2 HOUR ENGLISH LESSON - Learn English Through Stories And Improve Your Fluency

10,987 views ใƒป 2024-10-31

JForrest English


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
You are going to love this 2 hourย  English master class because youย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ด 2์‹œ๊ฐ„์งœ๋ฆฌ ์˜์–ด ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
00:04
are going to learn English throughย  stories Today we're going to reviewย ย 
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ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„ค
00:09
four different news articles together soย  you can improve all areas of your Englishย ย 
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๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‰ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์–ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
00:15
and you're going to learn 248 advancedย  phrases for your daily conversations.
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๊ณ ๊ธ‰ 248๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ƒ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ.
00:23
Welcome back to JForrest English.
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JForrest English์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
Of course I'm Jennifer.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ €๋Š” ์ œ๋‹ˆํผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
Now let's get.
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์ด์ œ ๊ฐ€์ž.
00:27
Started our headline the electric car revolution.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
Is it realistic or optimistic?
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ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:35
First, let's talk about revolution,ย  the electric car revolution.
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๋จผ์ € ํ˜๋ช…, ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ˜๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
00:40
In this context, a revolutionย  represents a very important change.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ํ˜๋ช…์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
In the way people do things.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹.
00:46
You're probably familiar with the tech revolution.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
The technology revolution, which veryย  much changed the way people do things.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜๋ช….
00:55
So the electric car revolution, a change fromย  gas powered vehicles to electric vehicles.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ˜๋ช…, ์ฆ‰ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ์ž๋™์ฐจ์—์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
Is it realistic?
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ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
01:04
Realistic meaning that it is likely to happen.
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ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
So I'll write that likely to happen or optimistic.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
Generally optimistic is considered aย  positive, but in this case it's moreย ย 
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” '
01:23
of a negative because they're saying oh isย  it optimistic Meaning it's overly hopeful.
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์•„ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊น์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋ง์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
Overly hopeful.
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์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋ง์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
To be honest I feel like they should haveย  said is it realistic or overly optimisticย ย 
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์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์„œ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ์ง€, ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ์ง€,
01:39
or too optimistic because when you add 2ย  in front of a word it can make a positive.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ์ง€ ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์–ด ์•ž์— 2๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
Word negative.
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๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์–ด.
01:49
But in this case without the overly or two.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
To me the word optimistic sounds positive, butย  I know based on the context that they actually.
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๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
Want it to be negative too?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
02:02
Optimistic.
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๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ.
02:03
Which means it's too hopeful.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฌ๋ง์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค.
02:04
Overly hopeful.
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์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋ง์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
For example, you could say it'sย  overly optimistic to think.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
Will.
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ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
02:16
Live on Mars in 10 years.
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10๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ํ™”์„ฑ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:21
So it's saying that this is too hopeful.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฌ๋ง์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿด
02:23
It's not likely, it's not realistic.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ด์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
So what do you think?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”?
02:30
Do you think the electric car revolution,ย ย 
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์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ˜๋ช…, ์ฆ‰
02:33
the change from gas powered vehicles to electricย  vehicles, is that realistic or optimistic?
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ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ์ž๋™์ฐจ์—์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
02:40
Overly optimistic?
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์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ๊ฐ€?
02:41
Too optimistic?
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
02:42
Put your answer in the comments.
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๋‹ต์„ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์— ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
02:44
Put realistic or overly too optimistic?
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ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
02:49
I'd be interested to know what you think.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
Let's continue governmentsย  and Motor Manufacturers.
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์ •๋ถ€ ์™€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:56
A manufacturer is a companyย  that makes whatever it is.
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์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
So in this case it's Motorย  Manufacturers manufacturers.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
So notice we have this awkward doubleย  R because here I have manufacturer.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•œ ์ด์ค‘ R์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
Manufacturer.
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์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด.
03:16
For example you can use this as a verb.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
GM manufacturers fridges so notice this.
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GM ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด์˜ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
03:22
Are.
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์ด๋‹ค.
03:23
Manufacturers.
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์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด.
03:25
But I could also say GM is aย  manufacturer manufacturer manufacturer.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ GM์€ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
That's a tricky pronunciation manufacturer.
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๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ๋ฐœ์Œ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋„ค์š”.
03:40
If you want to avoid this, you can alwaysย  say GM manufacturers fridges to avoid that.
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ GM ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
Governments and Motor Manufacturers aroundย ย 
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—
03:51
the world are throwing money and resourcesย  into the development of electric vehicles.
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๋ˆ๊ณผ ์ž์›์„ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
03:59
Notice the pronunciation.
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๋ฐœ์Œ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
04:01
Vehicle, Vehicle.
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์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰, ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰.
04:03
Vehicle.
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์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰.
04:04
Of course, a vehicle is a term that includesย  different types of machines with motors.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
For example, cars, vans, trucks,ย  SUV's, they are vehicles, vehicles.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ž๋™์ฐจ, ๋ฐด, ํŠธ๋Ÿญ, SUV๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰, ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
Now when they say governmentsย  are throwing money and resources,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ๊ณผ ์ž์›์„ ์Ÿ์•„ ๋ถ“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:26
it means they're spending it very freely,ย  spending it freely, spending freely.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ๊ณ , ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
So it implies they're spending a lot of money.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์ฃ .
04:40
Now we do have.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
04:41
One expression that is more of a negativeย  that uses this Don't throw your money away.
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๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ํ‘œํ˜„ Don't throw your ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
04:53
Don't throw your money away.
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๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
04:55
This is used to say don'tย  spend your money so freely.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ˆ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
05:00
That you don't have any left and we come in.
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๋‚จ์€ ๊ฒŒ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
Lee, include a specificย  time that you would do this.
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์ด์”จ, ์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•  ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
05:08
Don't throw your money away at the casino becauseย  when you go to a casino, what do people do?
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์นด์ง€๋…ธ์— ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์นด์ง€๋…ธ์— ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:15
They throw money at the slot machinesย  or they throw money at the poker table,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์Šฌ๋กฏ๋จธ์‹ ์— ๋ˆ์„ ๋˜์ง€ ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํฌ์ปค ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ๋ˆ์„ ๋˜์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
which means they spend their money freely.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ˆ์„ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์“ด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
But if someone gives you advice andย  says don't throw your money away,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:28
they're advising you not toย  spend your money so freely.
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๋ˆ์„ ํ•จ๋ถ€๋กœ ์“ฐ์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ์กฐ์–ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
So governments are throwing money and resourcesย  into the development of electric vehicles.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋ˆ๊ณผ ์ž์›์„ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
05:41
But can electric power really replaceย  the internal combustion engine?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š” ?
05:47
The internal combustion engine is just the typeย  of engine that's used on gas powered vehicles.
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๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์—”์ง„ ์œ ํ˜•์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
You don't really need to use this, you can justย  refer to it as a vehicle before the middle.
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๊ตณ์ด ์ด๊ฑธ ์“ธ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ด์ „์— ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
Of the century.
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์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜.
06:03
Maybe it can.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
But this is.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
By no means.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ.
06:06
Certain.
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ํ™•์‹คํ•œ.
06:07
So again, if you didn't answer.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด.
06:09
Before what do you?
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์ „์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:10
Think Can electric vehiclesย  replace gas powered vehicles?
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์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:16
Can electric vehicles replaceย  the internal combustion engineย ย 
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์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€
06:20
which is found on all gas powered vehicles?
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๋ชจ๋“  ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
06:23
You can put.
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๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
Realistic or optimistic in the comments and I haveย  made all the notes available in a free lesson PDF.
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๋Œ“๊ธ€์— ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ•์˜ PDF๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
So you can look in the description forย  the link to download this free lesson PDF.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„ค๋ช…์—์„œ ์ด ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ•์˜ PDF๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
Are you enjoying this lesson?
