely to attend college than girls from the same background.

同じ状況の女子に比べて 大学進学率が低いのです

But there's a much smaller gap at the top of the economic ladder.

でも富裕層においては その差はかなり小さい

I think one of the reasons

エリート層が 男子や男性の現状を 正しく認識できないのは

that elites can sometimes struggle to grasp what's going on with boys and men

is that the gender gaps are just much less stark

富裕層で あまり極端な差が 出ないからでしょう

in affluent communities.

And the gender gaps are even more stark for Black Americans.

大きな差がみられるのが アフリカ系アメリカ人です

For every Black man getting a college degree,

大学の学位取得率は 男性１人に対し女性２人

there are two Black women.

So anybody who really cares about boys and men

だから本当に男性のことを 思うのなら

has to care about racial injustice and economic inequality.

人種間格差や経済格差も 考慮すべきです

And anybody who really cares about racial injustice

そして人種間格差や経済格差を 考えるならば

and economic inequality

has to care about boys and men.

男性のことも考えるべきなのです

Now, the fact that the education system doesn't seem to be working very well

教育システムが 多くの男性に うまく適応していないことは

for lots of boys and men

is obviously not intentional.

もちろん意図的ではありません

There wasn't a feminist conspiracy 100 years ago

100年前のフェミニストの 陰謀が実を結び

to say, "Well, it might take a century, but eventually we'll overtake them."

男性が追い抜かれたわけじゃない

(Laughter)

（笑）

Especially as it was men who mostly designed the school system.

そもそも 今の教育システムを 作ったのは主に男性です

What’s happened is that as the artificial and sexist barriers

じゃあ何が起きたのか？ 女性の活躍を阻んでいたー

that were placed in front of women and girls

さまざまなバリアが 徐々に 取り除かれて

have been successively removed,

so their natural advantages in the classroom have been revealed.

それで 女性が持つ 学習での優位性が現れたのです

Compared to girls,

教育の面で 男性は ２つの構造的な弱点を持ちます

boys face two big structural disadvantages in education.

First, their brains simply develop later.

まず第１に 脳が遅れて発達すること

The skills of planning, organization and impulse control

計画性や 整理する力 衝動のコントロール

are associated with the prefrontal cortex,

これらは脳の前頭前野の機能で 主に思春期に発達します

which develops in adolescence especially.

But about a year later, on average, for boys than for girls.

平均して 男性の思春期は 女性よりも１年遅い

So there's a significant difference there in the timing of brain development.

つまり脳が発達するタイミングに 有意の差があるのです

Social scientists refer to those skills, planning, organization, etcetera,

こうしたスキルは 社会科学で 非認知能力と呼ばれます

as non-cognitive skills.

I like to think of them as "chemistry homework" skills.

私はこれを “化学の宿題能力”だと考えます

You know, doing your chemistry homework requires a lot of steps.

化学の宿題には 多くの ステップがあるでしょう

You have to be paying attention in class when the assignment is given.

まず宿題が出される時 授業中に話をちゃんと聞いて

You have to make a note of it.

ノートをとること

You have to remember hours later that you're supposed to do it.

そして何時間か経って 宿題を思い出すこと

You have to actually sit down and do it,

実際に机に向かって 宿題をやること

instead of something more enticing instead.

もっと他に魅力的なことが あったとしても

And remember, it's chemistry homework, so that's everything.

これが化学の宿題です 全てが詰まってるでしょう？

(Laughter)

（笑）

Sorry, I know there are some chemists here, I'm sorry.

会場にいる化学者の方 ごめんなさい

And then turn it in.

最後に 提出する

That's a lot of steps, right?

たくさんのステップがある

That's a lot.

本当にたくさんです

Getting your homework done requires your impulse control

宿題をするには 衝動の コントロールが必要です

to match what psychologists refer to as sensation seeking.

心理学でいう刺激欲求に 打ち勝つのです

Basically, that urge to go and do something more fun, more exciting.

