Learn Present Perfect Tense | English Grammar Course

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āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻš āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĄāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛-āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤

00:00
Hi, everyone.
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āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨.
00:01
I'm Esther.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
00:02
In this video, I'm going to introduce the present perfect tense.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¤ā§‡,
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻĢā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻŸ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ
00:06
This tense can be used to talk about an action that happened in the past,
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡
āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ ,
00:11
but when it happened is not very important or it’s unknown.
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āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ
āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
00:16
It can also be used to talk about an action that started in the past and continues in the present.
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡
āĻ¯āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻšāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
00:23
We really want to emphasize how long that action has been happening.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ‡ āĻœā§‹āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
00:28
And finally, we use this tense to talk about a recent action.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡,
āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
00:33
There's a lot to learn and a lot of important information, so keep watching.
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āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻļā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡,
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
00:41
Let's talk about one usage of the present perfect tense.
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āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
00:45
This tense can be used to talk about an action that happened in the past.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡
00:50
But when it happened is not important or not known.
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āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•,
00:56
However, this action is important to the conversation right now.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻŽā§āĻšā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨā§‹āĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻĒāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤
01:01
Let's take a look at some examples.
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āĻ†āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
01:03
The first one says, ‘I have been to Canada.’
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻœāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
01:08
What we do here is we start with the subject, ‘I’.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ,
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ'āĨ¤ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ', 'āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ', 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž'-āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'have' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
01:12
For ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘we’, and ‘they’, we follow with ‘have’.
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01:17
After that we use the past participle of the verb.
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āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° past participle āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
01:21
In this case, the verb is ‘be’.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ 'āĻšāĻŦā§‡'āĨ¤
āĻ†āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļā§€āĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡'āĨ¤
01:24
And so the past participle is ‘been’.
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01:26
‘I have been to Canada.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻĄāĻž āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
01:29
The next sentence says, ‘My cousins have seen the movie.’
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻŽāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
01:34
My cousins is a ‘they’.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž'āĨ¤
01:36
And so again, we follow with ‘have’.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'have' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
01:40
And the past participle of see is ‘seen’.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻž āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž'āĨ¤
01:44
‘They have seen the movie.’
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'āĻ“āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻŽāĻžāĻŸāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
01:46
Or ‘My cousins have seen the movie.’
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āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻŽāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
01:50
The next example says, ‘Chad has gone home.’
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āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻšāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
01:53
Chad is a ‘he’.
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āĻšāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ 'āĻ¸ā§‡'āĨ¤ 'āĻ¸ā§‡', 'āĻ¸ā§‡', 'āĻāĻŸāĻŋ'-āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'has' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
01:56
For ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, we follow with ‘has’.
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02:01
Then, the past participle ‘gone’ is for the verb ‘go’.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°, past participle 'gone' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ 'go' āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤
02:06
‘Chad has gone home.’
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'āĻšāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
02:09
And finally, ‘My phone has been fixed.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
02:12
My phone is an ‘it’.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§‹āĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻāĻŸāĻŋ'. āĻ…āĻ¤āĻāĻŦ, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ 'has' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
02:15
Therefore, I use ‘has’.
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02:17
And then I need the past participle of ‘be’ – ‘been’.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° 'be' - 'been'-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻž āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
02:21
‘My phone has been fixed.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
02:24
Let's move on to the next usage.
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āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
02:27
The present perfect tense is also used to describe an action that started in the past
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āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ
āĻ¯āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻšāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
02:33
and continues in the present.
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02:35
‘for’ and since’ are common expressions used with the present perfect tense.
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'for' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ since' āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡
āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ°āĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĨ¤
02:41
Let's take a look at these examples.
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āĻ†āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŸāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•.
02:44
‘I have worked there since 2002.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ 2002 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
02:48
You'll notice we start with the subject.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
02:50
If it's ‘I’, ‘you’ or ‘we’, we have ‘have’.
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āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ', 'āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž' āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° 'āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡'āĨ¤
02:54
Then the past participle of the verb.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° past participle.
02:57
In this case - ‘worked’.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ - 'āĻ•āĻžāĻœ'āĨ¤
03:00
What you'll notice here is that we also have ‘since 2002’.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ '2002 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡' āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
03:05
This shows when the action started, so with the expression ‘since’, you need to use
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡,
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ 'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡' āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡,
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
03:11
a specific point in time.
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03:14
The next example does the same thing.
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āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡.
03:16
‘You have had a car since last year.’
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'āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
03:20
Again, we use ‘since’, so we have a specific point in time - ‘last year’.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'sence' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ,
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ - 'āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°'āĨ¤
03:27
Take a look at the next example.
