How to Use Commas in English | Punctuation Guide - Learn English Grammar

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Hi, everybody. My name is Alisha.
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Welcome back. And, today, I'm going to talk to you about how to use the comma.
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So, some of you have asked some punctuation-related questions.
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Today, I'm going to give a quick introduction to a few times when we can use the comma,
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that little mark you sometimes see in the middle of sentences.
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So, today, I'm going to introduce three different times when you can use a comma.
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Please, keep in mind that depending on the style book or the rules at your company or
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at a newspaper or at a publishing company, the rules may be a little bit different.
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But, in general, these are a couple of guidelines that you can think about when you're writing
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and I hope that they can help you to decide when you should and should not use a comma.
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So, let's look at three examples.
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Let's begin with the first situation which is with coordinating conjunctions.
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So, English has seven of coordinating conjunctions, maybe you know them.
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They are, “and,” “but,” “or,” “for,” “nor,” “yet,” and “so.”
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Usually, we use, “and,” “but,” and “or,” most commonly, I suppose “so,”
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as well.
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But, these are called coordinating conjunctions.
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We use these coordinating conjunctions to connect pieces of information together.
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So, when we're using a coordinating conjunction to connect sentences, we use a comma before
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the conjunction if we are using a compound sentence.
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So, this is the key point.
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A compound sentence is a single sentence made of what could be two separate sentences.
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So, it's two complete sentences, two finished ideas but we connect these two ideas with
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a coordinating conjunction.
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This is called a compound sentence.
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In these cases, when it is a compound sentence, you can use a comma before the coordinating
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conjunction.
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So, let's look at a couple examples of this.
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First, “He wanted to come to the concert with me, but he had to study for an exam.”
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So, here, I have two complete sentences.
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“He wanted to come to the concert with me,” is a complete sentence and I have a comma
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here.
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My coordinating conjunction is “but,” in this case.
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And again, at the end of the sentence, I have another complete idea, “he had to study
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for an exam.”
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Here, I've used my comma before the coordinating conjunction because this is a compound sentence.
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Let's look at another example.
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“My mother invited her friends to dinner, and she organized special cocktails for the
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evening.”
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So, here, again, there are two separate complete ideas here.
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“My mother invited her friends to dinner,” comma, before the coordinating conjunction,
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“and,” “she organized special cocktails for the evening.”
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There are two separate ideas here.
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We use a comma before the conjunction that connects these two ideas together.
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Okay, so, this is the first type of comma I want to talk about.
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The next type of comma, in particular, this is one that maybe the rules will vary.
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There might be different rules depending on the book or depending on the publication,
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depending on where you work.
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But, this is another case where you may see commas often.
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So, after we use an introductory expression.
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So, this means a word or a phrase before the subject and the verb of a sentence.
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So, we'll see a couple examples here.
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After your introductory expression, so, a comma that comes near the beginning of the
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sentence.
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For example, “In 2017, I started my own company.”
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So, here, “In 2017,” we have a comma after 2017 before the subject and the verb of the
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sentence.
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So, this is like an introduction, there's introductory information here.
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One more example, “Last week, we met our new clients.”
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So, here, “Last week,” is some extra information, it's introducing something.
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And then, we have our subject and our verb back here.
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So, again, in some cases you may not need to use a comma, it depends on the rule it
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depends on the style book that perhaps you're using.
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But, this is another situation where you may see commas and you can use a comma in this
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case too.
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Okay, one more example.
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This is a very common one and a very common question, I think as well.
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When you're using adjective clauses.
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So, for example, like relative clauses, I think a lot of you know about.
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These often begin with like “who,” “which,” or “that,” which we'll see in a second.
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When we use “these” to introduce information that is non-essential, so it's not information
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that is essential to know, to understand the noun, we can offset that extra information
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with commas.
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So, in this case, we'll use two commas here, actually.
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Let's take a look at an example.
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Here, “The movie ‘Inception,’ which was hugely popular in 2010, is a sci-fi and
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action movie.”
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Okay, so, here, I'm talking about the movie, “Inception,” that's my noun here.
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“The movie ‘Inception,’” here is this extra information.
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I've got a relative pronoun here, “which,” and then, “was hugely popular in 2010,”
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this is extra information about the movie, “Inception.”
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Then, I finish with, “is a sci-fi and action movie.”
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So, this extra information, “which was hugely popular in 2010,” is set apart from the
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sentence with commas.
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If I remove this relative clause, the sentence is correct.
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“The movie ‘Inception’ is a sci-fi and action movie.”
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So, we can use relative clauses with extra information and set them off with commas.
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Doing this sounds much, much nicer or reads much, much nicer.
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This also kind of gives a hint to your reader that it's some extra information.
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So, please set off your relative clauses, your non-essential relative clauses with commas.
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A great hint is when your clause begins with “which” or “that,” a relative pronoun
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here.
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Let's look at one more example.
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“Her parents, who were greatly respected in the community, both passed away last year.”
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So, in this case, my relative clause is “who.”
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I'm sorry.
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My relative pronoun is “who,” and again, this is extra information, “who were greatly
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respected in the community.”
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So, I've given some extra information about her parents and I've set that off with commas.
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If I remove this adjective clause, “Her parents both passed away last year.”
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The sentence is still correct but I'm giving this extra information, I'm showing its extra
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information and these little commas helped in the sentence.
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It sounds just nicer, it reads much nicer.
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So, when you're using an adjective clause like these, a non-essential adjective clause,
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you can set that off with commas.
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So, those are three situations, three very common situations where you may see commas
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and when you can use commas.
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So, please try to keep that in mind especially about the first point we talked about.
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Sometimes, people will try to use a comma in one complete sentence.
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They think it's a compound sentence, but it's not actually compound.
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So, if you're confused, just slow down, take a look at your sentence and ask yourself,
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“Are there two separate complete ideas in this sentence?”
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If so and you're using a coordinating conjunction, you can use a comma there.
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If there's only one idea, one complete idea in your sentence, then you don't need to use
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a comma.
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So, please keep that in mind.
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This one can be especially challenging even for native speakers, actually.
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So, this is just a quick introduction to a few ways to use commas.
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If you have any questions, please make sure to let us know.
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Of course, if you want to try to make a sentence in the comments, please feel free to do that,
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as well.
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If you liked this video, please make sure to give it a thumbs up and subscribe to our
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channel, too, if you haven't already.
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Also, check us out at EnglishClass101.com for more good stuff.
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Thanks very much for watching this episode, and I'll see you again soon.
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Bye.
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