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์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
06:40
If you are, then I want to tell youย  about the Finally Fluent Academy.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ Fluent Academy์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
This is my premium training program whereย  we study native English speakers from TV,ย ย 
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TV,
06:51
the movies, YouTube, and the news.
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์˜ํ™”, ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ, ๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์›์–ด๋ฏผ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์—„ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
So you can improve your listening skillsย  of fast English, expand your vocabularyย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์˜์–ด ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ,
06:59
with natural expressions, andย  learn advanced grammar easily.
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์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„
07:03
Plus.
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๋”ํ•œ.
07:04
You'll have me as your.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
Personal Coach, you can look in theย  description for the link to learn more,ย ย 
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๊ฐœ์ธ ์ฝ”์น˜๋‹˜, ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋งํฌ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์‹œ
07:10
or you can go to my website andย  click on Finally Fluent Academy.
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๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ œ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ finally Fluent Academy๋ฅผ โ€‹โ€‹ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
07:15
Now let's continue with our lesson.
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์ด์ œ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
Let's continue on.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
07:19
Electric vehicles have arrived.
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์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
Notice the use of the present.
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
07:24
Perfect.
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ.
07:25
This is because it's a pass action.
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ํŒจ์Šค์•ก์…˜์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
07:28
Electric vehicles are currently on the market,ย  so they're not arriving in a future context.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
They have arrived.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
It's a pass action, but there'sย  a connection to the present.
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ํ†ต๊ณผ ์กฐ์น˜์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ์™€๋„ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
That connection is now.
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๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
You.
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07:43
Can buy an electric vehicle.
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๋„ˆ.
์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
You can replace your gas powered vehicle,ย ย 
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ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰,
07:48
your internal combustion engineย  vehicle with an electric vehicle.
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๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ „๊ธฐ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
Is that a change that you're going to do?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•  ๋ณ€ํ™”์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
07:56
Are you going to replace one for the other?
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:59
So have arrived.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
This is the present perfect, and it's aย  past action with a present consequenceย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ์ด๋ฉฐ
08:10
with technology led by Tesla and allย  of the world's major car manufacturers.
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Tesla์™€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
08:16
Remember that errors.
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๊ทธ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
08:18
Another chance to practice.
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์—ฐ์Šตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐํšŒ.
08:19
I'll read that again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
And all of the world's major carย  manufacturers following along behind.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
When you follow along behind, it meansย  one car manufacturer makes the change andย ย 
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๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ•œ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:38
then the other car manufacturersย  start making that same change.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋„ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
So follow along behind.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ค์„ธ์š”. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด
08:45
We also have a common expression withย  other manufacturers following suit.
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์™€ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ํ‘œํ˜„๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
08:52
Following suit and it means the same thing.
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์†Œ์†ก์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
I do this, so then my friend doesย  it as well, she follows suit.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋„ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
Electric vehicles are now a common sightย  on the roads of most developed countries.
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์ด์ œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋„๋กœ์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
09:08
So what about in your?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
09:09
Country.
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09:09
Do you see a lot of electric vehicles in Canada?
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€.
์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์— ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์ด์ฃ ?
09:14
I see more and more electric vehicles.
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์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
I remember.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•œ๋‹ค.
09:19
Five years ago, it was very rare to see a Tesla.
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5๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š” ํ…Œ์Šฌ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
Now I would say one out of 10ย  cars are electric vehicles.
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์ด์ œ ์ž๋™์ฐจ 10๋Œ€ ์ค‘ 1๋Œ€๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
That's just a complete guess.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ถ”์ธก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
I do not know if that's accurate, butย  that's just based on when I'm driving.
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์ •ํ™•ํ•œ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์šด์ „ ์ค‘์ผ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
There's one, there's one, there's one.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
It's very common.
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๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
Almost every parking lot now has electricย  charging stations for electric cars to charge.
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์ด์ œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์—๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
So what about in your country?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
09:49
What's the situation?
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์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
09:51
Share that in the comments as well.
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๋Œ“๊ธ€๋กœ๋„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
09:55
Yet the situation in less developedย  countries is rather different.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
Let's talk about this use of yet.
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์•„์ง ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
10:03
Yet.
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์•„์ง.
10:04
This is a conjunction, andย  it's used to show a contrast.
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์ด๋Š” ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
The.
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10:09
Contrast is in developed countries,ย  electric cars are very common.
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๊ทธ๋งŒํผ.
๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
In less developed countriesย  they're not very common.
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๋œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š”ย ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
So we have a contrasting situation.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
I can combine those ideas with the word yet.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„์ง ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
It's similar to however or but however,ย  this situation in less developed countries.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
But this situation in less developed countries.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
However sounds quite formalย  but sounds less formal,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฒฉ์‹์„ ์ฐจ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ ๋œ ๊ฒฉ์‹์„ ์ฐจ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
10:43
and then yet sounds both formal and informal.
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๊ฒฉ์‹์„ ์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
It doesn't.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
It's more in the middle.
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์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
I would say.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
10:52
Yet the situation in less developedย  countries is rather different.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
Rather is used as an adverb toย  show that it's more different.
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์ฐจ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
So we have in less developedย  countries the situation is different.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
It's rather different.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
So I'm increasing the amountย  of difference between them.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
So I could say.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
I'm.
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11:20
Tired.
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๋‚˜๋Š”.
ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•œ.
11:22
Or I could say I'm rather tired.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ข€ ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
11:26
When I add rather it increasesย  the amount that I am tired.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋”ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•œ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
It sounds stronger.
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๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
The only African country to have started theย  change to electric vehicles is South Africa,ย ย 
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ธฐ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ด๋ฉฐ,
11:43
and even there electric vehicles still account forย ย 
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์ „๊ธฐ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
11:47
less than 0.01% of the totalย  number of cars on the roads.
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์ „์ฒด ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ˆ˜์˜ 0.01% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
11:55
Notice how I said this number 0.01%.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ 0.01%๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
12:01
Now when something accounts for something,ย  it means it makes up that amount.
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์ด์ œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
For example, Spanish speakers.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
People who speak.
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๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค.
12:14
Spanish Spanish speakers account.
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์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ณ„์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
For 50.
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50
12:18
Percent of my audience.
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%์˜ ์ฒญ์ค‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด.
12:20
I have no idea if this is true.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ์ง€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
12:23
Said another way, 50% of myย  audience is Spanish speakers.
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๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚ด ์ฒญ์ค‘์˜ 50%๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
I use the verb is becauseย  audience is a collective.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ฒญ์ค‘์ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
Noun and is conjugated as.
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๋ช…์‚ฌ and๋Š” as๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
Singular, so notice the sentence structure.
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๋‹จ์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
12:39
You have something and thenย  you have to account for.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
Account is a verb, so if it's a.
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Account๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ a.
12:46
Past maybe last year, Spanish speakersย  accounted for 50% of my audience.
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์ž‘๋…„์ฏค์—๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์ฒญ์ค‘์˜ 50%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
So this is a verb you conjugate itย  accounted for then you have a numberย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋™์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š”
12:59
50%, ten percent, 25% and then of and thenย  whatever the total is in South America.
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50%, 10%, 25%, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ํ•ฉ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
This situation is better with all Latin Americanย ย 
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ผํ‹ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด
13:12
countries beginning to moveย  towards electric vehicles,ย ย 
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋” ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
particularly Colombia which in 2020 had a thirdย  of the continents total electric car fleet.
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ํŠนํžˆ 2020๋…„์— ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ์ „์ฒด ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ณด์œ  ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์˜ 3๋ถ„์˜ 1์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
Now if you're from South America,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๋‚จ๋ฏธ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
13:28
you probably realize that the authorย  of this article spelled Columbia wrong.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ €์ž๊ฐ€ Columbia์˜ ์ฒ ์ž๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ชป ์ผ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
This is a common mistake that Americans makeย  because we have a lot of places and companies.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ํ”ํžˆ ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
With the.