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āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
03:29
‘Anna has liked him for weeks.’
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'āĻ†āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ• āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻš āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
03:32
In this case the subject is ‘Anna’.
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āĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ 'āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻž'āĨ¤
03:35
Which is a ‘she’, and so we use ‘has’.
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āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻ¸ā§‡', āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'has' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
03:38
Then the past participle ‘liked’.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻž 'āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ•'āĨ¤
03:41
However, at the end of the sentence, we see ‘for weeks’.
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āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡,
āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯' āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ‡āĨ¤
03:46
Not ‘since weeks’.
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'āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻš āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡' āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
03:48
When we use ‘for’, we talk about the duration.
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āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'for' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋāĨ¤
03:52
We explain how long this action has been true.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋā§ˇ
03:56
And finally, ‘We have eaten lunch here for 3 months.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ 3 āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
04:01
Again, the sentence ends with ‘for 3 months’.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, '3 āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻœāĻž āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
04:05
So we show the duration.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨.
04:08
Let's move on to the next usage.
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āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
04:11
In addition, the present perfect tense can be used to describe an action that recently stopped.
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āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§,
āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡
āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
04:18
Let’s take a look at some examples.
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āĻ†āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
04:20
‘I have just been to the doctor,’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŦā§‡āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ,'
04:24
So just like for all the other usages, we start with the subject,
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹āĻ‡,
āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ, 'have' āĻŦāĻž 'has',
04:28
‘have’ or ‘has’, and the past participle.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļā§€āĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
04:31
But you'll notice here, I used the word ‘just’ between ‘have’ and the verb.
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āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨,
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ 'have' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ 'āĻļā§āĻ§ā§' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
04:37
‘I have just been to the doctor.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ‡āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
04:40
This shows that it happened very recently.
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
04:44
The next example says, ‘James has just seen his new baby.’
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āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
'āĻœā§‡āĻŽāĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻŦā§‡āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
04:50
Again, just goes in between ‘have’ or ‘has’ and the verb.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻļā§āĻ§ā§ 'have' āĻŦāĻž 'has' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
04:56
Take a look at the next example.
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āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
04:58
It says, ‘She has already been to China.’
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āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, 'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻšā§€āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
05:02
‘already’ is another word you can use to show that this action recently happened.
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'āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡' āĻ†āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨
āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡.
05:08
However, ‘already’ can also be moved to the end of the sentence.
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āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•,
'āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡' āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹,
05:14
So it's perfectly fine to say, ‘She has been to China already.’
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻšā§€āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
05:19
And in the last example, ‘We have recently visited Tom.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖā§‡,
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŸāĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
05:24
Again, you can put this word between ‘have’ or ‘has’ and the verb.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°,
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ 'have' āĻŦāĻž 'has' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
05:30
Or you can also put it at the end of the sentence.
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āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
05:33
‘We have visited Tom recently.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŸāĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
05:36
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
05:38
Let's take a look at the negative form of the present perfect tense.
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āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ°
āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•
05:42
Here are some examples.
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āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻƒ.
05:44
The first one says, ‘I have not been to Europe.’
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻœāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
05:48
What you'll notice in the first sentence is that we simply put a 'not' between ‘have’ and ‘been’.
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨
āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž '
have' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'been'-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 'not' āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŋāĨ¤
05:55
‘I have not been to Europe.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
05:59
You can also use a contraction and say ‘I haven't been to Europe.’
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
06:04
The next sentence says, ‘It has not rained for 3 months.’
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
'3 āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
06:10
Again, we put the ‘not’ between the ‘has’ and the verb.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž
'has' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡
06:15
‘It has not rained for 3 months.’
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'not' āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŋ āĨ¤ 'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ°
06:19
Here we have a time expression to show the duration.
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āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
06:24
The next example says, ‘Teddy hasn't driven for 2 years.’
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āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
'āĻŸā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ 2 āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
06:29
We used the contraction here for ‘has’ and ‘not’ – ‘hasn't’.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ 'has' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'not' - 'hasn'-āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
06:34
And then we use the time expression ‘for 2 years’ at the end of the sentence.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ '2 āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯'
āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ āĨ¤
06:40
And finally, the last sentence says, ‘My sons haven't played soccer since 2010.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ›ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ°āĻž 2010 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
06:48
We see another contraction here for ‘have not’ – ‘haven't’.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ 'have not' - 'haven't'-āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
06:53
‘My sons haven't played soccer since 2010.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ›ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ°āĻž 2010 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
06:58
This time expression uses ‘since’.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ 'se' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
07:00
And so we mention a specific point and time.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻĒāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ– āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡. āĻāĻ–āĻ¨
07:05
Let's move on.
