What the World Can Learn From Ukraine’s Fight for Democracy | Olesya Khromeychuk | TED

46,896 views ・ 2024-02-20

TED


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00:03
In Ukrainian, the word for a vote is the same as that for a voice: holos.
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So to cast your vote for someone is to literally give them your voice.
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And it makes sense.
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By choosing our political representatives, we lend them our voice.
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If they misuse it, it can render us voiceless.
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But if they use it well, it can amplify our voice,
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making sure that it is heard.
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Amplifying the voices of the silenced is at the heart of democracy.
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Now you might wonder why on Earth this Ukrainian thinks
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that she can talk about democracy.
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As a historian, surely I should know that my country has been locked
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in an empire of one sort or another until recently,
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and has been struggling with corruption and other challenges
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since it regained independence.
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And you'll be right to wonder that.
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But I would like to suggest that those are the reasons
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that qualify me to talk about democracy.
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In spite of numerous obstacles throughout their history,
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Ukrainians continued to walk the road to democracy.
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In spite of numerous attempts by our rulers,
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from the Russian tsars to communist dictators, to silence us,
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we found ways of making our voices heard.
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And I'd like to focus on three lessons that we could learn from Ukrainians
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that can help us strengthen our voices wherever we are in the world:
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perseverance,
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unity and vision.
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Let me start with perseverance.
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States that haven’t enjoyed a long history of self-rule
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don't tend to be taken seriously
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in discussions that are dominated by nations
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with a long democratic tradition.
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What could a young state possibly contribute
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to a conversation about democracy?
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It's only just learning how to be democratic.
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When I experienced the sort of dismissal of a Ukrainian voice
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in some international discussions,
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it reminded me of a situation
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when a young woman's experience is dismissed by a group of older men.
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She can't possibly have anything of value to contribute
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to a serious conversation, can she?
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Naturally, I like to challenge that view.
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Ukraine's history of statelessness
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demonstrates that living under oppressive regimes,
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Ukrainians learned the value of freedom.
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For us, it's not something to be taken for granted.
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It’s something to be fought for and, once gained, protected.
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Another legacy of statelessness
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is the fact that we don't have a tradition of revering rulers.
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In fact, we're pretty suspicious of political leaders.
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Those who have tried to hold on to power and flirted with authoritarianism
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got a taste of democracy in action.
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"Democratia," after all, means "people power."
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Ukrainians take to the streets at least once a decade
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to protect their freedom.
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Many of you might remember the last major protests
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that took place in Ukraine in 2013-2014.
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They came to be known as the Revolution of Dignity.
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Peaceful protesters came out to the squares all over Ukraine
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to demonstrate against corruption and abuse of power
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by the president of the time.
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One of the iconic figures for those protesters was Taras Shevchenko,
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an 19th-century Ukrainian poet
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who is known as the founder of the Ukrainian nation.
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The poems that he wrote
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in the subjugated, stateless Ukraine of the 19th century
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fueled protesters in 21st-century Ukraine
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as they fought to consolidate democracy.
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One of the first protesters killed by the riot police was Serhiy Nigoyan.
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The last footage of Serhiy from the protests
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is of him reciting Shevchenko's poem,
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and the most famous line is: “Boritesia - poborete.”
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“Keep fighting, and you will prevail.”
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In other words, persevere.
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The Revolution of Dignity ended in the victory of the people.
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The corrupt president fled the country,
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and the nation was able to choose a new leadership
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in a free and fair election.
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The country was en route to consolidating its democratic institutions.
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But threatened by people power on its doorstep,
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the Kremlin started a war against Ukraine in 2014.
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A flourishing democracy next door is a scary thing for an autocrat.
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So Ukrainians continue to persevere to protect their freedom,
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but now we also have to do so on the battlefield.
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Let me now turn to unity.
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The protester, Serhiy Nigoyan, was Armenian by ethnicity.
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His participation in the Ukrainian nationhood
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was a political choice.
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A multiethnic, multicultural, multilingual nation,
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Ukraine has been deliberately presented by the Kremlin
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and misunderstood by much of the world as divided.
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In reality, diversity makes this political nation only more united
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in times of crisis.
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For instance, Crimean Tatars know very well
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what it means to suffer from colonization and repression.
