Slow or Slowly? Understanding Adverbs of Manner

383,272 views ใƒป 2012-04-12

Learn English with Rebecca


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi. My name is Rebecca, and I have an English question for you. Okay? Is it correct to say
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ ็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใƒฌใƒ™ใƒƒใ‚ซ ใงใ™ใ€‚่‹ฑ่ชžใง่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
00:11
in English, "He drives careful" or "He drives carefully"? Which one is correct? "He drives
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ…Ž้‡ใซ้‹่ปขใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ…Ž้‡ใซ้‹่ปขใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ ใงใ™ใ‹? ใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ…Ž้‡ใซ้‹่ปขใ—ใพใ™
00:21
careful" or "He drives carefully"? Well, I hope you said the second one, but in case
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ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ…Ž้‡ใซ้‹่ปขใ—ใพใ™ใ€? 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ่ณชๅ•
00:28
you weren't sure, or if you'd like to know a little bit more about why that's the correct
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ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใพใŸใฏใใ‚Œ ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„็ญ”ใˆใงใ‚ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
00:34
answer, this lesson will help you. Okay? Because our lesson today is about adverbs. Okay? And
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ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ—ใฆ
00:41
adverbs are words which give us more information in English about the verb of the sentence,
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž ใฏใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๅ‹•่ฉž
00:50
about another adverb, about an adjective, and sometimes also about a phrase or a clause.
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ใ€ๅˆฅใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€ใใ—ใฆ ๆ™‚ใซใฏๅฅใ‚„ๅฅใซใคใ„ใฆ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใงใ™.
00:57
Okay? So an adverb is a word that gives us more information about one of these, for example.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ ใ€‚
01:06
So let's look at what they are, what they sound like, and how to identify them and use
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ ใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ญ˜ๅˆฅใ—ใฆๆญฃใ—ใไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:12
them correctly.
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.
01:14
So there are different kinds of adverbs, many, many different kinds. I've just written five
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใซใฏใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็จฎ้กžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้žๅธธใซ ๅคšใใฎ็จฎ้กžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใซ5ใคใ ใ‘ๆ›ธใ„ใฆ
01:19
of them here. Some of them tell you... Or many of them, actually, tell you how something
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ใŠใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎไฝ•ไบบใ‹ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™... ใพใŸใฏ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎๅคšใใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่กŒใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸใ‹ใ‚’ใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™
01:26
was done. So it could be, for example, "He drove slowly." Right? That tells you how he
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. ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๅฝผ ใฏใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Š้‹่ปขใ—ใŸใ€ใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฝผใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้‹่ปขใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:33
drove. It could give you some information about where something happened, like "We teach
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ“ใ“ใง่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใชใฉใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸๅ ดๆ‰€ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใงใ
01:40
English here." Okay? Or, "How often somebody does something." "She always eats the same
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใ‹ ใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹้ ปๅบฆใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’
01:47
food." Okay? Or, "When something happened." Like, "Today." Like, "We are filming this
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้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใจใใ€ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ€‚" ใ€ŒไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๆ’ฎๅฝฑใ—ใฆ
01:55
lesson today." Right? Or, "How much." All right? "He completely... He was completely exhausted
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ใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œใ„ใใ‚‰ใ€ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใซโ€ฆโ€ฆ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฎๅพŒใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็–ฒใ‚Œๆžœใฆใฆใ„
02:05
after the exam." So that tells us how exhausted he was, completely.
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ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œใง ใ€ๅฝผใŒใฉใ‚Œใปใฉ็–ฒใ‚Œๆžœใฆใฆใ„ใŸใ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:11
So there are different kinds of adverbs, all right, in English that you will use. Now,
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่‹ฑ่ชžใซใฏใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็จฎ้กžใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉž ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏ
02:16
where do the adverbs go? Well, the adverbs can go in different places. For that, do check
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ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏใฉใ“ใซ่กŒใใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž ใฏใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅ ดๆ‰€ใซ่กŒใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใซใฏ
02:24
a grammar textbook, and it'll explain to you where the adverbs go. But in different situations,
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ใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎๆ•™็ง‘ๆ›ธใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใŒ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็Šถๆณใง
02:30
the adverbs go in different places. That much I can tell you. All right?
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ใฏใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅ ดๆ‰€ใซ็ฝฎใ‹ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:35
Another important point is about the spelling of adverbs. All right? So usually, we, in
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ใ‚‚ใ†1ใคใฎ้‡่ฆใช็‚นใฏ ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฎ็ถดใ‚Šใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ้€šๅธธใ€
02:42
fact, define an adverb as a word which often ends in -ly, and that's the most common form
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏ -ly ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใ„ๅ˜่ชžใจใ—ใฆๅฎš็พฉใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž ใฎๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅฝขๅผ
02:50
of adverb that you'll see. So the adjective "clear" becomes the adverb "clearly", or "polite"
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž ใ€Œๆ˜Ž็ขบใ€ใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€Œๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใ€
02:59
becomes "politely". "Silent", "silently". Right? These are all adverbs, not adjectives.
