One of the most controversial medical procedures in history - Jenell Johnson

676,950 views ・ 2025-01-14

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Yoonchae Lee κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
In 1935, neurophysiologist John Farquhar Fulton
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1935λ…„, μ‹ κ²½μƒλ¦¬ν•™μžμΈ μ‘΄ νŒŒμΏ μ–΄ 풀턴은
00:12
presented some shocking new research.
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좩격적이고 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ°œν‘œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
After removing the frontal lobes of two chimps,
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μΉ¨νŒ¬μ§€ 두 λ§ˆλ¦¬μ—μ„œ 전두엽을 μ œκ±°ν–ˆλ”λ‹ˆ
00:18
he found they no longer experienced frustration or anxiety.
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더 이상 κ³΅ν¬λ‚˜ λΆˆμ•ˆμ„ λŠλΌμ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
00:24
As his research associate noted, it was as if they’d joined a β€œhappiness cult.”
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그의 연ꡬ μ‘°κ΅λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
β€œμΉ¨νŒ¬μ§€λ“€μ€ 마치 ν–‰λ³΅λ§Œμ„ μˆ­λ°°ν•˜λŠ” 것 κ°™λ‹€.”
00:30
Admittedly, the surgery had cost Fulton’s chimps some cognitive functions.
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λ¬Όλ‘  수술둜 μΉ¨νŒ¬μ§€λ“€μ˜ 인지 λŠ₯λ ₯이 μ–΄λŠ 정도 μ†μƒλ˜κΈ΄ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:35
But to Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆμ˜ μ‹ κ²½κ³Ό μ „λ¬Έμ˜ μ—κ°€μŠ€ λͺ¨λ‹ˆμ¦ˆμ—κ²ŒλŠ”
00:39
this was a small sacrifice for what seemed to be eternal happiness.
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그것은 μ˜μ›ν•œ 행볡을 μœ„ν•œ μ•„μ£Ό μ‚¬μ†Œν•œ ν¬μƒμ΄μ—ˆμ„ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
Moniz believed that replicating this procedure in humans
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λͺ¨λ‹ˆμ¦ˆλŠ” 이 μˆ˜μˆ μ„ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ μ‹œν–‰ν•˜λ©΄
00:48
could cure mental illness.
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정신병을 μΉ˜λ£Œν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:50
And it was this therapeutic intention
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그리고 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 치료 μ‹œλ„λŠ”
00:53
that led to one of the most controversial and destructive
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20μ„ΈκΈ°μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ λ…Όλž€μ„ 뢈러일으켰고
00:56
medical treatments of the 20th century:
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파괴적인 μ •μ‹  μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ λ‚³κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
00:59
the lobotomy.
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λ°”λ‘œ β€˜λ‡Œμ—½ μ ˆλ¦¬μˆ β€™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
Today, we know mental illness comes in many forms and emerges for many reasons.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ— μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 ν˜•νƒœκ°€ 있고
λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 이유둜 λ°œμƒν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
But in the early 20th century,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 20μ„ΈκΈ° μ΄ˆλ°˜μ—λŠ”
01:09
these complex conditions weren't clearly delineated,
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이런 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 사항듀이 잘 μ•Œλ €μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ•„
01:14
and researchers had various theories about their origins.
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ μ§ˆν™˜μ˜ 원인에 λŒ€ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 이둠을 μ œμ‹œν–ˆμ£ .
01:18
Moniz believed the symptoms of what we now call depression, OCD, and bipolar disorder
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λͺ¨λ‹ˆμ¦ˆλŠ” 우울증, κ°•λ°• μž₯μ• , μ–‘κ·Ήμ„± μž₯μ• λ“€λ‘œ λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” μ§ˆν™˜λ“€μ€
01:25
stemmed from negative ideas getting fixed in the neural fibers
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λ‡Œμ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ 뢀뢄을 μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” μ‹ κ²½ μ„¬μœ μ—
뢀정적인 생각이 κ³ μ°©λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ—μ„œ λΉ„λ‘―λœλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
which connect different parts of the brain.
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01:33
Specifically the thalamus and frontal lobes,
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특히 감정과 λŠλ‚Œμ„ μ œμ–΄ν•˜λŠ”
01:36
which regulate emotion and sensation.
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μ‹œμƒκ³Ό 전두엽 λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ 말이죠.
