Small rockets are the next space revolution | Peter Beck

168,445 views ・ 2019-12-09

TED


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00:12
So what I'm going to talk about here is, this is a power station.
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So if you've ever wondered
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what a couple of million horsepower looked like,
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that's pretty much what it looks like.
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And for me, it's always been about the rocket.
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In fact so much so that when I was growing up,
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the school called in my parents to have a bit of a discussion,
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because they believed that my aspirations
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were unrealistic for what I wanted to do.
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(Laughter)
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And they suggested that I take up a job at the local aluminium smelter,
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because I was very good with my hands.
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But for me, aluminium, or as you Canadians say, "aluminum,"
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was not part of my plan at all.
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So I started building rockets when I was at school.
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They got bigger and bigger.
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I actually hold an unofficial land speed record
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for a rocket bike and roller blades
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while wearing a rocket pack.
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(Laughter)
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But as the rockets got larger and larger,
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and more and more complex,
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I started to be able to think I could do something with this.
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Now today we hear about very large rockets
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taking humans to, or aspiring to take humans to,
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the Moon, and Mars and beyond.
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And that's really important,
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but there's a revolution going on in the space industry,
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and it's not a revolution of the big,
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it's a revolution of the small.
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So here we have an average-to-large-sized spacecraft in 1990.
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We can tell it's 1990 because of the powder blue smocks
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for all the trained in the clean rooms in 1990.
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But that was your average-to-large-sized spacecraft in 1990.
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Here's a spacecraft that's going to launch this year.
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This particular spacecraft has four high-resolution cameras,
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a whole lot of senors, a CoMP communication system.
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We're going to launch thousands of these into the solar system
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to look for extraterrestrial life.
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Quite different.
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You see that Moore's law really applied itself to spacecraft.
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However, the rockets that we've been building
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have been designed for carrying these very large,
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school-bus-sized spacecraft to orbit.
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But this kind of launch vehicle here is not very practical
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for launching something that will fit on the tip of my finger.
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And to give you a sense of scale here,
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this rocket is so large that I inserted a picture of myself
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in my underpants, in complete confidence,
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knowing that you will not be able to find me.
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That's how big this rocket actually is.
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(Laughter)
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Moving on.
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(Laughter)
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So this is our rocket -- it's called the Electron.
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It's a small launch vehicle
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for lifting these small payloads into orbit.
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And the key here is not the size of the rocket --
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the key here is frequency.
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If you actually wanted to democratize space
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and enable access to space,
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launch frequency is the absolute most important thing
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out of all of this.
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Now in order to really democratize space, there's three things you have to do.
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And each one of these three things has kind of the equivalent amount of work.
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So the first is, obviously, you have to build a rocket.
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The second is regulatory, and the third is infrastructure.
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So let's talk a little bit about infrastructure.
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So this is our launch site --
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it's obviously not Cape Canaveral,
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but it's a little launch site --
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in fact, it's the only private orbiter launch site
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in the entire world, down in New Zealand.
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And you may think that's a bit of an odd place
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to build a rocket company and a launch site.
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But the thing is that every time you launch a rocket,
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you have to close down around about 2,000 kilometers of airspace,
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2,000 kilometers of marine and shipping space,
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and ironically, it's one of the things in America
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that doesn't scale very well,
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because every time you close down all that airspace,
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you disrupt all these travelers trying to get to their destination.
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The airlines really hate rocket companies,
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because it costs them around $70,000 a minute, and so on.
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So what you really need,
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if you want to truly have rapid access to space,
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is a reliable and frequent access to space,
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is you need, basically, a small island nation
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in the middle of nowhere, with no neighbors and no air traffic.
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And that just happened to be New Zealand.
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(Laughter)
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So, that's kind of the infrastructure bit.
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Now the next bit of that is regulatory.
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So, believe it or not,
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New Zealand is not known for its space prowess,
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or at least it wasn't.
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And you can't just rock on up to a country
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with what is essentially considered an ICBM,
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because unfortunately, if you can put a satellite into orbit,
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you can use that rocket for doing significantly nasty things.
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So quickly, you run afoul of a whole lot of rules and regulations,
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and international treaties
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of the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction and whatnot.
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So it becomes quite complex.
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So in order for us to launch down in New Zealand,
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we had to get the United States government and the New Zealand government
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to agree to sign a bilateral treaty.
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And then once that bilateral treaty was signed
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to safeguard the technology,
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the New Zealand government had a whole lot of obligations.
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And they had to create a lot of rules and regulations.
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In fact, they had to pass laws through a select committee
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and through Parliament, ultimately, and to complete laws.
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Once you have laws, you need somebody who administers them.
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So they had to create a space agency.
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And once they did, the Aussies felt left out,
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so they had to create a space agency.
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And on and on it goes.
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So you see, there's a massive portion of this, in fact,
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two thirds of it, that does not even involve the rocket.
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(Laughter)
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Now, let's talk about the rocket.
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You know, what I didn't say
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is that we're actually licensed to launch every 72 hours for the next 30 years.
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So we have more launch availability as a private company
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than America does as an entire country.
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And if you've got a launch every 72 hours,
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then that means you have to build a rocket every 72 hours.
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And unfortunately, there's no such thing as just a one-stop rocket shop.
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You can't go and buy bits to build a rocket.
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Every rocket is absolutely bespoke,
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every component is absolutely bespoke.