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13:44
Spelling you Columbia, but it'sย  pronounced the exact same way.
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์™€.
Columbia๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฒ ์ž๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ง€๋งŒ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
I did not write this article.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
13:50
This was not my mistake.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚ด ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
I've been to Columbia.
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์ €๋Š” ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
13:53
I know how to spell it Columbia.
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๋‚˜๋Š” Columbia์˜ ์ฒ ์ž๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„์š”.
13:57
Columbia is with an O, but theย  pronunciation is exactly the same.
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์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„๋Š” O๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์Œ์€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
14:01
But unfortunately for people who live in Columbia,ย  this is a mistake that native speakers make.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์›์–ด๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
Quite.
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14:07
Frequently, particularly Columbia.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ.
์ž์ฃผ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„.
14:11
Notice particularly soย  we're highlighting Columbia.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:16
Here's a car example.
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
I love all luxury car manufacturers.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ์—ฐ์Šต
14:22
I included this just so you canย  practice that pronunciation.
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ด ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
14:26
I love all.
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14:26
Luxury car manufacturers, particularly Audi.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด, ํŠนํžˆ ์•„์šฐ๋””.
14:31
So I'm highlighting Audi.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์•„์šฐ๋””๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ
14:34
I'm giving more attention to Audi, even thoughย  all the luxury car manufacturers are represented.
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์ €๋Š” ์•„์šฐ๋””์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
14:42
So all South American countries are represented,ย  but Colombia with an O is highlighted because theyย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚จ๋ฏธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ O๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„๋Š”
14:51
said particularly Colombia, which in 2020 had aย  third of the continent's total electric car fleet.
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ํŠนํžˆ 2020๋…„์— ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ์ „์ฒด ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 3๋ถ„์˜ 1์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ•์กฐ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:01
Let's take a look at fleet.
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ํ•จ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:03
This is a noun and it'sย  specifically used with vehicles.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:08
Our company has a fleet of 200 luxury vehicles.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” 200๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:14
A fleet simply represents the total numberย  of vehicles controlled by a company.
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์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
Now it could also beย  controlled by the organization.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
The.
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15:26
Army has a fleet of tanks,ย  a fleet of planes as well.
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๊ทธ๋งŒํผ.
์œก๊ตฐ์—๋Š” ํƒฑํฌ ํ•จ๋Œ€์™€ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ ํ•จ๋Œ€๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
So it's the total number of tanks or planesย  that the army or government controls.
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์ฆ‰, ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋‚˜ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ํƒฑํฌ๋‚˜ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์˜ ์ด ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
15:44
Let's continue on.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
15:45
In Russia, the wealthy are investingย  in imported electric vehicles.
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ ์ธต์ด ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
So you invest in something youย  could say, and hopefully you will.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:57
If you agree with me, it's a wise decisionย  to invest in improving your English skills.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์˜์–ด ์‹ค๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
You're investing in improvingย  your English skills right now.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์˜์–ด ์‹ค๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
16:12
You're investing your time, your attention.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:17
It's a wise decision to invest in Noticeย ย 
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์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌํ•ญ
16:20
my preposition in invest inย  now you invest in something.
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๋‚ด ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ inInvest in ์ด์ œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ํˆฌ์žํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:26
You can say invest in your English skills,ย  but you can also invest in doing something.
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์˜์–ด ์‹ค๋ ฅ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์žํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:34
So in this case you need a verb.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:37
And that verb needs to be.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
And ING.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ING.
16:41
Verb Invest in improving your English skills.
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๋™์‚ฌ ์˜์–ด ์‹ค๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
16:46
In Russia, the wealthy are investingย  in importing electric cars,ย ย 
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ ์ธต์ด ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ˆ˜์ž…์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
16:51
but no electric cars are yet manufactured locally.
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์•„์ง ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:56
So here we have the Ed.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ Ed๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:58
So let's focus on the pronunciation.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ฐœ์Œ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
17:00
I have my R manufactured and then I add a softย ย 
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์ €๋Š” R์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ
17:05
D manufactured manufacturedย  R yet manufactured locally.
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ํ˜„์ง€์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐํ•œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ D ์ œ์กฐ R์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:12
In this case, yet does not represent a contrast.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋Œ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด์ „์—
17:17
It doesn't represent however or but like we sawย  before in this case, yet represents until nowย ย 
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๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ but ๋˜๋Š” but์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  , ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
17:26
and we frequently use yet with the negative andย  we commonly use this with the present perfect.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ Yet์„ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ง
17:35
I haven't bought an electric vehicleย  yet, so this means until now until now.
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์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•ด ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:46
But it's in the present perfect because it'sย  possible for me to buy an electric vehicle.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:53
So I could add I haven't bought an electricย  vehicle yet, but I plan on buying one next year.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„์ง ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚ด๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:02
So notice I.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ I๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
18:03
Use but to add that contrast I haven't.
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๋Œ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด but์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:08
I'm buying one.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๊ณ ์š”.
18:10
I haven't bought one, I'm buying one.
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์ €๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์•ˆ์ƒ€๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๊ณ ์š”.
18:13
So there's a contrast and I combineย  those two sentences together withย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‘ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„
18:17
the conjunction yet and remember in this case yet.
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์ ‘์†์‚ฌ Yet๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์•„์ง ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:20
Does not mean, but it means until now while in.
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๋œป์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€
18:26
India, the government.
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์ธ๋„ ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:27
Is promoting the purchase of electricย  vehicles with tax exemptions.
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์„ธ๊ธˆ ๋ฉด์ œ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋ฅผ ํ™๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:32
When you're exempt from something, the verbย  exempt, it means you are not subject to it.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋ฉด์ œ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ ๋ฉด์ œ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:40
You don't have to do it.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:43
So if there is a policy that everyoneย  needs to buy a certain shirt for work,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—…๋ฌด์šฉ ํŠน์ • ์…”์ธ ,
18:52
a black shirt for work, but you're.
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์—…๋ฌด์šฉ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ์…”์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:55
Exempt from that policy.
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ํ•ด๋‹น ์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:57
So all of your Co workersย  need to buy a black shirt,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ์…”์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ
19:01
but you can wear a purple shirt orย  a white shirt because you're exempt.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ท€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์ œ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰ ์…”์ธ ๋‚˜ ํฐ์ƒ‰ ์…”์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ž…์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:06
Now, if you have a tax exemption, it means you.
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์ด์ œ, ๊ท€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฉด์„ธ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ๊ท€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:10
Don't have to pay certainย  taxes and other incentive.
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ํŠน์ • ์„ธ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:16
An incentive is something.
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์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
19:19
Financial or some other benefit to tryย  to encourage you to do something thatย ย 
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์žฌ์ •์  ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ˜œํƒ
19:25
would be an incentive so maybeย  the incentive is that you get aย ย 
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19:32
a rebate back A rebate is money backย  so if you paid $30,000 for the car,ย ย 
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19:39
maybe you get $5000 back so that wouldย  be an incentive a a rebate so that's.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํŠธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:47
Money back after a.
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a ์ดํ›„์— ๋ˆ์„ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:49
Purchase, let's continue.
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๊ตฌ๋งค, ๊ณ„์†ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
19:54
So electric cars have arrived,ย  remember are present perfect andย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
19:58
their share of the market isย  increasing almost worldwide.
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์‹œ์žฅ ์ ์œ ์œจ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
20:03
So again in your country, haveย  you seen the share of electricย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ
20:09
vehicles in the market increase over the years?
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์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ์ ์œ ์œจ์ด ์ˆ˜๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
20:13
Does this mean therefore that theย  world is on track to phase out theย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€
20:18
use of gas driven vehicles in less than 30 years?
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30๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ์ง€ํ•  ๊ถค๋„์— ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
20:23
If you're on track, or on track to do something,ย ย 
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์ˆœ์กฐ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
20:28
it means you're progressing towardsย  your goal at the expected rate.