刺激欲求は より楽しく 刺激的なものを求める衝動です

And even in the most difficult years of adolescence,

そして思春期の 最も難しい時期

which are also the crucial years for educational success,

教育的な成功に大きく影響する 時期でもありますが

girls have a reasonable balance between impulse control and sensation seeking.

女性は衝動抑制と刺激欲求の バランスがとれています

But it's a very different story for adolescent boys.

でも思春期の男子は 違います

They have higher levels of sensation seeking.

彼らはより刺激欲求が強く 前頭前野の発達が未熟で

And with that less developed prefrontal cortex,

they have significantly lower levels of impulse control.

衝動を抑制する力が弱いのです

Again, on average.

あくまで平均ですが

Now if you still don't believe me,

まだ信じられないなら

go into any ninth or 10th grade classroom

中１か中２の教室に 行ってみてください

and ask all the students to open up their backpacks.

そして全員のカバンの中身を 見せてもらってください

(Laughter)

（笑）

Most, many, at least of the girls, will have pretty carefully organized,

女子のほとんどは 見事に ファイル分けされています

nicely labeled binders.

And for many, if not most of the boys,

そして男子はほとんどの場合

it will resemble a small, controlled explosion.

ちょっとした爆発現場の 光景です

(Laughter)

（笑）

It's not that girls are smarter than boys.

女子のほうが 優れているのではありません

There's no gender gap in intelligence levels

知的能力に男女差はありません

in either direction.

どちらの方向にもです

It is just that girls develop more of these non-cognitive skills,

ただ女性の方が 非認知能力

these "chemistry homework" skills,

”化学の宿題能力”の発達が 男性よりも早いのです

somewhat earlier than boys do.

That's just a fact.

客観的事実です

But it is a fact that we ignore in education policy.

しかし教育政策では 無視されがちです

The second big structural problem that boys face in the classroom

男子が直面する２つ目の困難は 男性教師の不足です

is the lack of male teachers.

After falling for decades,

就学から高校卒業までの男性教員は 数十年間 減少し続け 今では23％

the share of K-12 teachers who are male in the US is now just 23 percent.

And falling.

今も減り続けています

And the lack of male teachers matters for at least three reasons.

男性教員の不足には ３つの問題があります

まず 子供にとっての 男性ロールモデルの不在

First, for many children, [they] can be an important male role model,

especially if they don't have one at home.

男性のいない家なら なおさらです

And second, male teachers appear to be more sensitive

次に 男性教員の方が 男子特有の問題に

to the specific challenges of boys in the classroom.

より敏感だということです

I can vividly remember my own experience.

今でも はっきり覚えています

I can actually still feel what it was like to sit for what felt like hours on end

学校の硬い椅子に 座り続ける苦痛

on an incredibly hard plastic chair,

授業が 何時間にも感じるのです

and that it was actually a male primary school teacher, Mr. Cole,

コール先生という男の先生がいて それを 察したのか

who gave us more opportunities to move around,

より活動的で 動き回れる 授業をしてくれました

made the lessons a little bit more interactive.

And the third reason male teachers may matter

そして３つ目の理由

is there's some evidence that,

特に国語など 男子の成績が かなり悪い教科でも

especially in subjects like English,

which is where the boys have fallen so far behind,

having a male teacher seems to dispel the idea

男性教員が教えれば 苦手意識を克服できるのです

that reading and writing just aren't for me or for people like me.

In a similar way to how having a female teacher

ちょうど女性教員が 科学・技術・工学・数学で

has historically helped girls in STEM subjects.

女子生徒の成績を 向上させたように

Right now, in too many of our schools,

今 あまりに多くの学校で

our boys feel like square pegs being forced into round holes.

男子は 無理やりこのシステムに ねじ込まれている気がしています

And too often our response is to try and fix the boys

そして大人はほとんどの場合 学校ではなく

rather than fix the schools.

その男子を変えようとします

The problems of boys are turned into problems with boys.

男子をとりまく問題が 本人の問題にされているのです

If they struggle to sit still or pay attention

もし 座って授業を聞いたり 指示に従うのが難しい子がいれば

or apply themselves to a task,

they may be diagnosed with some kind of disability.

何かの障害があると みなされる

Their problems are thus medicalized and often medicated.

