What does the world's largest machine do? - Henry Richardson

320,115 views

2022-10-06 ใƒป TED-Ed


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What does the world's largest machine do? - Henry Richardson

320,115 views ใƒป 2022-10-06

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ๊ด€์›… ๋ฌธ ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:08
On February 7th, 1967, Homer Loutzenheuser flipped a switch in Nebraska
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1967๋…„ 2์›” 7์ผ, ๋„ค๋ธŒ๋ž˜์Šค์นด์ฃผ์—์„œ ํ˜ธ๋จธ ๋ผ์›ƒ์  ํ•˜์ด์ €๊ฐ€ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ผฐ๊ณ 
00:14
and realized a dream more than five decades in the making.
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50๋…„์ด ๋„˜๋„๋ก ๋ฐ”๋ผ์™”๋˜ ๊ฟˆ์„ ์ด๋ค„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
The power grids of the United States joined together,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง๋“ค์€ ์˜จ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ
00:22
forming one interconnected machine stretching coast to coast.
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์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ณ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
Today, the US power grid is the world's largest machine.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์žฅ์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
It contains more than 7,300 electricity-generating plants,
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7,300๊ณณ์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
00:36
linked by some 11 million kilometers of powerlines, transformers and substations.
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์†ก์ „์„  ์ฒœ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ, ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ด์–ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
Power grids span Earthโ€™s continents, transmitting electricity around the clock.
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์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ง€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
Theyโ€™re massive feats of engineeringโ€”
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ณตํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง‘์•ฝ์ฒด์ด์ง€๋งŒ
00:52
but their functioning depends on a delicate balance.
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
Their components must always work in unison,
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๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ์กฐํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
00:58
maintain a constant frequency throughout the grid,
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์ „๋ ฅ๋ง ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:01
and match energy supply with demand.
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๋งž์ถฐ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
If there's too much electricity in the system,
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ํ๋ฅด๋ฉด
01:07
you get unsafe power spikes that can overheat and damage equipment.
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์žฅ๋น„ ๊ณผ์—ด ๋ฐ ์†์ƒ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ธ‰๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
Too little electricity and you get blackouts.
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์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ์ •์ „์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ฃ .
01:15
So, to strike this balance,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
01:16
power grid operators monitor the grid from sophisticated control centers.
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์ „๋ ฅ๋ง ์šด์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ œ์–ด ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋ง์„ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
They forecast energy demand and adjust which power plants are active,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋™์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
01:25
signaling them to turn their output up or down
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์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ
01:28
to precisely meet current demand.
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋งž์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
By considering factors like the availability and cost of energy resources,
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๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:35
grid operators create a โ€œdispatch curve,โ€
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๋ง ์šด์˜์ž๋“ค์€ โ€˜๊ธ‰์ „ ๊ณก์„ โ€™์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
which maps out the order in which energy sources will be used.
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์–ด๋–ค ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์„ ๋จผ์ € ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ์ง€ ๊ทธ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:41
The grid defaults to using energy from the start of the curve first.
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์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
Usually, the resources are ordered by price.
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๋ณดํ†ต ์ˆœ์„œ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
Those at the start tend to be renewables
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๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:51
because they have much lower production costs.
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๋น„์šฉ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:54
Some grids, like those in Iceland and Costa Rica,
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์•„์ด์Šฌ๋ž€๋“œ, ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด ๋“ฑ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์€
01:57
run on more than 98% clean energy.
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์ „์ฒด์˜ 98% ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ฒญ์ • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
But most dispatch curves contain more of a mix
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธ‰์ „ ๊ณก์„ ์—๋Š”
ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›๊ณผ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์ด ์„ž์—ฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
of carbon-free and carbon-emitting energy sources.
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02:09
This means that where your electricity is coming fromโ€”
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์ฆ‰, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€,
02:12
and how clean it isโ€” varies throughout the dayโ€”
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๋˜ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ค‘์—๋„ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
as often as every few minutes.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„๋งˆ๋‹ค์š”.
02:18
Take the state of Kansas.
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์บ”์ž์Šค์ฃผ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:20
Despite having plentiful wind resources,
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ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ํ’๋ ฅ ์ž์›์ด ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„,
02:23
it regularly relies on carbon-emitting power plants.
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ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
This is because wind energy is especially plentiful at night.
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ํ’๋ ฅ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐค์—๋งŒ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
But, this is also when thereโ€™s lower demand.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐค์€ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์ ์„ ๋•Œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
So, Kansasโ€™ is wind energy is actually regularly disposed of
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์บ”์ž์Šค์ฃผ์˜ ํ’๋ ฅ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
to prevent excess electricity from damaging the grid.
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์ดˆ๊ณผ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋ง์— ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…ํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ง€์š”.
02:40
And comparable scenarios add up to a big problem worldwide.
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์ด ์Œ“์—ฌ์„œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
Thankfully, dependence on renewables is rising.
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
But power grids are often unable to make full use of them.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜จ์ „ํžˆ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์€ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
Many simply weren't designed around intermittent energy sources
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ์ด ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ์ธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
02:56
and can't store large amounts of electricity.
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๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
Researchers are experimenting with unique storage solutions.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ €์žฅ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
However, this will take time and substantial investment.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:06
But hope is not lost.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ํฌ๋ง์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
We have the opportunity to work with our existing power grids in a new way:
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
by shifting some of our energy use
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ
03:15
to the times when thereโ€™s clean electricity to spare.
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์ฒญ์ • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
Leaning into this concept, called โ€œload flexibility,โ€
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โ€˜๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑโ€™์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
03:22
we can help flatten the peaks in demand,
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ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š” ๊ธ‰๋“ฑ์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:25
which will place less stress on the grid and reduce the need for non-renewables.
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์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์— ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
์žฌ์ƒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์š”๋„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
So researchers are developing automated emissions reduction technologies
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„์€ ์ž๋™ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
that tap into energy use data
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—
03:37
and ensure that devices get electricity from the grid at the cleanest times.
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์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์ด ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐ›๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:42
In fact, smart devices like this already exist.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
So, how big an effect could they have?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:48
If smart technologies like air conditioners, water heaters,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—์–ด์ปจ, ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ, ์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„
03:51
and electric vehicle chargers were implemented across the Texas power grid,
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ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง ์ „์ฒด์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
03:56
the stateโ€™s emissions could decrease by around 20%.
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์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ์•ฝ 20% ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
In other words, simply coordinating when certain devices tap into the grid
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ํŠน์ • ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์ด ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์–ธ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ์ง€๋งŒ ์กฐ์ •ํ•ด์ฃผ์–ด๋„
04:05
could translate to 6 million fewer tons of carbon
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ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์—์„œ๋งŒ 1๋…„์— ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ
04:09
released into the atmosphere annually from Texas alone.
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์œก๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ํ†ค ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
Now, imagine what this could look like on a global scale.
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์ด์ œ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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