Learn Past Perfect Tense | Basic English Grammar Course

156,783 views ãƒģ 2020-06-27

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āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻš āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĄāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛-āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤

00:00
Hi, everybody.
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āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨.
00:01
I'm Esther.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
00:02
In this video, I will introduce the past perfect tense.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ
00:06
This tense is used to describe an action that took place at a specific time in the past.
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ˜āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤
āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤
00:13
This tense can be a little tricky, but don't worry I will guide you through it.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡,
āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—āĻžāĻ‡āĻĄ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦāĨ¤
00:18
There's so much to learn and it's a very important tense.
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āĻļā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤
00:21
So keep watching.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
00:25
Let's take a look at the first usage of the past perfect tense.
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āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ°
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•
00:30
This tense can be used to describe an action in the past
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āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ°
āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡
00:34
that happened before another action in the past.
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āĻ¯āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
00:37
Here are some examples.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻƒ.
00:39
‘I have visited China before I moved there.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
00:43
No matter what the subject you follow with ‘had’,
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄ' āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡
āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻž
00:47
So that's easy.
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, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœāĨ¤
00:48
‘I had’ ‘Steve had’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'
'āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'
00:51
‘The plane had’ and ‘We had’.
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'āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'āĨ¤
00:53
Then, we follow with the past participle of the verb.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
00:58
In this case, it's ‘visited’.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨'āĨ¤
01:00
‘I had visited China.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻšā§€āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
01:03
Now you'll notice that the second verb is in the past simple tense.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ
āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
01:07
‘I moved there.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
01:09
And I'll talk about that a little bit more later on.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡.
01:12
‘Steve had bought the book.’
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'āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­ āĻŦāĻ‡āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
01:15
Again, ‘subject’, ‘had’ and ‘past participle’.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, 'āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ', 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄ' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻĒāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻĒāĻ˛'āĨ¤
01:19
In this case, the verb is ‘buy’.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧ'āĨ¤
01:22
‘Steve had bought the book before he read it.’
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'āĻŦāĻ‡āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
01:26
Again, we have the simple tense of ‘read’ which is ‘read’.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ 'āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ' āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž 'āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž'āĨ¤
01:31
And finally, ‘The plane had left by the time I got to the airport.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡,
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒā§ŒāĻāĻ›āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ›ā§‡āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
01:36
Again, the first part of this sentence is in the past perfect tense.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ
āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ°āĨ¤
01:41
‘The plane had left’.
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'āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡'āĨ¤
01:43
This is the past participle of ‘leave’.
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—'-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻžāĨ¤
01:47
The second verb says, ‘I got to the airport.’
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āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒā§ŒāĻāĻ›ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
01:50
‘got’ is the past tense of ‘get’.
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'got' āĻšāĻ˛ 'get'-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤
01:53
Now what these three sentences have in common is that you'll see, ‘before’.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡
āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, 'āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡'āĨ¤
02:00
‘before’ or ‘by the time’.
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'āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡'āĨ¤
02:02
They all mean the same thing.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡.
02:05
The verb that is in the past perfect tense happened first.
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
02:10
The verb that's in the past simple tense happen after.
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āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĨ¤
02:14
So again, for the first example.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯.
02:17
‘before I move there’ That happened later.
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡'
āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
02:21
Before that, ‘I had already visited China.’
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
02:25
Do you understand how that works?
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡?
02:27
Let's take a look at the last example.
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āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
02:30
‘When they arrived, we had already started the game.’
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'āĻ“āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
02:34
So maybe they were late or something had happened.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
02:37
But ‘When they arrived’, this is the past simple tense.
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āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ 'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§‹',
āĻāĻŸāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤
02:42
So this happened second.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡.
02:44
‘We had already started the game.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
02:47
This action had already started.
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āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
02:50
It started before this action.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
02:54
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
02:55
Earlier I mentioned that the past perfect tense can be used to describe an action
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āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ– āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ
āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡
03:00
that happened in the past before another action in the past.
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āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡
03:05
We can do the same thing but also emphasize the duration.
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āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ
āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°āĻ“ āĻœā§‹āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
03:09
How long that first action happened.
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āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡.
03:12
We do this by using four and a duration.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
03:16
Let's take a look.
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āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•.
