Using English Prepositions - Lesson 4: At and To - Part 2 (collocations)

39,452 views ใƒป 2015-05-26

English with Jennifer


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:13
There are certain combinations or collocations
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž AT ใจ TO ใซใฏ็‰นๅฎšใฎ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚„ใ‚ณใƒญใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
00:16
with the prepositions AT and TO.
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ใ€‚
00:20
They're very useful to know.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใใจ้žๅธธใซไพฟๅˆฉใงใ™ใ€‚
00:22
There are collocations with nouns, verbs, and adjectives.
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ๅ่ฉžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจใฎใ‚ณใƒญใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ„ๅ›ณใ‚„ๆœŸๅพ…ใ‚’่พผใ‚ใฆๆ–นๅ‘ใ‚’่กจ็พใ—ใŸใ„ใจใ
00:27
Remember to use TO
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ใฏใ€TOใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใšใซไฝฟใ„
00:29
when you want to express direction
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ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:32
with intention or expectation.
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ใ€‚
00:35
You expect that something will be received.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:57
Other verbs have the same basic meaning as GIVE.
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ไป–ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏ GIVE ใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:23
And a verb with a similar meaning is PRESENT.
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ไผผใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใคๅ‹•่ฉžใซ PRESENT ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:29
For example, we present an idea to someone.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’่ชฐใ‹ใซๆ็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:52
Similar in meaning is SUGGEST.
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ไผผใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏ SUGGEST ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:55
When you suggest something to someone,
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่ชฐใ‹ใซไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆๆกˆใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใ€
01:57
you're basically telling them what you think they should do.
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใฏใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ในใใ ใจๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚’ไผใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:06
relate a story (more formal for "tell a story")
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็‰ฉ่ชžใ‚’้–ข้€ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ (ใ€Œ็‰ฉ่ชžใ‚’่ชžใ‚‹ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆญฃๅผใช
02:21
Note that with the verbs GIVE, SHOW, and TELL
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่กจ็พ) ๅ‹•่ฉž GIVEใ€SHOWใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณ TELL
02:25
we can change the word order.
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€่ชž้ †ใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
02:27
If we don't need to emphasize who or what the receive is,
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่ชฐใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใชใ„
02:32
we can take out the preposition "to"
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ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€Œtoใ€ใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ—ใฆ
02:35
and move the object of the preposition
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ใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชž
02:38
to an earlier position.
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ใ‚’ๅ‰ใฎไฝ็ฝฎใซ็งปๅ‹•ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:41
So, instead of "give the phone to me"
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€
02:45
- "give me the phone."
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ใ€Œ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:47
"show a picture to you" - "show you a picture"
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"show a picture to you" - "show you a pictures"
02:52
"tell a story to you" - "tell you a story"
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"tell a story to you" - "tell you a story
03:14
If you think carefully,
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" ใ‚ˆใ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใ‚‹ใจใ€
03:15
you'll see all those verbs express showing, or giving, or telling.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ™ในใฆใ€่ฆ‹ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏไผใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่กจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:33
So you're giving kindness to someone, for example.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใซๅ„ชใ—ใ•ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:36
Or showing them sweetness.
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ใพใŸใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใซ็”˜ใ•ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:45
Let's look at more collocations.
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ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚ณใƒญใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:48
- Collocations with the preposition AT.
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- ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž AT ใจใฎใ‚ณใƒญใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ€‚
03:51
We use this preposition
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ใ“ใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ
03:52
to express the direction of our feelings.
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ใ€ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใฎๆ–นๅ‘ใ‚’่กจ็พใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:56
We could see this as the cause of our feelings.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŸใกใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:00
For example, what caused you to be mad?
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ไฝ•ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๆ€’ใ‚‰ใ›ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:03
I'm mad at you.
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็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซๅฏพใ—ใฆๆ€’ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
04:04
But I also think it's helpful
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€
04:06
to view this preposition
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ใ“ใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž
04:08
as one that helps us express the direction of our feelings.
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ใ‚’ใ€ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใฎๆ–นๅ‘ๆ€งใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ‚‚ใฎใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚ๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™.
04:13
Where are you directing your anger?
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ๆ€’ใ‚Šใฎ็Ÿ›ๅ…ˆใ‚’ใฉใ“ใซๅ‘ใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:16
I'm mad at her.
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็งใฏๅฝผๅฅณใซๆ€’ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:19
Beyond feelings, we can use AT to talk about skills.
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’่ถ…ใˆใฆใ€ATใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™.
04:24
I'm good at something. I'm bad at something.
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็งใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅพ—ๆ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‹่‹ฆๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:27
You can think of it as directing your efforts
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04:31
and your energies toward a goal,
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04:33
hoping that something good will result.
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ไฝ•ใ‹่‰ฏใ„็ตๆžœใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใฆใ€ๅŠชๅŠ›ใจใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใ‚’็›ฎๆจ™ใซๅ‘ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:58
When we feel things, we also take action.
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็งใŸใกใฏ็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใจใใ€่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚‚่ตทใ“ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ
05:07
We're directing our feelings toward an object
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ใ€็งใŸใกใฏๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ๅฏพ่ฑกใซๅ‘ใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™
05:11
when we do these actions.
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ใ€‚
05:13
Compare those collocations to these.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ณใƒญใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใจๆฏ”่ผƒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:23
When we talk to someone,
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็งใŸใกใŒ่ชฐใ‹ใจ่ฉฑใ™ใจใ
05:24
there's this expectation that our words will be received.
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ใ€็งใŸใกใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒๅ—ใ‘ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆœŸๅพ…ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:28
That's our intention.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŸใกใฎๆ„ๅ›ณใงใ™ใ€‚
05:40
Let's also make note of the pronunciation changes.
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็™บ้Ÿณใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใซใ‚‚ๆณจๆ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:44
In slow, careful speech
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ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใจๆ…Ž้‡ใชไผš่ฉฑ
05:46
we can pronounce prepositions with their full vowel sounds.
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆฏ้Ÿณใง็™บ้Ÿณใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:53
But in everyday conversation,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆ—ฅๅธธไผš่ฉฑใง
05:55
we usually speak faster and with relaxed pronunciation.
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ใฏใ€้€šๅธธใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้€Ÿใใ€ใƒชใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ—ใŸ็™บ้Ÿณใง่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:04
"Give this to me."
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใใ‚Œใ€
06:16
"Look at me."
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"็งใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€‚"
06:20
So in everyday conversation,
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๆ—ฅๅธธไผš่ฉฑใง
06:22
the prepositions are unstressed.
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ใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใ‹ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:24
They're reduced to have a very relaxed vowel sound.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ้žๅธธใซใƒชใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ—ใŸๆฏ้Ÿณใซใชใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็ธฎๅฐใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:32
Let's try an exercise
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06:33
to practice some of those collocations
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06:36
with nouns, verbs, and adjectives.
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ๅ่ฉžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจใฎ้€ฃ่ชžใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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