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ใ€Œไธๅฏงใ€ใฏใ€Œไธๅฏงใซใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ้ป™ใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œ้ป™ใฃใฆใ€ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใฏใชใๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
03:06
We'll talk in a few minutes about that. If the word already ends in -y, if the adjective
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ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ‚ใจๆ•ฐๅˆ†ใงใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ˜่ชžใŒใ™ใงใซ -y ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž
03:17
ends in -y, then we will change it to -ily. So "angry", "angrily", "easy", "easily",
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ใŒ -y ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€-ily ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œๆ€’ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€Œๆ€’ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€Œใ‚„ใ•ใ—ใใ€ใ€Œใ‚„ใ•ใ—ใใ€
03:26
"noisy", "noisily". All right? So "angry", "easy", and "noisy" would be the adjectives,
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ใ€Œใ†ใ‚‹ใ•ใ„ใ€ใ€Œใ†ใ‚‹ใ•ใ„ใ€ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œๆ€’ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ ใ€Œ็ฐกๅ˜ใซใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ†ใ‚‹ใ•ใ„ใ€ใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซ
03:33
and "angrily", "easily", and "noisily" are the adverbs. They tell us how somebody is
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ใชใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๆ€’ใฃใฆใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็ฐกๅ˜ใซใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ†ใ‚‹ใ•ใใ€ ใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™
03:43
doing something. All right?
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:45
Here are some more adverbs. If the word or the adjective ends in -ful, like "beautiful",
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ˜่ชž ใพใŸใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใŒใ€Œbeautifulใ€ใ€ใ€Œhelpfulใ€ใชใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ -ful ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹
03:54
"helpful", and so on, then we add -ly like this, "beautifully", "carefully", "successfully".
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใ€Œbeautifullyใ€ใ€ใ€Œcarefullyใ€ใ€ใ€Œsuccessfullyใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ -ly ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:01
All right? If the word ends in -le, like the word "simple", then to make it an adverb,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œๅ˜็ด”ใชใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅ˜่ชžใŒ -le ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใซ
04:14
we add -ly. "Simply", we drop the -e, right? "Terrible" becomes "terribly". "Horrible"
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ -ly ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅ˜ใซใ€ใ€-e ใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ—ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ€Œๅคงๅค‰ใ€ใŒใ€Œๅคงๅค‰ใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆใ‚ใ—ใ„ใ€
04:23
becomes "horribly". All right? So these are some spelling changes that need to be made
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ใฏใ€Œๆใ‚ใ—ใ„ใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ
04:29
when we're talking -- when we're using and writing with adverbs.
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ใ€็งใŸใกใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ใคใพใ‚Š ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซ่กŒใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใ‚นใƒšใƒซใฎๅค‰ๆ›ดใงใ™ใ€‚
04:34
Some more examples of how we can use adverbs. "He drove carefully." "The bus stopped suddenly."
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ…Ž้‡ใซ้‹่ปขใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œใƒใ‚นใŒๆ€ฅใซๆญขใพใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
04:42
"She shut the door quietly." "And we ate dinner quickly." All of these were adverbs of manner.
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ้™ใ‹ใซใƒ‰ใ‚ขใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ™ใใซๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸใน ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆใƒžใƒŠใƒผใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:49
All of these were adverbs of manner. They told us how somebody did something. So, "He
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆใƒžใƒŠใƒผใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ ใฏใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใŸๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ€Œๅฝผ
04:56
drove", how, "carefully". "The bus stopped", how, "suddenly". "She shut the door", how,
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ใฏ้‹่ปขใ—ใŸใ€ใ€ใชใ‚“ใจใ€Œๆ…Ž้‡ใซใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒใ‚นใŒๆญขใพใฃใŸใ€ใ€ ใชใ‚“ใจใ€Œ็ช็„ถใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒ‰ใ‚ขใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใŸใ€ใ€ใชใ‚“ใจ
05:05
"quietly". "We ate dinner", how, "quickly". All right? So whenever you're answering that
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ใ€Œ้™ใ‹ใซใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€ใชใ‚“ใจใ€ใ€Œใ•ใฃใ•ใจใ€ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ„ใคใงใ‚‚
05:11
kind of question, you're using an adverb. Okay?
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ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:17
Something to keep in mind, there's always some exceptions just to confuse you and just
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ๅฟƒใซ็•™ใ‚ใฆใŠใในใใ“ใจใฏใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๆททไนฑใ•ใ›ใ€็งใซใจใฃใฆ
05:21
to make life a little bit more interesting for me, and I hope for you, is that sometimes
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ไบบ็”Ÿใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—้ข็™ฝใใ™ใ‚‹ ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๅธธใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ๅค–
05:27
there are a few words in English which are the same when they are adjectives and adverbs.
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™. ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€‚
05:34
For example, the word "fast". We can say, "He's a fast driver." Or we can say, "He drives
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ้€Ÿใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ้€Ÿใ„ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใƒผใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ้€Ÿใ้‹่ปขใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
05:41
fast." In that case, we don't say, "He drives fastly." Because there's no word, "fastly".