01:40
He proposed that severing these fibers could eliminate the associated conditions,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ„¬μœ λ₯Ό μ ˆλ‹¨ν•˜λ©΄ κ΄€λ ¨ μ§ˆν™˜μ„ 없앨 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆκ³ 
01:45
which led him to invent the prefrontal lobotomy.
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό λ‡Œμ—½ μ ˆλ¦¬μˆ μ„ κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
In this procedure, a surgeon would drill into the skull and cut the white matter
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이 μ‹œμˆ μ—μ„œλŠ” μ™Έκ³Όμ˜κ°€ λ‘κ°œκ³¨μ— ꡬ멍을 뚫고
전두엽 ν”Όμ§ˆκ³Ό λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ λ‡Œ 뢀뢄을 μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” λ°±μ§ˆμ„ μžλ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
connecting the prefrontal cortex to the rest of the brain.
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02:00
Initially, his peers were skeptical.
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μ²˜μŒμ— 그의 λ™λ£Œλ“€μ€ μ˜μ‹¬μ„ ν’ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
Moniz’s fundamental theory was already controversial.
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λͺ¨λ‹ˆμ¦ˆμ˜ κΈ°λ³Έ 이둠듀은 이미 λ…Όλž€μ˜ 여지가 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
And psychiatrists advocating for treatments like psychoanalysis
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그리고 정신뢄석학을 μ§€μ§€ν•˜λŠ” μ •μ‹ κ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€
02:11
criticized this invasive surgical solution.
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이 침슡적 μ™Έκ³Ό μ‹œμˆ μ„ λΉ„νŒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
But Moniz was undeterred.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λͺ¨λ‹ˆμ¦ˆμ—κ²Œ μ£Όμ €λž€ μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
02:16
He lobotomized 38 individuals with conditions including anxiety,
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κ·ΈλŠ” λΆˆμ•ˆ, 정신뢄열증, 우울증 등을 μ•“λŠ” ν™˜μž 38λͺ…μ—κ²Œ
02:22
schizophrenia, and depression.
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λ‡Œμ—½ μ ˆλ¦¬μˆ μ„ μ‹€μ‹œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
And his hastily written results reported that two-thirds of these patients
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κ·Έκ°€ μ„±κΈ‰ν•˜κ²Œ μž‘μ„±ν•œ 결과에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
ν™˜μžλ“€ 쀑 3λΆ„μ˜ 2κ°€ ν‰μ˜¨ν•΄μ‘Œκ³ ,
02:29
had become tranquil, amicable, and free from distressing hallucinations.
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κ³ ν†΅μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ ν™˜κ°μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
At the time, psychiatrists saw calm behavior as a sign of recovery,
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ μ •μ‹ κ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ μ°¨λΆ„ν•œ 행동듀을 회볡이라고 μ—¬κ²¨μ„œ
02:40
so when Moniz brashly declared the treatment a success,
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λͺ¨λ‹ˆμ¦ˆκ°€ μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  μ„ μ–Έν•˜μž λͺ¨λ‘ λͺ¨λ‹ˆμ¦ˆλ₯Ό μΈμ •ν–ˆμ£ .
02:44
his peers agreed.
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02:46
Newspapers celebrated the surgery;
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신문듀은 이 μˆ˜μˆ μ„ μΆ•ν•˜ν–ˆκ³ ,
02:48
Moniz was awarded the Nobel Prize;
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λͺ¨λ‹ˆμ¦ˆλŠ” 노벨상을 λ°›μ•˜μœΌλ©°
02:51
and his procedure became especially popular in the US
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μ‹ κ²½ν•™μž μ›Œν„° 프리먼과 μ‹ κ²½μ™Έκ³Όμ˜μ‚¬μΈ μ œμž„μŠ€ μ™€νŠΈ 덕뢄에
02:55
thanks to neurologist Walter Freeman and neurosurgeon James Watts.
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그의 μˆ˜μˆ μ€ λ―Έκ΅­ 전역에 μ•Œλ €μ‘Œμ£ .
03:00
As a country that had institutionalized nearly half a million people
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—λŠ” μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ 거의 50만 λͺ…μ΄λ‚˜ μžˆμ—ˆκΈ°μ—
03:04
for mental health reasons,
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 치료λ₯Ό 톡해
03:06
many hoped the new treatment would allow this population
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ 정상적인 삢을 μ‚΄ 수 있길 λ°”λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
to live relatively normal lives.
