The Tipping Points of Climate Change — and Where We Stand | Johan Rockström | TED

1,052,401 views ・ 2024-08-15

TED


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00:07
We Earth system scientists and climate scientists
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are getting seriously nervous.
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The planet is changing faster than we have expected.
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We are, despite years of raising the alarm,
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now seeing that the planet is actually in a situation
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where we underestimated risks.
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Abrupt changes are occurring in a way
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that is way beyond the realistic expectations in science.
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Fifteen years back, I introduced the planetary boundary framework,
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the scientific framework with the nine Earth system processes
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that determines the stability, the resilience and the life support
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on planet Earth.
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Ten years back, the world signed the Paris Climate Agreement.
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Almost five years back, we entered the decisive decade
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where our choices will determine the future
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for all generations on planet Earth.
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Where are we on this journey,
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halfway into this decade?
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I will give you a scientific state of the planet report,
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the most objective assessment that science can give today.
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And it starts here.
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We've reached 1.2 degree Celsius of global mean surface temperature rise,
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the warmest temperature on Earth
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over the past 100,000 years.
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We have just scratched on 1.5 degree Celsius
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as an annual mean in 2023.
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But what worries us most is this:
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we are starting to see an acceleration of warming
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over the past 50 years.
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0.18 degrees Celsius per decade from 1970 to 2010.
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But then from 2014 onwards,
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it abruptly jumps up to 0.26 per decade.
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And if we follow this path,
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we will crash through two degrees Celsius within 20 years
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and hit three degrees Celsius by the year 2100,
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a disastrous outcome, caused by us humans.
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But it's not only carbon dioxide.
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Any parameter that matters for human well-being and our economies
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look the same.
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Here you have it, linear change up until the 1950s,
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we go into the great acceleration.
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And this is what we're seeing across overconsumption of fresh water,
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the sixth mass extinction of species,
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over-putrefying our freshwater systems with nitrogen and phosphorus,
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all of it undermining the stability of the planet.
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As if this was not enough,
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we are seeing that this is now causing impacts across the entire economy.
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We're seeing bigger and bigger invoices
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being sent by the Earth system onto societies across the entire world,
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in droughts, floods,
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heat waves, disease patterns,
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human-reinforced storms,
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scientifically attributed to human-caused climate change.
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Forty degrees Celsius of life-threatening heat
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across all continents, occurring in 2023.
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Fifty-two degrees Celsius hitting the over 1,000
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who lost their lives at the Hajj pilgrimage
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in June in Mecca.
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Three times higher climate change risks
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now attributed to our cause of climate change.
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2023, up to 12,000 deaths,
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200 billion US dollars of cost,
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just in the US, up to 100 billion US dollars.
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This is seriously causing economic costs.
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We have scientifically, in the past,
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shown that this could cost a few percent of global GDP
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of the climate impacts caused by us.
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I can tell you that the latest scientific assessment
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is what you see on the screen here.
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An 18-percent loss of GDP by 2050
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if we now follow the current path.
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This is equivalent to 38 trillion US dollars of loss
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per year in 2050.
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It's starting to hurt.
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Both in human social costs and an economic cost.
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And this is happening at 1.2 degrees Celsius
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of global mean surface temperature rise.
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And we're following a pathway that takes us to 2.7 degrees Celsius
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in only 70 years.
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And we've had a 10,000-year period where our civilizations have developed,
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where we've had an enormous privilege
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of a planet at 14 degrees Celsius,
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plus or minus 0.5 degrees Celsius.
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That's the Holocene since we left the last ice age.
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And if you look three million years back,
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we never exceeded two degrees Celsius.
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That's the warmest temperature on Earth during the entire Quaternary.
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The coldest point, minus five degrees Celsius, Ice Age.
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I call this the “corridor of life.”
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Is it surprising that we scientists are getting really, really nervous?
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But it's more.
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It's so much more than this.
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The first issue is buffering capacity.
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The second is the risk of crossing tipping points,
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and both are moving in the wrong direction.
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Buffering capacity is the Earth system's ability to dampen shocks and stress.
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Like, for example, soaking up greenhouse gases
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in intact nature on land and in the ocean.
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And so far, Mother Earth has been so forgiving.
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Here we have the evidence.
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What you see here is the hockey stick of fossil fuel burning in red
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and deforestation in yellow.
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Is it this tremendous climate forcing
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that has caused the 1.2-degree Celsius climate crisis so far?
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The answer is no.
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Fifty-three percent of the carbon dioxide
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from fossil fuel burning and land system change
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has been soaked up
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by intact nature on land and in the ocean.
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It’s only the blue sliver you see here,
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which remains in the atmosphere, causing the climate crisis so far.
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The problem is
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we have more and more scientific evidence of cracks in this system.
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Let's start on land.
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Land absorbs 31 percent of the carbon dioxide
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from our greenhouse gas emissions.
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We have more and more scientific evidence across so much research
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that the boreal forest in Canada,
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or the temperate mixed forest in Germany and Russia
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are starting to lose their carbon uptake capacity.