そして医療の問題にされ 薬を与えられる

In the US today, 23 percent of school-age boys

アメリカでは今日 学齢期の男子の23％が

have been diagnosed with some form of developmental disability.

何らかの発達障害と 診断されています

Twice the rate for girls.

女子の倍です

ADHD, as you might expect, is the most common.

最も一般的なのは ADHDでしょう

But really,

でも本当に

when one in four of our boys has a developmental disability,

もし４人に１人の男子が 発達障害なら

it seems clear to me that it is the system which is disabling

原因はシステムにある としか思えません

rather than the boys who are disabled.

男子ではなく

(Applause)

（拍手）

Now, there's a lot we can do

男子によりあった教育制度に 見直すため できることはあります

to make the education system work better for boys.

Let's start with those two big problems,

最初に対処すべきは

of later brain development and lack of male teachers.

遅れて発達する脳と 男性教員の不足です

So first, we should start boys in school a year later.

まず 男子の就学年齢を １年遅らせる

And the idea there is to level the playing field,

つまり脳の発達タイミングを考慮し レベルを揃えるのです

given those differences in the timing of brain development.

And actually that's already quite common practice

これは実際 すでに私立校や 富裕層の間で

at private schools and in lots of affluent communities,

すでに 行われています

but it's actually not the boys from rich families

しかしこの１年の恩恵を もっとも受けるのは

who will benefit the most from that extra year.

富裕層ではないのです

It's the boys from lower-income,

収入が低く 貧しい地域の子ほど

poorer neighborhoods and families

who would most benefit from the gift of extra time for development.

おまけの１年の 恩恵を受けられます

And that's why I think this should be a question of public policy.

だから公共政策の問題に すべきなのです

Second, we need to recruit hundreds of thousands more male teachers,

第２に 何十万人の規模で 男性教員を増やす必要がある

especially in subjects like English,

特に男子が苦手な 国語などの科目で

where the boys are struggling so much

and which is the subject men are least likely to be teaching.

男性教員が最も少ない 科目でもあります

And here I think we can draw some really good lessons

教訓になったのが

from the successful movement

理系科目に関心を持つ 女性や女子を増やした例です

to get more women and girls interested in STEM subjects.

So that means setting clear targets, launching public campaigns

つまり 明確な目標を立て 社会運動を起こし

and offering financial scholarships

教員を目指す男性に 奨学金を出すのです

to men who want to enter teaching as a profession.

Of course, those are changes that will take time.

もちろん 時間はかかります

Those are long-term changes.

変革は長期にわたります

And there are millions of boys and men who are struggling right now.

男性の苦しみは 現在進行形です

And so if you're a parent or a teacher working with a boy or a young man

もしあなたが親や教師で 苦しむ少年や青年が身近にいるなら

who's in difficulty right now,

my message to you is, first,

私のメッセージはこうです

be careful not to even inadvertently judge him against a female standard

間違ってもその子を 女子の基準で評価しないこと

or blame him if he's struggling in a system

自分に合わないシステムと戦う その子を責めないこと

that just might not be working very well for him.

Recognize and respect the ways in which he's different.

彼が他と違っていることを 認め 配慮すること

Don't say,

最悪なセリフは

"Why can't you be more like your sister?"

「なぜ お姉ちゃんみたいに できないの？」

Try not to even think that.

思うだけでもダメです

It's very important that we don't treat our boys

男の子を 出来損ないの女の子 のように扱わないでください

as if they were malfunctioning girls.

And the second message to those people, cousins, parents, neighbors, friends,

そして２つ目のメッセージは

親戚や親 隣人 友人 おじ コーチなど様々な立場で

uncles, coaches, anybody working with a boy or a young man

who is struggling right now, is simply, thank you.

困難を抱える男の子と 向き合ってくれている方々に

Thank you.

感謝したいです

They do need you.

あなたが必要です

Of course,

もちろん 男の子に 目をかけるぶん

doing more for boys and men

doesn't mean doing any less for women and girls.