03:17
‘I had owned my computer for two months before it broke.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ‰āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­ā§‡āĻ™ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
03:23
This is very similar to the first usage.
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĨ¤
03:26
‘I had’ and the past participle of the verb.
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'I had' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° past participle.
03:31
This part shows the action that happened earlier in the past.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
03:36
The second part, ‘it broke’.
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āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ, 'āĻ‡āĻŸ āĻŦā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•'āĨ¤
03:38
The past simple tense verb shows the action in the past
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ
03:42
that happened later than the first action.
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āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
03:46
However, you'll notice that this sentence has a duration, ‘for two months’.
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āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋāĻ°
āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, 'āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯'āĨ¤
03:52
‘I had owned my computer for two months before it broke.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ‰āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­ā§‡āĻ™ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
03:56
All I'm doing here is showing how long the first action had been true.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨
āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
04:02
Let's take a look at the next example.
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āĻ†āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
04:05
‘Jim had been lonely for a long time until he got a puppy.’
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'āĻœāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ•ā§€ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ›āĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤'
04:10
Again, we have subject ‘had’, past participle.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ subject 'had', past participle āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ›āĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡'āĨ¤
04:16
And then we have the past simple ‘he got a puppy’.
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04:21
All we're doing here is emphasizing how long first action had been true.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻœā§‹āĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ•ā§€ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
04:27
He had been lonely for a long time.
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04:30
That is until the later action, ‘he got a puppy.’
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āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤,
'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ›āĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
04:35
And finally, ‘She and I had been friends for many years before she became my wife.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡,
'āĻ¸ā§‡
āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ
04:42
The first part of the sentence is the past perfect.
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āĨ¤' āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤āĨ¤
04:46
It happened before she became my wife.
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āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
04:50
But I want to explain how long that had been true for many years.
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āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ
āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
04:55
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
04:57
Now I'll introduce how to form the negative in the past perfect tense.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡
āĻ‹āĻŖāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ• āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ
05:02
Take a look at the board.
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āĨ¤ āĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤
05:04
The first sentence says, ‘I had not eaten at the restaurant before I went yesterday.’
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
'āĻ—āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻ–āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
05:11
Again, we have the past perfect tense here and the past simple tense here.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ past perfect tense
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ past simple tense āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
05:17
This one is the action that happened earlier in the past
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
āĻ¯āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛
05:21
And this one over here is the action that happened later in the past.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
05:26
However, because this is the negative, what I'm going to do is add a 'not' between
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āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ•,
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛
'had' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 'not' āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤
05:33
the ‘had’ and the past participle of the verb.
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05:36
So I say, ‘I have not eaten’.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ, 'āĻ–āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋ'āĨ¤
05:40
Or I can use the contraction
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āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ,
05:42
and say, ‘I hadn't eaten at the restaurant before I went yesterday.’
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'āĻ—āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻ–āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
05:48
The next sentence is very similar.’
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āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽāĨ¤'
05:51
‘She had not been to the circus before she went last week.’
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' āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡
āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋ āĨ¤'
05:55
Here's the action that happened earlier in the past,
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ,
05:59
and here's the action that happened later in the past.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ.
06:03
However, again, because it's negative,
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āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ•, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ 'had'
06:07
I put a 'not' between ‘had’ and the past participle of the verb.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻžāĻ°
āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 'not' āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĨ¤
06:12
Also, I can use the contraction and say, ‘She hadn't been to the circus.’
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āĻāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ“, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ,
'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
06:19
The next sentence says,
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
06:21
‘The cat hadn't chased the bird for very long before it flew away.’
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'āĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡
āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋ āĨ¤'
06:26
Remember, we can show duration,
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āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ,
06:29
or how long the first action was true.
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āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
06:31
by using 'for' and a duration.
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'āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
06:35
Because this is the negative form,
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āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ,
06:38
again, I use 'had not' after the subject and before the past participle of the verb
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡
06:45
In this case, the contraction ‘hadn't’ is already there for you.
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'had not' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ 'hadn't'
06:50
‘We hadn't known each other for three months before we married.’
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ ' āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡
āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻž
06:55
That's a pretty short time.
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āĨ¤' āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ° āĻ›ā§‹āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ.
06:57
It shows the duration by saying ‘for’, How long?
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋ 'for' āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ,
āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ? 'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸'
07:01
‘three months’
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07:03
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĨ¤
07:04
Now, let's take a look at questions using ‘had’ in the past perfect tense.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° 'had'
āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•
07:10
Take a look at the first sentence.