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์˜ˆ์ƒ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:33
So let's say your goal is to buy an electric.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:40
Vehicle by 2025.
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2025๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰.
20:45
South.
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20:45
To do that, you need to save money.
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๋‚จ์ชฝ.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ˆ์„ ์•„๊ปด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:49
OK, so every month you save $1000.
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค๋‹ฌ $1000๋ฅผ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:53
This is your goal and one.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ด์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:59
Year later, two years later.
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1๋…„ ๋’ค, 2๋…„ ๋’ค.
21:01
After starting this goal, you can say I'm on trackย ย 
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์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ถค๋„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
21:05
to achieve my goal or I'm on trackย  to buy the electric vehicle by 2020.
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, 2020๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ถค๋„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:16
Or you can simply say I'm on track, I'm on track.
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๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ I'm on track, I'm on track์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:20
So if someone asks you, oh,ย  how's, how's your progress?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ '์˜ค, ์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ด์„ธ์š”'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
21:24
Are you getting closer to that electric vehicle?
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์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ์— ์ ์  ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
21:26
You can say, Yep, I'm on track, I'm on track.
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์˜ˆ, ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ถค๋„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ถค๋„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:30
You're progressing towardsย  your goal at the expected rate.
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์˜ˆ์ƒ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:36
So does that mean therefore that theย  world is on track to phase out theย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€
21:42
use of gas driven vehicles in less than 30 years?
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30๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•  ๊ถค๋„์— ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
21:45
So this is the goal, to phaseย  out gas driven vehicles,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
21:50
the internal combustionย  engine in less than 30 years.
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30๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:55
So what does phase out mean?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹จ๊ณ„์  ํ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ 
21:57
Phase out is a phrasal verb that means toย ย 
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ํ์ง€(Phase out)๋Š”
22:02
gradually reduce somethingย  until it is no longer used.
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:12
So of course we're not goingย  to go from driving gas poweredย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋„ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ตฌ๋™
22:17
vehicles today and tomorrow notย  driving gas powered vehicles.
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์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์šด์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‚ด์ผ๋„ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์šด์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:22
That's not realistic, obviously.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:25
So what are we going to do?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
22:27
Every year we can increase the number of electricย ย 
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๋งค๋…„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
22:32
vehicles on the market and decreaseย  the number of gas powered vehicles.
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๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:38
So right now gas powered electric,ย  but soon is going to change, right.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณง ๋ฐ”๋€” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:46
And eventually gas powered vehiclesย  are not going to exist because theyย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€
22:52
have been so gradually reducedย  until they're no longer used.
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:59
That's to phase out.
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๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:01
So do you think it's realistic to phase outย  the use of gas driven vehicles in 30 years?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด 30๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
23:08
So 30 years from today gasย  powered vehicles don't exist.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 30๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:13
Do you think that's possible?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
23:15
You can share that in the comments as well.
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๋Œ“๊ธ€์—์„œ๋„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:18
Now that's the goal.
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:19
So are they.
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๊ทธ๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:20
On track to achieve this goal?
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์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
23:22
I don't know.
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:24
And does it mean that electric vehicles are theย  sustainable solution to our transport needs?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šด์†ก ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
23:31
For the second.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ.
23:32
Half of the century, unfortunately.
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ฐ˜์„ธ๊ธฐ.
23:36
Uh oh.
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์–ด ์˜ค.
23:37
Unfortunately.
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์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„. ์‹ค๋ง์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์†Œ์‹์„ ์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
23:39
I'm using this word as an adverbย  to deliver disappointing newsย ย 
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์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:46
because this sounds really positive,ย  especially given the cost of gas.
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ํŠนํžˆ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:53
Every day the.
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๋งค์ผ.
23:54
Cost of gas is going up and up and theย ย 
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ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ๋น„์šฉ์€ ๊ณ„์† ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
23:58
environmental damage causedย  by gas powered vehicles.
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ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ”ผํ•ด๋„ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:04
It seems very positive.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:06
That we're phasing out gas poweredย  vehicles and phasing in electric vehicles.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:13
But this article uses unfortunately to deliverย  disappointing news because people want.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ค๋ง์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์†Œ์‹์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:19
This to happen?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?
24:20
Well, some people, unfortunately toย  the disappointment of some people,ย ย 
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์‹ค๋ง๊ฐ์„ ์•ˆ๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
24:26
notice how I change some.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:27
People.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค.
24:28
Because if you just say people.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
24:29
Want this to happen.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:31
It sounds like everybodyย  wants this to happen, but I'm.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:35
Sure, there are some people who want toย  continue driving gas powered vehicles,ย ย 
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ณ„์† ์šด์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ๊ณ„์‹œ๊ณ ,
24:41
some people who don't want toย  use electric vehicles, right?
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์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ๊ณ„์‹œ์ฃ ?
24:45
So that's why we have to use some people.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:47
Otherwise it sounds like.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:49
All people.
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์ œ์ธ.
24:51
The answer to both of these?
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์ด ๋‘˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์€?
24:53
Questions has to be no.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:57
And that's the end of the article.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:58
So we don't know why the answer is no.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด '์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค'์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:02
But remember both of these questions.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
25:04
So what are the questions?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
25:06
The first question is, are we on track?
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:09
To.
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25:09
Phase out the use of gas drivenย  vehicles and our electric vehicles,ย ย 
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์—๊ฒŒ.
๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ,
25:16
the sustainable solution to our transportย  means those are the two questions.
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์šด์†ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์€ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:22
Very interesting discussion questions.
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๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ํ† ๋ก  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:24
So you're more than welcome to shareย  your thoughts in the comment section.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ“๊ธ€ ์„น์…˜์—์„œ ๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:29
Now what I'll do is I will readย  this article from start to finishย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ผ์€ ์ด ๊ธ€์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฝ๊ณ 
25:33
and this time you can focus on my pronunciation.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๋ฐœ์Œ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:37
The electric car revolution.
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์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ํ˜๋ช….
25:40
Is it realistic or optimistic?
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ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
25:43
Governments and Motor Manufacturers aroundย ย 
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—
25:45
the world are throwing money and resourcesย  into the development of electric vehicles.
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๋ˆ๊ณผ ์ž์›์„ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
25:51
But can electric power really replace the internalย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”
25:54
combustion engine beforeย  the middle of the century?
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?
25:58
Maybe it can, but this is by no means certain.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:02
Electric vehicles have arrived, with technologyย ย 
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26:05
led by Tesla and all of the world's majorย  car manufacturers following along behind.
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Tesla์™€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:11
Electric vehicles are now a common sightย  on the roads of most developed countries.
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์ด์ œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋„๋กœ์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
26:16
Yet the situation in less developedย  countries is rather different.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:21
The only African country to have startedย  the change to electric vehicles is Southย ย 
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์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด
26:26
Africa and even there electricย  vehicles still account for lessย ย 
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๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ๋ฏธ ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
26:31
than 0.01% of the total number ofย  cars on the roads in South America.
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์ด ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ˆ˜์˜ 0.01% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
26:38
The situation is better withย  all Latin American countriesย ย 
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ผํ‹ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
26:42
beginning the move towards electric vehicles,ย ย 
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์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:45
particularly Colombia which in 2020 had a thirdย  of the continents total electric car fleet.
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ํŠนํžˆ 2020๋…„์— ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ์ „์ฒด ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 3๋ถ„์˜ 1์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:52
In Russia, the wealthy are investing inย  imported electric cars, but no electricย ย 
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ ์ธต์ด ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
26:58
cars are yet manufactured locally, whileย  in India the government is promoting theย ย 
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์•„์ง ํ˜„์ง€์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ธ๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€
27:03
purchase of electric vehicles withย  tax exemptions and other incentives.