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They were deported from Crimea, their homeland, in 1944 by Stalin,
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and have been persecuted
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by the Russian occupying authorities since 2014.
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That is why you will find them fighting in the Ukrainian Armed Forces
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for the liberation of all parts of Ukraine,
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alongside Ukrainians of Polish, Jewish,
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Romanian or any other backgrounds.
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Protecting the rights of one group supports the protection of all.
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Ukrainians have an official Day of Unity.
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It is celebrated on January 22.
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The date is chosen because on January 22, 1919,
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Ukrainian lands that had previously been ruled
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by the Habsburgs and the Romanovs
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united into one state through the Treaty of Unity.
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That state didn't last long,
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but the experience of unity and sovereignty left a powerful legacy.
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That is why on January 22, 2022,
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just a month before the start of the full-scale invasion,
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when the Russian troops were all around the Ukrainian borders, ready to attack,
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citizens of Ukraine in different parts of the country
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formed a human chain
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in celebration of the past and in defense of the future.
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And this brings me to vision.
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The vision of Ukraine as a democratic, united country,
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free of imperial oppression
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has its roots in a time when independence and democracy could only be a dream.
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But it is people that make dreams come true.
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I know it.
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I watched one such dream become a reality.
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It was on December 1, 1991.
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I was seven at the time.
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It was the first taste of democracy for me, but also for my country.
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I was born when Ukraine was still part of the USSR.
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I caught the tail end of the crumbling Soviet empire.
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They held regular but utterly pointless elections.
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Elections with only one winning candidate.
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I witnessed the implementation of a social contract that said,
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"we'll pretend to give you a vote and you'll pretend to elect us."
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On December 1, 1991 everything was different.
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No more pretending.
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This was for real.
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The nation was being asked to determine its future in a referendum.
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There was only one question to answer:
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"Do you support the act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine?"
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The turnout was 84 percent.
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Almost 30 million people.
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Over 90 percent of those who voted said yes.
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The USSR was dissolved a week later.
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Now, if that is not people power, I don't know what is.
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The experience of witnessing this referendum
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had a profound effect on me.
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I remember my entire family
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dressing in our finest traditional embroidered shirts,
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vyshyvanki,
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to go to the polling station.
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It felt like a holiday. And perhaps it was.
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Gaining freedom is definitely something worth celebrating.
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Generations of Ukrainians before 1991
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had a vision of the future for their country,
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but their voices were silenced.
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My parents' generation managed to get their voices heard
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and willed that vision into being.
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It is up to my generation and those who come after
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to protect that vision of a democratic Ukraine.
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So the three lessons from Ukraine are simple,
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and we can turn to them wherever we are facing the fight for democracy.
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Have a vision of the future that is worth fighting for.
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Be united in that fight.
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And all you’ll need to succeed will be perseverance.
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And if there's one thing Ukrainians do know about democracy
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is that it's really hard work,
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but it pays off.
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Taras Shevchenko, the 19th-century poet I cited at the start of my talk,
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was born into serfdom.
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He had no power, no political voice.
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Eventually he was bought out of serfdom, but his freedom continued to be limited.
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As soon as his fiery poetry criticizing Russian imperial oppression
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was discovered,
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he was imprisoned, sent to serve in the imperial army
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for ten years as a private
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and banned from writing.
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So he was robbed of his voice for a second time.
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And yet his poetic voice was so powerful
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that the verses he wrote
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not only survived the repression of his times
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but also fueled and sustained the future generations
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who fought for and achieved independence.
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In September 2022, when the soldiers of the Ukrainian Armed Forces
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were liberating the city of Balakliya in the Kharkiv region,
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they tore down a billboard poster depicting the Russian flag
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and a slogan which said, "We are one nation with Russia."
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It had been put there by the occupying Russian authorities.
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Underneath that poster was another, predating the occupation.
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It was a portrait of Taras Shevchenko and the famous lines from his poem:
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“Boritesia - poborete.”
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Keep fighting, and you will prevail.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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