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ใ€‚ ใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ้€Ÿใ้‹่ปขใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆ—ฉใใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใŒใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:47
Okay? There's only "fast". So, "He drives fast." Or, "He is a fast driver." So there,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ้€Ÿใ„ใ€ใ—ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ้€Ÿใ้‹่ปขใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ้€Ÿใ„ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใคใพใ‚Š
05:54
the adjective and the adverb is actually the same. Also, same goes here. "He's an early
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ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏๅฎŸใฏ ๅŒใ˜ใ‚‚ใฎใชใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๅŒๆง˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ—ฉ่ตทใใ 
06:02
riser." An early riser means someone who wakes up or rises early in the morning. Or, "He
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ใ€‚ใ€ ๆ—ฉ่ตทใใจใฏใ€ๆœๆ—ฉใ่ตทใใŸใ‚Š่ตทใใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผ
06:09
rises early." "He wakes up early." So again, the word is an adjective and an adverb, and
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ใฏๆ—ฉใ่ตทใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ—ฉใ่ตทใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒ ใ€ๅ˜่ชžใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใชใฎใงใ€
06:17
we don't need to change it anymore. "She has a hard job." Alright? Or, "She works hard."
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ใ‚‚ใ†ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณ ใฏๅคงๅค‰ใชไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ€ ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
06:25
Again, the word "hard" is an adjective and also an adverb. We don't need to change it.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œhardใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใง ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:32
In fact, if you change that word, "hard", to "hardly", it has the opposite meaning.
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ๅฎŸใฏใ€ใ€Œๅคงๅค‰ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ ใ‚’ใ€Œใปใจใ‚“ใฉใ€ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใจใ€้€†ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:39
Did you know that? "Hardly", if we say, "She hardly works." It means, it does not mean
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็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œใปใจใ‚“ใฉใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณ ใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉๅƒใ‹ใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใŒไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
06:45
that she works very hard. It means, "She almost doesn't work." Okay? If I say, for example,
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉ ๅƒใ‹ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
06:53
"I have hardly any money." That means, "I have almost no money." So, "hardly" means
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ ใŠ้‡‘ใŒใปใจใ‚“ใฉใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใปใจใ‚“ใฉใ€ใฏ
07:00
almost nothing. And it's obviously the opposite of what you'd want to say if someone does
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉไฝ•ใ‚‚ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ€ ่ชฐใ‹ใŒไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใซ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใจใฏๅๅฏพใงใ™
07:06
work hard. Okay? So, you say, "She works hard." Not, "She hardly works." Or, "She works hardly."
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. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉๅƒใ‹ใชใ„ใ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉๅƒใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
07:13
Because that would have the opposite meaning. Okay?
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้€†ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใซใชใฃใฆใ—ใพใ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:17
Another exception is the word "good". Alright? So, "good" doesn't have another form like
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ใ‚‚ใ†1ใคใฎไพ‹ๅค–ใฏใ€ใ€Œ่‰ฏใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œgoodใ€ใซใฏใ€Œgoodlyใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅˆฅใฎๅฝขใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
07:23
"goodly". Alright? It has "good" and "well". The adjective "good", "She speaks good English."
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ใ€‚ ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใ€ใจใ€Œใ†ใพใ„ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€Œ่‰ฏใ„ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
07:30
"Good" is being used as an adjective to describe the noun, "English". But in another sentence,
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"Good" ใฏใ€"English" ใจใ„ใ†ๅ่ฉžใ‚’่กจใ™ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅˆฅใฎๆ–‡ใ€
07:39
another kind of construction, we could say, "She speaks English well." Right? Now, the
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ๅˆฅใฎ็จฎ้กžใฎๆง‹ๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ไธŠๆ‰‹ใซ่ฉฑใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ•ใฆใ€
07:46
word "well" is describing how she speaks. Not the noun, but the verb. "She speaks English
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ใ€Œใ‚ˆใใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฎ่ฉฑใ—ๆ–นใ‚’่กจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ่ฉžใงใฏใชใใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’
07:53
well." Or, "She speaks good English." Not, "She speaks English good." Which is heard
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ไธŠๆ‰‹ใซ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ไธŠๆ‰‹ใซ่ฉฑใ™ใ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ
08:01
around the world sometimes. Okay? So, if you'd like to do a quiz on adverbs, please visit
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ๆ™‚ใ€…ไธ–็•Œไธญใง่žใ‹ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
08:08
our website, www.engvid.com. There, you'll find over 300 videos and more every day on
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็งใŸใกใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ“ใงใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅด้ข ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ 300 ๆœฌไปฅไธŠใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ
08:15
various aspects of English, and I'm sure they'll help you to improve your English. All the
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ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžๅŠ›ใฎๅ‘ไธŠใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใจ็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏ
08:20
best. Bye for now.
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ใ”ใใ’ใ‚“ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€‚ ใพใŸใญใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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