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์„ธ๊ธˆ ๋ฉด์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:08
So electric cars have arrived and their shareย  of the market is increasing almost worldwide.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ์œ ์œจ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:15
Does this mean therefore, that the worldย  is on track to phase out the use of gasย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ 30๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ์ง€ํ•  ๊ถค๋„์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป
27:19
driven vehicles in less than 30 years andย  doesn't mean that electric vehicles areย ย 
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์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์˜
27:25
the sustainable solution to our transportย  needs for the second-half of the century?
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์šด์†ก ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ?
27:30
Unfortunately, to the disappointment of someย ย 
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์‹ค๋ง์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด
27:33
people, the answer to both ofย  these questions has to be no.
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๋‘ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ' ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:37
I hope you enjoyed that article,ย  now let's continue to the next one.
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ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์› ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:42
1st I'll read the headline.
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์ฒซ์งธ, ์ œ๋ชฉ์„ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:44
Robo Taxi expansion gets green light inย  San Francisco, so we're talking about.
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Robo Taxi ํ™•์žฅ์ด ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ”์—์„œ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:52
Robo.
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๋กœ๋ณด.
27:53
Taxis, autonomous vehicles, self driving vehicles.
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ํƒ์‹œ, ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰์ž๋™์ฐจ, ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰์ž๋™์ฐจ.
27:58
So a self driving taxi.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰ํƒ์‹œ.
28:01
Have you ever been in a self driving vehicle?
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์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
28:04
I have not.
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๋‚˜๋Š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
28:06
So let's talk about this.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
28:07
The expansion gets green light.
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ํ™•์žฅ์— ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ถˆ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:12
It's appropriate that they.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:13
Use this idiom.
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์ด ๊ด€์šฉ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
28:15
This is an idiom in English.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋œ ์ˆ™์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž ์‹œ
28:16
I will explain what it means inย  just a second, but it's appropriate.
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ํ›„์— ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์ ์ ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:20
They use this idiom becauseย  we're talking about vehicles,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๊ด€์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
28:24
and vehicles obviously use green light,ย  yellow right light, red light frequently.
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์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ, ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ, ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ์„ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:31
So it's very appropriate.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์ ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:32
They use this.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:33
Idiom.
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28:33
Now what does this mean?
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๊ด€์šฉ๊ตฌ.
์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
28:35
The green light in thisย  idiom simply means approval.
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์ด ๊ด€์šฉ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋“ฑ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์Šน์ธ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:40
So the robo taxi expansion gets approval.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋กœ๋ณดํƒ์‹œ ํ™•์žฅ์ด ์Šน์ธ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:45
Now notice here they omitted the article.
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋žตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:48
The the idiom is to get the greenย  light in newspaper headlines.
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๊ด€์šฉ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฌธ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์— ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:56
They commonly omit articlesย  to make the headline as.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋žตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:00
Short as possible.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ์งง๊ฒŒ.
29:02
But grad grammatically it is required.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•„์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:05
So the idiom is to get the green light fromย  someone to do something so you can think of.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ด€์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Šน์ธ์„ ์–ป์–ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:12
It as approval or?
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์Šน์ธ์œผ๋กœ? ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด?
29:14
Permission.
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ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€.
29:15
Both of them have the same meaning.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:18
For example, I got the green lightย  from my boss to attend the conference.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:24
So the verb is get.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” get์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:25
You need to conjugate that.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:27
This is the past simple.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:29
I got the green light remember from someone to doย  something from my boss to attend the conference.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:39
Which means I got approval fromย  my boss to attend the conference.
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์ฆ‰, ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
29:45
Now don't worry about taking notes becauseย  I summarize everything in a free lesson PDF.
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์ด์ œ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ•์˜ PDF์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์š”์•ฝ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋ฉ”๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
29:51
You can look for the link in the description.
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์„ค๋ช…์—์„œ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:54
Let's continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
29:57
2 robotaxi companies haveย  been given the green light.
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2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋กœ๋ณดํƒ์‹œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ์ด์ƒ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์ด
30:02
So notice here because it'sย  no longer the headline.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š” .
30:06
They use the correct grammaticalย  structure and notice.
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:10
Here that it's to.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:12
Be given to be given the green light.
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์ดˆ๋ก๋ถˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
30:17
So the companies were given have been given,ย  which means they've received approval.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:25
So you can give the green lightย  to someone to do something.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์Šน์ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:31
Let's review these three.
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์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:33
Sentences So this is theย  sentence I provided above.
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๋ฌธ์žฅ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์— ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:37
I got the green light from myย  boss to attend the conference.
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์ƒ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:42
Now I could also talk about my boss givingย  me the green light to do so something.
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์ด์ œ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:50
In this case I'm talking about receiving approval.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:53
In this example, I'm talkingย  about my boss giving approval.
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์ด ์˜ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šน์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:59
My boss gave me the greenย  light to attend the conference.
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์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•ด๋„ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ์Šน์ธ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:03
Or I could also use the structure to.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•ด๋„
31:06
Be given I've been given the greenย  light to attend the conference.
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์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
31:13
Different grammatical structures,ย  they all communicate the same thing.
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๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:18
Approval.
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์Šน์ธ.
31:19
Permission.
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ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€.
31:20
Two robo taxi.
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๋กœ๋ณดํƒ์‹œ 2๋Œ€.
31:22
Companies have been given the green light to startย  charging for service throughout San Francisco.
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๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ” ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:30
The move marks a major expansion.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์›€์ง์ž„์€ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:33
Let's take a look at this.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:34
To mark a major expansion.
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๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:37
Mark is a verb to mark.
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๋งˆํฌ๋Š” ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:40
And when something, the move marksย  something else, a major expansion,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ, ์ฆ‰ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•  ๋•Œ,
31:48
it simply represents thatย  that something has happened.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:53
So this the move representsย  that this has happened.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์›€์ง์ž„์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:00
For example, today marks ourย  first wedding anniversary.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ 1์ฃผ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋…์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:05
So today represents that something has happenedย  that our first wedding anniversary has happened.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ๊ธฐ๋…์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:12
So something marks something.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:15
And we usually use this withย  significant events like a birthday,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์ผ,
32:20
anniversary or a national celebrationย  or holiday or an important world eventย ย 
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๊ธฐ๋…์ผ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ถ•ํ•˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ , ๊ณตํœด์ผ ๋˜๋Š”
32:28
like this major expansion ofย  selfless, selfless driving cars.
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์‚ฌ์‹ฌ ์—†๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ฌ ์—†๋Š” ์šด์ „ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํ™•์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:35
Self.
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๋ณธ์ธ.
32:36
Driving cars, self drivingย  cars, autonomous vehicles.
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์šด์ „ ์ž๋™์ฐจ, ์ž์œจ ์šด์ „ ์ž๋™์ฐจ, ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ž๋™์ฐจ.
32:40
The move marks a majorย  expansion for the companies,ย ย 
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์›€์ง์ž„์€
32:45
which previously faced limits on whenย  or where they could charge for rides.
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์ด์ „์— ์Šน์ฐจ ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œํ•œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ๋˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:53
When you charge for something, it meansย  you require that someone pay for something.
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๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:00
So you can charge someone,ย  charge the passengers for rides,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ‘์Šน๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
33:06
but you don't need to includeย  the someone if it's obvious.
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:11
Obviously they're charging theย  people who are using the service,ย ย 
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ
33:15
so you don't need to say that to charge for rides,ย  to require that the passengers pay for rides.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํƒ‘์Šน ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์Šน๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ํƒ‘์Šน ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:24
Approval from regulators came despite objections.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ œ ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ์Šน์ธ์ด ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:28
So remember approval, This representsย  our idiom, the green light.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€์šฉ์–ด์ธ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:34
So you could say the green light fromย  regulators came despite objections fromย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
33:41
police and fire officials, activists andย  others thinking about our other sentence.
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€, ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ œ ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ์Šน์ธ์ด ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:48
Structures, you could say the regulators.