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And you're in a constant battle with physics every day.
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Every single day, I wake up and I battle physics.
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And I'll give you an example of this.
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So on the side of our rocket, there's a silver stripe.
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The reason is because there's avionic components behind there.
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We needed to lower the emissivity of the skin
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so we didn't cook the components from the sunlight.
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So we paint a silver stripe.
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Unfortunately, as you're sailing through the Earth's atmosphere,
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you generate a lot of static electricity.
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And if you don't have conductive paint,
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you'll basically send lightning bolts down to the Earth.
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So even the silver paint has to be triboelectrificated
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and certified and applied and everything,
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and the stickers, they're a whole nother story.
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But even the simplest thing is always, always a real struggle.
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Now, to the heart of any launch vehicle is the engine.
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This is our Rutherford rocket engine.
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And usually, you measure rocket engines
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in terms of time to manufacture, in terms of sort of months
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or even sometimes years, on really big engines.
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But if you're launching every 72 hours --
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there's 10 engines per rocket --
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then you need to produce an engine very quickly.
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We needed to come up with a whole new process
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and a whole new cycle for the rocket engine.
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We came up with a new cycle called the electric turbo pump,
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but we also managed to be able to 3D-print these rocket engines.
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So each one of these engines is 3D-printed out of Inconel superalloy,
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and right now, we can print round about one engine every 24 hours.
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Now, the electric turbo pump cycle
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is a totally different way to pump propellant
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into the rocket engine.
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So we carry about one megawatt where the battery is on board.
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And we have little electric turbo pumps, about the size of a Coke can,
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not much bigger than a Coke can.
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They spin at 42,000 RPM,
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and each one of those Coke-can-sized turbo pumps
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produces about the same amount of horsepower
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as your average family car,
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and we have 20 of them on the rocket.
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So you can see even the simplest thing, like pumping propellants,
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always pretty much drives you insane.
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This is Electron, it works.
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(Laughter)
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(Applause)
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Not only does it work once, it seems to work quite frequently,
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which is handy when you've got a lot of customers to put on orbit.
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So far, we've put 25 satellites in orbit.
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And the really cool thing
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is we're able to do it very, very accurately.
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In fact, we insert the satellites to within an accuracy of 1.4 kilometers.
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And I guess if you're riding in a cab,
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1.4 kilometers is not very accurate.
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But in, kind of, space terms,
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that equates to around about 180 milliseconds.
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We travel 1.4 kilometers in about 180 milliseconds.
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So, it's actually quite hard to do.
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(Laughter)
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Now, what I want to talk about here is space junk.
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We've talked a lot during this talk about, you know,
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how we want to launch really frequently, every 72 hours,
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and all the rest of it.
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However, I don't want to go down in history
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as the guy that put the most amount of space junk in orbit.
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This is kind of the industry's dirty little secret here,
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what most people don't realize is that the majority of space junk by mass
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is not actually satellites, it's dead rockets.
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Because as you ascend to orbit,
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you have to shed bits of the rocket to get there,
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with the battle of physics.
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So I'm going to give a little Orbital Mechanics 101 here,
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and talk about how we go to orbit,
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and how we do it really, really differently from everybody else.
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So the second stage cruises along
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and then we separate off a thing at the top called the kick stage,
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but we leave the second stage in this highly elliptical orbit.
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And at the perigee of the orbit, or the lowest point,
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it dips into the Earth's atmosphere and basically burns back up.
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So now we're left with this little kick stage,
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that white thing on the corner of the screen.
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It's got its own propulsion system,
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and we use it to raise and trim the orbit
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and then deploy the spacecraft.
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And then because it's got its own engine, we put it into a retro orbit,
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put it back into a highly elliptical orbit,
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reenter it into the atmosphere and burn it back up,
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and leave absolutely nothing behind.
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Now everybody else in the industry is just downright filthy,
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they just leave their crap everywhere out there.
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(Laughter)
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(Applause)
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So I want to tell you a little bit of a story,
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and this is going to date me,
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but I went to a school at the very bottom of the South Island in New Zealand,
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tiny little school,
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and we had a computer not dissimilar to this one.
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And attached to that computer was a little black box called a modem,
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and every Friday, the class would gather around the computer
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and we would send an email to another school in America
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that was lucky enough to have the same kind of setup,
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and we would receive an email back.
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And we thought that was just incredible, absolutely incredible.
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Now I often wonder
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what would happen if I traveled back in time
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and I sat down with myself
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and I explained all of the things that were going to occur
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because of that little black box connected to the computer.
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You would largely think that it would be complete fantasy.
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But the reality is that is where we are right now with space.
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We're right on the verge of democratizing space,
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and we have essentially sent our first email to space.
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Now I'll give you some examples.
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So last year, we flew a small satellite
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for a bunch of high school students who had built it.
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And the high school students were studying the atmosphere of Venus.
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Those are high school students launching their own satellite.
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Another great example,
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there's a number of really big programs right now
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to place large constellations, of small satellites in orbit
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to deliver internet to every square millimeter on the planet.
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And for pretty much everybody in this room,
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that's just handy,
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because we can stream Netflix anywhere we want.
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But if you think about the developing countries of the world,
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you've just disseminated the entire knowledge of the world
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to every single person in the world.
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And that's going to have a pretty major effect.
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Thanks very much.
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(Applause)
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