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Did you know that the latest science shows
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that the part of the Amazon rain forest,
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planet Earth's richest biome on terrestrial land,
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has already tipped over and is no longer a carbon sink?
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It is today a carbon source.
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It's no longer helping us.
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But as if that was not enough,
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what really worries us today is the ocean.
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The ocean absorbs 90 percent of the heat
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caused by human-induced climate change.
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This is well understood,
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but what really worries us is what you see here.
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This is the latest data on sea surface temperature across the ocean.
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What you see here is from 1980 until today,
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how gradually the ocean surface just gets warmer and warmer.
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It's actually warming all the way down to 2,000 meters depth.
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This is well understood in science.
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It's a deep concern.
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It's well represented in the climate models,
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we understand it.
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Then suddenly in 2023, something happens.
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Temperatures just go completely off the charts.
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0.4 degrees Celsius outside of the warmest temperature
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in previous years.
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What's happening?
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We admittedly must be honest here,
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we do not know.
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El Niño is certainly partly to blame but cannot explain it all.
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2024, it just continues.
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What is happening?
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We do not know.
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But the candidate number one
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is the energy imbalance caused by us humans.
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In one year alone,
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the heat equivalent to 300 times global electricity use
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is absorbed in the Earth's system.
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Is it what we see on the screen here,
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an ocean that is starting to lose resilience?
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An ocean that is at risk of releasing heat to the atmosphere
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and self-amplifying warming?
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We do not know.
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But one thing is for certain, the ocean is sounding the alarm.
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Reasons for concern, yes.
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We are now at a point where we are forced to ask
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the following question:
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Are we at risk of pushing the planet out of the basin of attraction,
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the stability of the planet,
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where we’ve been since we left the last Ice Age,
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the extraordinarily stable Holocene state?
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And if we pushed ourselves outside,
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drifting away unstoppably towards a hothouse Earth
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where we get self-amplified warming
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and losing life support on Earth.
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What could take us there?
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Well, we know it.
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It is if we cross tipping points,
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big systems like the Greenland ice sheet,
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the overturning of heat in the North Atlantic,
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the coral reef systems,
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the Amazon rainforest are tipping element systems.
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Push them too far, and they will flip over from a desired state that helps us
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to a state that will self-amplify in the wrong direction,
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going from cooling and dampening to self-amplifying and warming.
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A rainforest tips over to a Savannah state.
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Now we have now mapped the 16 tipping element systems,
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which are now scientifically cataloged, that regulate the climate system.
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These 16, and you see the five in the ground zero on planet Earth,
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in the Arctic,
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are connected via cascades through the ocean,
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particularly via the AMOC,
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the Atlantic overturning of heat in the ocean,
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all the way down to Antarctica.
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These are big biophysical systems that we all depend on,
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global commons for the stability of the planet.
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The question is, at what temperatures are they at risk of tipping
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from helping us to becoming self-amplifying foes?
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Well, for the first time,
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we have an attempt to answer that question.
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What you see here are the 16 tipping element systems on the y axis,
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and in red you see the uncertainty range,
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the best estimates in science,
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darker the red, the higher the risk of tipping,
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it's the temperature levels
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at which they're likely to cross the threshold.
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The average temperature at which they are likely to tip
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is the yellow circle lines you see here.
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What this tells us is the following.
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Five of these 16 are likely to cross the tipping points
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already at 1.5 degrees Celsius.
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The Greenland ice sheet, the West Antarctic ice sheet,
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abrupt thawing of permafrost,
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losing all tropical coral reef systems
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and collapse of the Barents Sea ice.
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And just the two ice sheets
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hold ten-meter sea level rise,
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which would be unstoppable on the long term.
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Now sure, there is scientific uncertainty here,
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as you see from these graphs,
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but there's one red thread in science for humanity in the scientific message.
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And it's this: the more we understand of the Earth's system,
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the higher is the risk.
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And here is the proof.
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This is five IPCC assessments
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the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
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30 years of scientific advancements.
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Here again you see risk assessment,
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darker the red, higher the likelihood of causing irreversible change
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in the climate system.
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Thirty years back, the risk was put at five degrees Celsius
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of tipping
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and coming down to current state of science,
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the risk is set at 1.5 to two degrees Celsius.
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We are in the midst of a danger zone today.
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But it can be even worse than that.
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Let's go to the Amazon basin, again,
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the richest terrestrial ecosystem on land,
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climate science estimates the risk
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of the Amazon rainforest tipping over irreversibly to a savanna
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at three to five degrees
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of global mean surface temperature rise.
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A really high temperature,
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unlikely even to be met over the next 70 years.
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But if we lose forest cover,
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the risk is that the system can tip already at 1.5 to two degrees Celsius
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if we lose more than 20 to 25 percent of forest cover.
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So that's a very dangerous combination.
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Where are we today?
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We are at 1.2 degrees Celsius of global mean surface temperature rise
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and 17 percent of deforestation.
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We are very close to a tipping point in the Amazon rainforest.
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Very close.
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What shall we do to avoid these unmanageable outcomes?
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Well, the IPCC is clear on the pathway.
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To stay under 1.5 degrees Celsius,
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to avoid crossing tipping points,
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we need to operate, to navigate within the global carbon budget
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that gives us a chance of holding 1.5.