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๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:51
Gave them them meaning the robo taxiย  companies, the regulators gave themย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋กœ๋ณดํƒ์‹œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  , ๊ทœ์ œ ๋‹น๊ตญ์€
33:57
the green light despite objections from police.
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒญ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:02
So that would be.
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34:02
Said another way, but they have the sameย  meaning and I forgot the word light,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น›์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ธฐ
34:08
so I added that in hereย  because it's the green light.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:11
This is the expression that represents approval.
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์Šน์ธ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:15
So approval from regulatorsย  came despite objections fromย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
34:18
police and fire officials, activists and others.
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ, ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€, ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ œ ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ์Šน์ธ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:22
So this means that these groups,ย  all of these groups had objections,ย ย 
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์ฆ‰, ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน, ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
34:28
but they still gave them the green light.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์Šน์ธ์„ ์คฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:31
They still gave them approval.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:34
Analysts say the decision could usher inย  a new era for driverless car services.
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๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๋ฌด์ธ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์—ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:42
Let's take a look at this to.
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:44
Usher in the phrasal.
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๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:46
Verb here is to usher.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜๋‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:49
This is our verb to usher.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:51
Something in and in this case,ย  the something is a new era.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„
34:56
For.
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์œ„ํ•œ.
34:57
Driverless car services, all of this.
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๋ฌด์ธ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์„œ๋น„์Šค, ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ.
34:59
Represents the something.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:02
When you usher something in is simplyย ย 
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ
35:04
means you welcome something or youย  signal the beginning of something.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ™˜์˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:10
And that something is usually an important event.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ผ์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:14
So in the world, because right now driverlessย  cars, autonomous vehicles are not very common,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฌด์ธ ์ž๋™์ฐจ, ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
35:23
this is an important event for the world,ย  for the economy, so we can usher in this new.
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์ด๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์—ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:31
Era of driverless car services.
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๋ฌด์ธ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€.
35:34
Another important event that manyย  people usher in welcome is the new year,ย ย 
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งž์ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆํ•ด์ธ๋ฐ,
35:41
and most people celebrate the new year.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:44
So you could use this phrasal verb toย  indicate how you welcome the new year.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆํ•ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:49
How you celebrate?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
35:50
The New Year.
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์„ธ์‹œ.
35:51
We ushered in the new yearย  by celebrating with friends.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒˆํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:58
Wimo, which shares a parent company with Google.
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Google๊ณผ ๋ชจํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” Wimo.
36:03
So somehow Wimo.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋“  Wimo.
36:05
Is related to.
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๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:06
Google and Wimo has been offering free ridesย  in its driverless cars since last year,ย ย 
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Google๊ณผ Wimo๋Š” ์ž‘๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌด์ธ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ํƒ‘์Šน์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
36:17
called the decision the true beginning ofย  our commercial operations in San Francisco.
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์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ”์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์—… ์šด์˜์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
36:25
So Wimo is one of the robo taxi companies,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ Wimo๋Š” ๋กœ๋ณดํƒ์‹œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ
36:30
so obviously they're going to be veryย  positive about getting the green light.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:37
So remember why MO as the company?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™œ MO๋ฅผ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
36:40
They're the ones receiving approval.
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์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:43
So you would say.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:44
Why MO got the green light toย  expand their robo taxi operations.
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MO๊ฐ€ ๋กœ๋ด‡ํƒ์‹œ ์šด์˜์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ด์œ 
36:51
I'll write that for you.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์“ธ๊ฒŒ์š”.
36:52
So I wrote that for you here.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:54
Why MO got the green light toย  expand the robo taxi operations.
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MO๊ฐ€ ๋กœ๋ณดํƒ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ด์œ .
36:59
Now notice here they saidย  they've been offering free rides.
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ํƒ‘์Šน์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
37:04
And remember before I saidย  they can now start charging.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ž์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ด์ œ ์ถฉ์ „์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
37:09
So when you charge, you require someone to pay.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
37:11
When something is free, they don't have to pay.
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
37:14
So let's say you, you flag down one of theย  taxis and you can say, oh, how much is it?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํƒ์‹œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ' ์•„, ์–ผ๋งˆ์ง€?'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
37:20
And they could say, oh, it'sย  free or there's no charge.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ '์•„, ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ์•ผ' ๋˜๋Š” '์š”๊ธˆ์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
37:25
If someone says oh, there's no charge, noย  charge, it's another way of saying it's free.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ '์•„, ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋ผ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
37:32
I wrote that here for you.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
37:33
How much is it?
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์–ผ๋งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
37:34
It's free.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
37:36
This is the same as saying there's no charge.
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์ด๋Š” ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
37:41
Driverless car services have been slow toย  live up to the promises of transformingย ย 
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๋ฌด์ธ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” 10์—ฌ ๋…„ ์ „ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ตํ†ต ํ˜์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ฝ์†์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋”๋””์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
37:49
transport that accompanied the start ofย  their development more than a decade ago.
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.
37:55
OK, so this suggestsย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
37:58
that a decade ago when the driverless carย  services began, when they developed, they said?
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10๋…„ ์ „ ๋ฌด์ธ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:10
We.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ.
38:11
Will transform the transport industry,ย ย 
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์šด์†ก ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:16
but they haven't done that this whatย  is what it means by they've been.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:21
Slow to live up to the.
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์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
38:25
Promise.
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์•ฝ์†ํ•˜๋‹ค.
38:26
So of course you know what slow means.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:29
It hasn't happened quickly.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:31
Let's talk about live up to the promises.
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์•ฝ์†์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
38:35
To live up to the promises, thisย  means to fulfill the promises.
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์•ฝ์†์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ฝ์†์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:42
So if you do live up to the promises,ย  it means you fulfilled them.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•ฝ์†์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉดย ์ด๋ฏธ ์•ฝ์†์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:46
And if you don't live up to the promises,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
38:50
which is what they're suggesting here,ย  it means you don't fulfill the promises.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•ฝ์†์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•ฝ์†์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:56
Now we also use this expression with expectations.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:00
To live up.
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์‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด.
39:01
To something very commonlyย  promises and expectations.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.
39:06
Now, if you live up to expectations, itย  means it's as good as the expectation.
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์ด์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ๋ถ€์‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋งŒํผ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:14
The expectation is what youย  think is going to happen.
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๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:18
So let's say.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋งํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋น„ ์˜ํ™”๋‚˜ ์˜คํŽœํ•˜์ด๋จธ ๊ฐ™์€
39:19
You're going to a new movie,ย  the Barbie movie or Oppenheimer,ย ย 
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐˆ ์˜ˆ์ •
39:25
and everyone says the movie is amazing.
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์ธ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:29
So your expectation is.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋Š”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:31
High.
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๋†’์€.
39:32
So if you say the movie lived up toย  my expectation, it means it was as.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ๋ถ€์‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค.
39:38
Good as you were.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ข‹์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:40
Expecting.
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๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:41
And remember, you were expecting it to be good.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
39:44
You could also say it exceeded.
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์ดˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:47
My expectations.
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๋‚ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€.
39:49
So that means it was better than you expected.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๊ตฐ์š”.
39:52
But if you say.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด.
39:53
It didn't live up to my expectations.
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๋‚ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ๋ถ€์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:55
It means it was worse than you were expecting.
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์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚˜๋นด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค.
39:59
So here the movie was good, but itย  didn't live up to my expectations.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์ข‹์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ๋ถ€์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:05
Because remember, you thought theย  movie was going to be amazing,ย ย 
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ธฐ
40:09
so your expectation was here,ย  but then the movie was just here.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:13
So it didn't live up to your expectations.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ๋ถ€์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:16
And hopefully you always live up to yourย  promises, which means you fulfill your promises.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ญ์ƒ ์•ฝ์†์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์•ฝ์†์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:24
If you say you're going to doย  something, you live up to that.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:28
You do it.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:29
So driverless car services have been slow to.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฌด์ธ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:32
Live up to.