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āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
07:12
It says, ‘She had eaten lunch by noon.’
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āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
07:16
Now, to turn this into a question is quite easy.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœāĨ¤
07:20
All you have to do is change the order of the first two words.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨
07:24
So instead of ‘she had’, we say ‘Had she’.
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āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛' āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡,
āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄ āĻ¸ā§‡'āĨ¤
07:28
‘Had she eaten lunch by noon?’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡?'
07:31
You can say, ‘Yes, she had.’
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨, 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤' āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
07:33
or ‘No, she hadn't.’
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07:36
The next sentence says, ‘It had rained before they left.’
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
07:40
Again simply switched the order of the first two words.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻœāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨.
07:44
Instead of ‘It had’, say ‘Had it’ to make a question.
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ 'āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ 'Had it' āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
07:49
‘Had it rained before they left?’
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'āĻ“āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
07:52
To reply you can say, ‘Yes, it had.’
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āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨, 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤' āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¨āĻž, āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
07:55
or ‘No, it hadn't.’
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07:58
Let's move on now.
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āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡. āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ
07:59
I'll go into how to form ‘WH’ questions in the past perfect tense.
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° 'WH' āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦ
āĨ¤
08:05
Let's take a look.
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āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•.
08:07
Here we see at the beginning of each question a 'WH' word.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 'WH' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ‡āĨ¤
08:12
‘where’, ‘who’, ‘what’, and ‘how’.
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'āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ',
'āĻ•ā§‡',
'āĻ•ā§€',
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡'āĨ¤
08:17
Let's take a look at the first question.
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
08:20
‘Where had he traveled before?’
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨?'
08:23
You'll notice that after each ‘WH’ word, we have ‘had’.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ 'WH' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° 'had' āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
08:29
And then the subject and then the past participle of the verb.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° subject āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° verb āĻāĻ° past participle.
08:34
‘Where had he traveled before?’
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨?'
08:38
The next question says, ‘Who had she talked to before?’
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨?'
āĻāĻ‡ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸
08:43
This is the same thing the ‘WH’ word
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'WH' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ 'had she' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° past participle.
08:46
‘had she’ and then the past participle.
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08:50
You'll notice here that we have the word ‘before’, but we didn't write a specific point in time.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ 'āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡,
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
08:57
If you see that it simply means before now.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĨ¤
09:01
The next question says, ‘What had he eaten before lunch?’
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻžāĻžā§āĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•ā§€ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ,
09:07
Again we follow the same formula, however, here it says ‘lunch for you'.
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āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ 'āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°'āĨ¤
09:13
The last one says,
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āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨,
09:14
‘How long had she known him before she dated him?’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĄā§‡āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¤?'
09:19
Again how long ‘had’ + ‘subject’ and then the past participle.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ 'had' + 'subject'
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° past participleāĨ¤
09:26
Let's take a look at how to answer these questions.
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āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ• āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
09:30
‘Where had he traveled before?’
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨?'
09:33
‘He had traveled to Europe.’
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒ āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
09:35
is one possible answer.
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āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĨ¤
09:38
‘Who had she talked to before?’
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨?'
09:41
Here I can say, ‘She had talked to her brother.’
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ, 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
09:46
‘What had he eaten before lunch?’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻžāĻžā§āĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•ā§€ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
09:49
‘He had eaten sushi before lunch.’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻžāĻžā§āĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
09:53
And finally, ‘How long had she known him before she dated him?’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡,
'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĄā§‡āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¤?'
09:58
‘She had known him for three years.’
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻšā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
10:01
That is one possible answer.
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĨ¤
10:03
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
10:05
Great job, everyone.
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āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ, āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡. āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ
10:06
Now you have a better understanding of the past perfect tense.
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡
āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨
āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡
10:11
I know it can be a little difficult but keep studying,
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āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨,
10:14
and keep practicing, and you will get better.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
10:17
I know studying English is not easy but with time and effort,
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡,
10:21
I know you'll master it.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
10:23
Thank you so much for watching and I'll see you in the next video
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āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦāĨ¤
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡

āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ YouTube āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻļā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻļā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ  āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĒā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĄāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛-āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ā§ˇ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡, āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7