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07:06
Now let's take a look at the ‘have’ or ‘has’ question form of the present perfect tense.
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āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° 'have' āĻŦāĻž 'has' āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•
āĨ¤
07:12
Take a look at the board.
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āĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤
07:14
The first sentence says, ‘Mike has eaten lunch.’
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
'āĻŽāĻžāĻ‡āĻ• āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
07:18
That is a statement.
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āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ.
07:20
Now to turn it into a question, it's quite easy.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœāĨ¤
07:24
All you have to do is put ‘has’ at the beginning.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ 'has' āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĨ¤
07:27
Then you follow with the subject and then the past participle.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻŸ
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻĒāĻ˛ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
07:32
You'll notice that the placement of the past participle doesn't change.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨
āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
07:38
We've simply changed the order of the first 2 words.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ 2āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
07:41
‘Has Mike eaten lunch?’
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'āĻŽāĻžāĻ‡āĻ• āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡?'
07:44
‘Has Mike eaten lunch?’
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'āĻŽāĻžāĻ‡āĻ• āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡?'
07:46
And you can answer by saying ‘Yes, he has.’ or ‘No, he hasn't.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡' āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
07:53
The next sentence says, ‘They have watched the video.’
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡,
'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
07:57
This is a statement.
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤
07:59
If we want to turn it into a question, again, we change the order of the first two words.
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āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡, āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°,
āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
08:05
‘Have theyâ€Ļ?’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡â€Ļ?'
08:07
And the past participle verb stays in the same place.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ past participle verb āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤
08:11
‘Have they watched the video?’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡?'
08:14
‘Have they watched the video?’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡?'
08:17
You can answer this question by saying, ‘Yes, they have.’
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨,
'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤' āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
08:20
or ‘No, they haven't.’
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08:23
Good job, guys.
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āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‹ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ°āĻž. āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
08:24
Let's move on.
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08:25
Now, I'll briefly introduce how to ask WH questions in the present perfect tense.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻĒā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡
āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻ—ā§‡ WH āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻœāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
08:31
Take a look at the board.
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āĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤
08:33
I have ‘where’, ‘what’, ‘who’, and ‘how’.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ 'āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ', 'āĻ•ā§€', 'āĻ•ā§‡', āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡' āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
08:37
These go at the beginning of the question.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨.
08:41
Let's take a look at the first example.
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āĻ†āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
08:43
‘Where has Tim been?’
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'āĻŸāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
08:46
You'll notice we followed the WH word with ‘has’ or ‘have’.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'has' āĻŦāĻž 'have' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ WH āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
08:51
In this case, I used ‘has’ because the subject is ‘Tim’, and Tim is a ‘he’.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ 'has' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'Tim',
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Tim āĻšāĻ˛ 'he'āĨ¤
08:57
And then we followed that with the past participle of the verb.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž
āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
09:02
‘Where has Tim been?’
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'āĻŸāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
09:04
And I can answer by saying, ‘Tim has been home.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ,
'āĻŸāĻŋāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
09:08
or ‘Tim has been on vacation.’
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āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻŸāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ›ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
09:10
Something like that.
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āĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§.
09:12
The next question says, what countries have you visited?
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ˜ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨?
09:16
I can answer by saying, ‘I have visited China.’
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ,
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•ā§‹āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
09:21
or ‘I have visited Mexico.’
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09:23
You can also use the contraction ‘I’ve’.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ' āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
09:25
‘I've visited China.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
09:28
The next question says, ‘Who has she talked to?’
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
'āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡?'
09:32
You can answer by saying, ‘She has talked to her mom.’ or ‘She has talked to her teacher.’
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨,
'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
09:39
The next question says, ‘How long have you been married?’
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
'āĻ•āĻ¤āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨?'
09:44
‘I've been married for 3 years.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ ā§Š āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°āĨ¤'
09:47
That's one answer that you can give.
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨.
09:49
Great job, everybody.
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āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ, āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡. āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
09:51
Let's move on.
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09:52
Excellent job, everyone.
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āĻšāĻŽā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻœ, āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡.
09:54
You just learned about the present perfect tense.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ‡āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻļāĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
09:57
There was a lot to learn, but you did a wonderful job.
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āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻļā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻŽā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
10:00
Keep studying English.
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āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
10:02
I know that it’s hard, but you’ll get better with time, effort, and practice.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāĻ¨,
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
10:06
I’ll see you in the next video.
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡

āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ YouTube āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻļā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻļā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ  āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĒā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĄāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛-āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ā§ˇ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡, āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨.

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