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์ตœ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๋ผ.
40:33
The promises of transformingย  transport that accompanied theย ย 
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40:37
start of their development more than a decade ago.
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10์—ฌ๋…„ ์ „ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ตํ†ต ํ˜์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ฝ์†์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:41
They have been bogged down by technology.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ์— ๋น ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:44
Glitches.
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๊ฒฐํ•จ.
40:45
OK, let's look at.
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์ข‹์•„, ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ž.
40:47
Let's look at.
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40:47
Bogged down by and also glitches.
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์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ž.
์ˆ˜๋ ์— ๋น ์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฒฐํ•จ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:52
A glitch is a problem or error, andย  we usually use this with technology.
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๊ฒฐํ•จ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:59
Technology glitches in this caseย  because it's plural problems.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐํ•จ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:03
Or errors.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์˜ค๋ฅ˜.
41:05
Now, when something bogs something else down,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ ์— ๋น ๋œจ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
41:10
it means that something like the glitchesย  prevent someone or something from progressing.
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๊ฒฐํ•จ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:18
So this means that the glitches, the errors,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•จ, ์˜ค๋ฅ˜,
41:21
the problems are preventing the companiesย  from progressing with their project.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:29
So they have been bogged down.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋ ์— ๋น ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:32
It's just written in the passive form.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ˆ˜๋™ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์“ด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:34
The companies, the robo taxi companies,ย  have been bogged down by these glitches,ย ย 
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๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค, ์ฆ‰ ๋กœ๋ณดํƒ์‹œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ ์— ๋น ์กŒ๊ณ ,
41:41
have been prevented from progressingย  by these glitches, not just.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ.
41:47
The glitches there's also.
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๊ฒฐํ•จ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ
41:48
Safety fears and high profile accidentsย  involving vehicles if something isย ย 
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์•ˆ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด
41:54
described as high profile here, the noun isย  accident and the adjective is high profile.
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์„ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜๊ณ  ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ด๊ณ  ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:01
A high profile accident is anย  accident that gets a lot of attention.
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์„ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:07
So a high profile issue, a high profile person isย  an issue or person that gets a lot of attention.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋†’์€ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๋†’์€ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ ์ธ๋ฌผ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:15
I wrote that down here.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:17
Now let's continue.
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์ด์ œ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:19
The California Public Utilitiesย  Commission had twice postponed the vote.
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ณต๊ณต์‚ฌ์—… ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:24
When you postpone something,ย  it means you delay something.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:29
So if the vote was to take place on August 1st.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํˆฌํ‘œ๊ฐ€ 8์›” 1์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆด ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด.
42:34
But it was.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:35
Postponed.
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์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:36
It means it was rescheduledย  to a date after August 1st.
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8์›” 1์ผ ์ดํ›„ ๋‚ ์งœ๋กœ ์ผ์ •์ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:42
It could have been August 2nd.
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8์›” 2์ผ์ด์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:44
It could have just been postponed forย  one day, one week, one month, one year.
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ, ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ, ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ, 1๋…„๋งŒ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ •๋ณด๋‹ค
42:49
We don't know how long isย  just later than scheduled.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋Šฆ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
42:54
So delayed, postponed, delayedย  the vote and on Thursday heardย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํˆฌํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ , ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ชฉ์š”์ผ์—๋Š” ์ง€์ง€์ž์™€ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ
42:59
more than six hours of testimony from theย  public, including supporters and critics.
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๋Œ€์ค‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ ์ฆ์–ธ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
43:06
So testimony, this is simply the opinions,ย  the expertise, the thoughts of the public.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฆ์–ธ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ, ์ „๋ฌธ ์ง€์‹, ์ƒ๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:16
Related to this specific issue.
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์ด ํŠน์ • ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:19
Of approving or denying the Robo Taxi expansion.
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๋กœ๋ณดํƒ์‹œ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ์Šน์ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.
43:24
So they heard it from both supporters, peopleย  who say yes, I want the robo taxi companiesย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋กœ๋ณดํƒ์‹œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ง€์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค
43:31
to expand and then critics, those whoย  say no, I don't want that to happen.
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, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์ž๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:36
The.
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๊ทธ๋งŒํผ.
43:37
Board, this is the.
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๋ณด๋“œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
43:38
Board, the California Public Utilities Commission,ย  that is The board approved the expansion 3 to 1.
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์œ„์›ํšŒ, ์ฆ‰ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ณต๊ณต ์œ ํ‹ธ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ์œ„์›ํšŒ, ์ฆ‰ ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ํ™•์žฅ์„ 3 ๋Œ€ 1๋กœ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:47
So 3 people said yes I approve,ย  one person said no I don't.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 3๋ช…์€ ๋™์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ•œ ๋ช…์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:53
Approve.
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์Šน์ธํ•˜๋‹ค.
43:54
So there were.
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43:54
Four people in total on this board.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ๊ฒŒ์‹œํŒ์—๋Š” ์ด 4๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•์žฅ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š”
43:58
Let's continue critics, peopleย  who oppose the expansion.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค, ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋น„ํŒํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค .
44:04
Critics raised concerns about safety records andย ย 
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๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
44:07
claimed the cars often caused trafficย  incidents by abruptly shutting down.
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์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ •์ง€๋˜์–ด ๊ตํ†ต ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
44:15
When something shuts down, it stops operating.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉด ์ž‘๋™์ด ์ค‘์ง€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
44:19
And if it happens abruptly, it means itย  happens quickly and also without any warning.
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๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ์—†์ด ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
44:28
Let's look at this example, the glitches,ย  remember, this was errors or problems.
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์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐํ•จ ์€ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
44:35
The glitches caused myย  computer to abruptly shut down.
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๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
44:40
So to stop working, stop operating.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ผ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋ ค๋ฉด ์ผ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์„ธ์š”.
44:43
And it happened very quickly without any warning.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ผ์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ณ ๋„ ์—†์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
44:46
You were typing a document and then allย  of a sudden, your computer turned off.
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๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊บผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
44:51
That would be abruptly shutting down.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
44:55
Then you could say I'm still waitingย  on the green light from my boss toย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด
45:00
buy a new one because your bossย  has to give you the green lightย ย 
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45:05
to buy a new computer because theย  company is paying for that computer.
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์Šน์ธ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒˆ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
45:11
Let's continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
45:13
In the statement announcing the approval,ย  commissioners acknowledge that data on howย ย 
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์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ช…์—์„œ ์œ„์›๋“ค์€
45:20
autonomous vehicle safety records compare withย  regular cars was limited, so they approved it.
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์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰์ฐจ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์™€ ๋น„๊ต๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
45:29
The commissioners are the people on this board,ย  the Commission, California Public Utilitiesย ย 
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์œ„์›์€ ์ด ์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์›ํšŒ, ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ณต๊ณต ์œ ํ‹ธ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ
45:38
Commission, this is the board and this wordย  Commission, that's where the word commissioners,ย ย 
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์œ„์›ํšŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ„์›ํšŒ์ด๊ณ  ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
45:45
people who are on the board, people who are partย  of the Commission, that's where that comes from.
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์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค, ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—์„œ ์˜จ๋‹ค.
45:51
So these people, the four people, evenย  though they approved the expansion,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๋„ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
45:56
they gave it the green light night.
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์Šน์ธ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
45:58
They acknowledge, they said publicly that theyย  don't have data on the safety of the robo taxisย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํƒ์‹œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋กœ๋ณดํƒ์‹œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
46:10
compared to a regular taxi, but clearly that didย  not prevent them from giving the green light.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ง‰์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:19
And that's the end of our article.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:23
So I have a question for you.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:25
Do you give me the greenย  light to make more videos?
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์Šน์ธํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
46:29
Just like this.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:30
One, if so, then you canย  put in the comments section.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋Œ“๊ธ€ ์„น์…˜์— ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:34
Jennifer, I give you the greenย  light to make more videos.