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What remains for us is only 200 billion tons of carbon dioxide
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that we can continue emitting
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to have a 50 percent chance of holding 1.5.
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We emit today 40 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year,
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giving us five years at current rates of emission
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before we've consumed the budget.
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We are seriously running out of time.
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And the pathway for a safe landing is also well studied and understood.
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You have it here.
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Bend the curve of emissions immediately
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and follow a path where we reduce emissions
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by at least seven percent per year for a safe landing
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and a net zero world economy by 2050.
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But it's more than that.
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We also know that even if we succeed with this,
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we have already loaded the atmosphere with so much greenhouse gases,
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with so much climate forcing,
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that we inevitably face a period of overshoot.
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We must now be prepared for a very likely breaching
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of the 1.5-degree-Celsius planetary boundary on climate
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somewhere between 2030 and 2035.
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In five to 10 year's time.
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And then have, at best, a 30-40 year period of overshoot
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before we can come back to 1.5 by the end of this century.
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We would exceed with 0.1 to 0.3 degrees Celsius
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the 1.5 limit,
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meaning up to 1.8 degrees Celsius.
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What does this tell us?
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Well, I can tell you there are two main messages.
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Message one:
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Buckle up.
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We know for certain, 100 percent certainty,
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that this means more droughts, more floods,
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more heat waves, more human-reinforced storms,
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more disease during one generation's time.
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2023, the warmest year on record,
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will be looked back upon as a mild year.
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Message two.
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Why would the planet come back to 1.5 after overshoot?
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Well, the answer is very simple.
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The health of the planet must be kept intact.
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We must continue having a planet
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that can absorb 50 percent of the carbon dioxide.
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We must have a planet that crosses no tipping points.
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We must have a planet that remains healthy
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and keeping heat intact in the ocean.
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That is why we need planetary boundaries.
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The planetary boundary framework
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that defines the nine Earth system processes
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that regulates the stability and resilience of the entire planet:
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climate, biodiversity, nitrogen, phosphorus, land, fresh water,
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air pollutants and chemicals.
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That is the challenge.
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To summarize that,
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there is no 1.5 degrees Celsius delivery
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on the Paris Agreement by only phasing out fossil fuels.
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We also need to come back into the safe operating space
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of the nature-based biodiversity,
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all the planetary boundaries of nature.
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This means that science is clear.
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The window is rapidly closing,
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but there is still some light in the window.
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We actually have evidence that we've reached a pivotal point,
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not only in terms of risk,
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but also in terms of opportunity to transform the world
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towards a safe and just future for humanity.
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Linear change is no longer an option.
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The only option is exponential change.
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We know that the only currency that matters is speed and scale.
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We also need to become stewards of the entire planet.
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We need to now recognize, from local to global level,
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that we're all so intertwined that we must govern the entire planet.
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I know, that is very daunting,
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but what choice do we have
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when on the line is the future of our children
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on planet Earth?
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15:57
And we have the solutions.
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15:59
We know that solving the planet crisis is not utopia.
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It's not fantasy.
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16:05
We have the solutions for a secure, stable future for humanity.
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What are those transformations?
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Well, we know them.
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16:14
It's a rapid transition away from fossil fuels.
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It is a transition towards circular business models.
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16:18
It is transitioning towards healthy diets from sustainable food systems.
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16:22
And it's not only halting loss of nature,
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16:24
it's also scaling the regeneration and restoration of marine systems, soils,
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forests and wetlands.
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We have solutions for all of these.
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Just take green energy,
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which today is cheaper than fossil fuel-based energy.
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16:38
It's our choice that we're facing today.
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16:45
Now I was nervous already in 2020
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when we entered this decisive decade
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and had to cut global emissions by half by 2030.
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16:55
Halfway into this decade,
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the road is steeper than ever.
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It's steeper than ever.
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17:03
This is what really, really concerns us.
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That we have a situation where we now need to move so fast.
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17:13
And I've been standing on stages like this so many times,
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17:16
sharing the dire scientific diagnostic.
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17:19
But still, I just told you
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17:20
that I do conclude that there is still some window open.
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17:25
There is a light in the tunnel.
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17:27
And you may ask, what is it that makes me able to continue
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17:31
to be a realistic optimist in this situation?
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The most dire situation, I must admit, in my whole professional life.
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Well, actually, I promise this is an honest statement.
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17:42
there are so many positive items as well.
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The most important one in my mind
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17:47
is that we have ample evidence
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17:50
that citizens across the world, a majority of them,
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17:53
care about nature and climate.
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17:54
They trust climate science,
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17:56
they're concerned about climate change,
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17:58
and they want solutions.
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And the second key factor
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is that we have so much evidence today
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18:05
that the solutions are not only available,
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18:08
but if we implement them,
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18:09
we get a more healthy, stable,
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18:12
secure future with the jobs and the economies
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18:16
that can compete and provide livelihoods into the future.
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18:20
This means, dear friends,
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that solving the planetary crisis is not only necessary,
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it is possible,
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and we all win if we succeed.
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Thank you very much.
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(Applause)
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