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03:12
But from the beginning there were problems.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ²˜μŒλΆ€ν„° λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
First, the notion of a β€œnormal life”
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첫 번째둜, β€˜μ •μƒμ μΈ μ‚Άβ€™μ΄λž€ κ°œλ…μ€
03:18
was determined by this period’s restrictive social mores,
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이 μ‹œκΈ°μ˜ μ œν•œμ μΈ μ‚¬νšŒ κ·œλ²”μ— μ˜ν•΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒλŠ”λ°
03:22
which had led huge numbers of people to be institutionalized
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μ΄λŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λ³‘μ›μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” 데 이λ₯΄λ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
simply because they didn’t conform.
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κ·Έμ € λ°˜ν•­μ μΈ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄μ—ˆλŠ”λ° 말이죠.
03:29
So, while many people in these facilities did need medical help,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이런 μ‹œμ„€μ—λŠ” μ •λ§λ‘œ μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ ν•„μš”ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:33
some lobotomy recipients had no mental illness whatsoever.
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λ‡Œμ—½ μ ˆλ¦¬μˆ μ„ 받은 일뢀 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ΄ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
Second, the details and timeline of the surgeries’ results
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λ‘˜μ§Έ, 수술 결과의 μ„ΈλΆ€ 사항과 일정은
03:42
were unpredictable and inconsistent.
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μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆκ³  일관성도 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
In 1941, when future US President John F. Kennedy’s sister Rosemary
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λ―Έκ΅­ λŒ€ν†΅λ Ήμ΄ 될 μ‘΄ F. μΌ€λ„€λ””μ˜ 여동생인 λ‘œμ¦ˆλ©”λ¦¬κ°€ 1941년에
03:51
underwent a prefrontal lobotomy,
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λ‡Œμ—½ μ ˆλ¦¬μˆ μ„ 받은 ν›„
03:53
it permanently impaired her ability to speak and walk.
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λ§ν•˜κ³  κ±·λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 영ꡬ히 μžƒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
And even when the surgery did help patients manage
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그리고 μˆ˜μˆ μ„ 받은 ν™˜μžκ°€
감정을 μ£Όμ²΄ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ ν™˜κ° λ“±μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚«λ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ”λΌλ„
04:01
overwhelming emotions and hallucinations,
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04:03
they often experienced significant side effects.
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μ‹¬κ°ν•œ λΆ€μž‘μš©λ„ ν”ν•˜κ²Œ κ²ͺμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
These included apathy, abrupt personality changes, and cognitive impairment.
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무관심, κΈ‰κ²©ν•œ 성격 λ³€ν™”, 인지 μž₯μ•  등이 κ·Έ λΆ€μž‘μš©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
Tragically, the stigma around mental illness kept people from discussing
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μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ 편견 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ•ˆνƒ€κΉκ²Œλ„ ν™˜μžλ“€μ€
μžμ‹ λ“€μ΄ κ²ͺ은 λΆ€μž‘μš©μ„ 이야기할 수 μ—†μ—ˆκ³ 
04:17
their negative experiences,
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04:19
so the procedure kept happening.
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μˆ˜μˆ μ€ 계속 μ‹œν–‰λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
But prefrontal lobotomies required a team of surgeons and specialized equipment,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 전두엽 μ ˆμ œμˆ μ—λŠ” μ „λ¬Έμ˜λ“€κ³Ό 특수 μž₯λΉ„κ°€ ν•„μš”ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
04:27
making them out of reach for most patients.
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적어도 1945λ…„κΉŒμ§€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ 그런 μˆ˜μˆ μ„ 받지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
At least until 1945,
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04:33
when Freeman began developing a simpler and cheaper alternative.
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그해에 프리먼이 더 κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜κ³  κ°’μ‹Ό μˆ˜μˆ λ²•μ„ κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:38
In his new transorbital lobotomy,
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κ·Έκ°€ κ°œλ°œν•œ κ²½μ•ˆμ™€ λ‡Œμ—½ μ ˆμ œμˆ μ—μ„œλŠ”
04:40
the patient was first rendered unconscious via electroshock therapy.