女の子をおそろかに してはいけません

That’s like saying to the parent of a son and daughter:

それは 親に息子か娘の どちらかだけ

"You're only allowed to care about one of them."

可愛がれと いうようなものです

And it's the kind of zero-sum thinking

ゼロサム思考は政治や文化に 悪影響を与えます

that is doing so much damage to our politics and to our culture.

We can think two thoughts at once.

２つの思考は並行できる ２つの行動は並行できる

We can do two things at once.

(Applause)

（拍手）

Two thoughts at once, two things at once.

思考の並行と 行動の並行

That's why Norway,

ノルウェーでは女性に対し 適切かつ巨額の支援をし

a country that's made huge investments,

quite rightly for women and girls,

but where boys and men have now fallen behind on many measures,

男性が大きく遅れをとると 男性のための組織を作った

has launched a commission for boys and men.

I've talked about education today,

教育に限らず

but there are many other areas where many boys and men are struggling,

男性への支援が必要な 分野は多い

including in mental health, including suicide risk.

メンタルヘルスや 自殺リスク

Loneliness and belonging,

孤独と帰属意識 家庭生活 雇用

family life, employment.

And I don't think we can afford to get this wrong.

正しい対応が必要です

If there are real problems in a society,

社会に問題が存在するとき

and responsible people don't acknowledge and address them,

責任ある者がそれを 認識し対処しない場合

irresponsible people will exploit them.

搾取が生まれます

And that is already happening on this issue,

もうすでに起きています

both online and at the ballot box.

ネット上で 選挙で

We cannot leave a vacuum by neglecting this issue.

見て見ぬふりは できません

The future cannot be female.

未来は女性のものでも

Nor, of course, can the future be male.

男性のものでもない

The future has to be for every single one of us, every boy and girl,

全ての少年少女のために

we have to rise together.

立ち上がるのです

Thank you.

ありがとうございました

(Applause)

（拍手）

(Applause ends)

Chris Anderson: Thank you, Richard.

（司会）ありがとうございました

I've got a question for you.

質問 いいですか

Come this way.

こちらへどうぞ

So you gave great advice there for the system as a whole,

システム全体や教師 親への すばらしい提案でした

for teachers, for parents.

But suppose you're a 14-year-old boy listening to this talk.

このトークを聞いている 14歳の少年がいたら

What would you say to him?

どう声をかけますか

Richard Reeves: Huh.

そうですね

Well, the first thing I’d say is that if you are struggling at school

もし 君が学校や いろんな面で 困難を感じているなら

or in some aspects of your life,

that's almost certainly not just your fault.

それは君のせいじゃないってこと

システムが合ってないだけなんだと

It may be that the system is just not working for you.

The second thing I would say is ...

もうひとつ 言いたいことは

We see you.

君を見てるよ

We've got you.

わかってるよ

We understand, we've got your back.

理解してるよ 私達が 守るよってこと

And the third thing I would say is, don't follow the people

そして３つ目は

君の困難が女性のせいだと 言う人間を信じるな

who say that the reason you're struggling is because women are flourishing.

Or because of feminism.

フェミニズムや 社会の変化のせいにして

Or because of changes in society.

That we somehow have to,

男性が浮上するために 女性を蹴落とそうとする人間を

in order to lift boys up,

we have to somehow push women and girls back down again.

Don't fall for that.

騙されるな

Understand that we get that you're struggling,

君の苦しみはわかる

but don't turn this into zero-sum.

でも 足を引っ張るな

Don't turn to some of the darker corners of the internet where unfortunately,

ネットにはびこる 闇に背を向けろ

たとえ目に入っても

that is the message many of our boys are getting.

But the first part that's really important,

大事なのは

that whole conversation that we had about belonging,

さっきも話した 帰属意識です

the wonderful difference in belonging,

if our boys don't feel that they belong,

居場所がないと 感じる少年たちは

that we've got them, that we see them,

悪意ある言葉に 影響されやすい

they're going to be much more vulnerable to those voices.

So don't listen to those voices, but we need them to listen to us instead.

それを防ぐために 働きかけるのです

（司会）ありがとうございました

CA: Thank you so much.

（拍手）

(Applause)