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μ „κΈ° 좩격 μš”λ²•μœΌλ‘œ ν™˜μžκ°€ μ˜μ‹μ„ μžƒκ²Œ ν•˜κ³ 
04:45
Then, an ice pick-like instrument
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μ–ΌμŒ κΉ¨λŠ” 솑곳 같은 도ꡬλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄
04:48
was pushed through the thin bone of their eye socket
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눈ꡬ멍의 얇은 뼈λ₯Ό 뚫고 λ“€μ–΄κ°€
04:51
and manipulated to sever the fibers
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μ‹œμƒκ³Ό 전두엽 사이λ₯Ό μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” μ„¬μœ λ₯Ό μžλ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
between the thalamus and frontal lobes.
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04:57
Transorbital lobotomy was intended to be performed by physicians
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κ²½μ•ˆμ™€ λ‡Œμ—½ 절리술둜 μΈν•΄μ„œ
κ²½λ ₯이 μ—†λŠ” μ˜μ‚¬λ„ μˆ˜μˆ μ„ 10λΆ„ 이내에 마칠 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
without surgical training in under ten minutes.
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05:05
And Freeman proved his procedure’s efficiency during a hospital visit,
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그리고 프리먼은 ν•œ 병원을 λ°©λ¬Έν•΄μ„œ
05:09
where he performed the surgery 228 times in just 12 days.
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12일 λ§Œμ— μˆ˜μˆ μ„ 228번 ν•˜μ—¬ νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ„ 증λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
Transorbital lobotomy was immediately controversial.
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κ²½μ•ˆμ™€ λ‡Œμ—½ μ ˆμ œμˆ μ€ μ¦‰μ‹œ λ…Όλž€μ„ μΌμœΌμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:20
Even Freeman’s long-time collaborator James Watts
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ν”„λ¦¬λ¨Όμ˜ 였랜 곡동 μ—°κ΅¬μžμΈ μ œμž„μŠ€ 와츠쑰차도
05:23
was against making such a consequential surgery
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μ€‘λŒ€ν•œ μˆ˜μˆ μ„ λΉ λ₯΄κ³  μ—­κ²Ήκ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것과
05:26
quick, dirty, and accessible to amateurs.
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μ•„λ§ˆμΆ”μ–΄ μ˜μ‚¬μ—κ²Œ λ§‘κΈ°λŠ” 것을 λ°˜λŒ€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:30
But the procedure remained popular throughout the Western world
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 μΉ˜λ£ŒλŠ” 1950λ…„λŒ€κΉŒμ§€ μ„œκ΅¬ μ „μ—­μ—μ„œ 인기가 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:33
until the 1950s,
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05:35
when tranquilizers began offering a less permanent
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이 μ‹œκΈ°μ—λŠ” μ§„μ •μ œκ°€ μ‹œμˆ λ³΄λ‹€ 덜 영ꡬ적이고
05:38
and more predictable alternative.
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예츑 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λŒ€μ•ˆμ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
By the mid-60s, lobotomies were most often found in science fiction and horror films,
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60λ…„λŒ€ μ€‘λ°˜κΉŒμ§€ λ‡Œμ—½ μ ˆλ¦¬μˆ μ€ κ³Όν•™ μ†Œμ„€κ³Ό 곡포 μ˜ν™”μ— ν”νžˆ λ‚˜μ™€λŠ”λ°
05:47
where they became a potent metaphor
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347385
2085
κ·œλ²”μ— λ§žμ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„
05:49
for brutally controlling those who don't fit the norm.
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μž”μΈν•˜κ²Œ ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ” κ°•λ ₯ν•œ λΉ„μœ λ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:53
Today, lobotomy serves as a chilling reminder that scientific progress
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  λ‡Œμ—½ μ ˆλ¦¬μˆ μ€ 과학적 μ§„λ³΄μ—λŠ”
투λͺ…μ„±κ³Ό λͺ…ν™•ν•œ 윀리 기쀀이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” μ†Œλ¦„λΌμΉ˜λŠ” κ²½κ³ κ°€ λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:58
requires transparency and clear ethical standards.
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3629
06:02
Because without honest reflection,
93
362400
2085
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ 된 성찰이 μ—†λ‹€λ©΄
06:04
even efforts to alleviate human suffering can cause serious harm.
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고톡을 λœμ–΄μ£Όλ €λŠ” λ…Έλ ₯이라 해도 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ ν•΄λ₯Ό 끼칠 수 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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