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์ œ๋‹ˆํผ ์”จ, ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋“œ๋ ค์š”.
46:38
Of course I want you to practice this expression,ย ย 
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„๋„ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ์š”.
46:42
which is why I want you to leave this in theย  comments and I also want to see if you like.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ“๊ธ€๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๊ณ  , ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“œ์‹œ๋Š”์ง€ ์ €๋„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:47
This video so if you.
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
46:49
Give me the green light, then I know.
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๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ดˆ๋ก๋ถˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:51
That you like.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.
46:53
This video and you want me to keepย  making more videos just like this one?
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์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋” ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
46:57
If this is too long for you to write,ย ย 
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๊ธ€์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ธธ์–ด์„œ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด,
46:59
I understand You could also just Simplyย  put green light in the comments section.
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์ดํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋Œ“๊ธ€ ์„น์…˜์— ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ถˆ์„ ์ผœ์…”๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:03
So I know you want me to makeย  more videos just like this one,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:07
so put that in the comments only if you.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์— ์ ์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
47:10
Approve of.
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์Šน์ธํ•˜๋‹ค.
47:11
Course.
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๊ฐ•์˜.
47:12
Now that's the end of the.
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์ด์ œ ์˜ ๋์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:13
Article So what?
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๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด์ฉŒ์ฃ ?
47:14
I'll do is.
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47:14
I'll go to the.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ• ๊ฒŒ.
๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
47:15
Beginning I'll read the article from start toย ย 
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฝ์–ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
47:17
finish and this time you canย  focus on my pronunciation.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๋ฐœ์Œ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:21
Robotaxi Expansion Gets Green Light in Sanย  Francisco 2 Robotaxi companies have beenย ย 
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Robotaxi ํ™•์žฅ์ด ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ”์—์„œ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค 2๊ฐœ์˜ Robotaxi ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
47:28
given the green light to start chargingย  for service throughout San Francisco.
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์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ” ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:33
The move marks a majorย  expansion for the companies,ย ย 
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์›€์ง์ž„์€
47:37
which previously faced limits on whenย  or where they could charge for rides.
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์ด์ „์— ์Šน์ฐจ ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œํ•œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ๋˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ, ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€, ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
47:43
Approval from regulators cameย  despite objections from policeย ย 
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๊ทœ์ œ ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ์Šน์ธ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
47:47
and fire officials, activists and others.
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.
47:50
Analysts say the decisionย  could usher in a new era.
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๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์—ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:54
For driverless car services.
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๋ฌด์ธ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด.
47:57
Wimo, which shares a parent company with Googleย ย 
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Google๊ณผ ๋ชจํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ 
48:01
and has been offering free rides inย  his driverless cars since last year,ย ย 
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ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž‘๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌด์ธ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ํƒ‘์Šน์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์˜จ Wimo๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ
48:07
called the decision the true beginning ofย  our commercial operations in San Francisco.
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๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ”์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์—… ์šด์˜์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:14
Driverless car services have been slow toย  live up to the promises of transformingย ย 
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๋ฌด์ธ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” 10์—ฌ ๋…„ ์ „ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ตํ†ต ํ˜์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ฝ์†์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋”๋””์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
48:19
transport that accompanied the start ofย  their development more than a decade ago.
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.
48:25
They have been bogged down by technology glitches,ย ย 
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๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐํ•จ, ์•ˆ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€, ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋ ์— ๋น ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
48:29
safety fears and high profileย  accidents involving vehicles.
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.
48:35
The California Public Utilities Commission hadย  twice postponed the vote and on Thursday heardย ย 
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ณต๊ณต์‚ฌ์—… ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชฉ์š”์ผ์—๋Š” ์ง€์ง€์ž์™€ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ
48:42
more than six hours of testimony from theย  public, including supporters and critics.
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๋Œ€์ค‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ ์ฆ์–ธ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
48:49
The board approved the expansion 3:00 to 1:00.
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์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” 3์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:52
Critics raised concerns about safety records andย  claimed the cars often caused traffic incidentsย ย 
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๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€
48:59
by abruptly shutting down or failingย  to make way for emergency responders.
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ •์ง€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‘๊ธ‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์›์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ตํ†ต ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:06
In the statement announcing the approval,ย  commissioners acknowledge that data onย ย 
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์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ช…์—์„œ ์œ„์›๋“ค์€
49:11
how autonomous vehicle safety recordsย  compare with regular cars was limited.
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์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰์ฐจ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์™€ ๋น„๊ต๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:17
I hope you enjoyed that article,ย  now let's continue to the next one.
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ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์› ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”์„ฑ์—์„œ์˜
49:23
Our headline Nice and short Lifeย  on Mars, a very interesting topic.
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๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ์งง์€ ์‚ถ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:30
A new study published in the journal Science showsย ย 
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Science ์ €๋„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
49:34
definitive evidence of organicย  matter on the surface of Mars.
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ํ™”์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:38
Organic matter simply means livingย  matter, matter that is living.
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์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ, ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:44
For example, in this picture, itย  looks like there's some green.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์—๋Š” ๋…น์ƒ‰์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:48
When you see green, you think plants.
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๋…น์ƒ‰์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:50
So it looks like living matter, organic matter.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด, ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:54
Now let's take a look at this.
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์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:55
Shows evidence shows definitive evidence.
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์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:59
When I see this, I say, wow, definitive evidence.
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์™€, ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋„ค์š”.
50:04
Definitive is an adjective thatย  means firm, final, or complete.
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ํ™•์ •์ ์ด๋ž€ ํ™•๊ณ ํ•จ, ์ตœ์ข…์ , ์™„์ „ํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:08
So this evidence is firm.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ํ™•๊ณ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:10
It's final.
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์ตœ์ข…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:12
You can think of.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:13
It as not to be questioned, soย  you can't question this evidence.
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์˜๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:18
It's firm and final, so real evidence it makes itย  a lot stronger of organic matter on the surfaceย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ํ™•๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์ข…์ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ™”์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
50:27
of Mars.
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.
50:28
Now notice here we have the journal Science,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— Science ์ €๋„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:32
and you see that Science has a capitalย  S This is because it's a proper nounย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Science์— ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์ž S๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ
50:38
and you need to capitalize the firstย  letter of a proper noun, proper noun.
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์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ ์œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:43
And it's a proper noun because theย  name of the journal is Science.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋„ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด Science์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณ ์œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:48
That's why it has a capital S But if you wereย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์ž S๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณผํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š”
50:52
just talking about the subjectย  science, I love science class.
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๊ณผ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:58
You don't need to capitalize it becauseย  in this case it's not a proper noun.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ  ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:03
The data was collected by NASA'sย  nuclear powered Rover Curiosity.
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” NASA์˜ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ํƒ์‚ฌ์„  ํ๋ฆฌ์˜ค์‹œํ‹ฐ(Rover Curiosity)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:09
Again, this is a great example Curiosity,ย  which you probably know as a noun.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” Curiosity์˜ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:14
Curiosity is a good thing when you're aย  student, but in this case it's the name of.
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ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์€ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ , ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ถ™์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:20
The Rover, the.
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๋กœ๋ฒ„, ๋‹ค.
51:22
Name of the Rover is Curiosity, andย  that's why we have a capital first letter.
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ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ Curiosity ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฒซ ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:28
It's a proper noun.
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๊ณ ์œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:30
It confirms the Rover Curiosity confirms earlierย ย 
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์ด๋Š” Rover Curiosity๊ฐ€
51:36
findings that the Red Planet onceย  contained carbon based compounds.
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๋ถ‰์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ํ•œ๋•Œ ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธ์‹œ์ผœ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:42
I'll be honest with you, I'm not exactlyย  sure what a carbon based compound is.
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์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:46
It's a compound that contains carbon.
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ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:49
That's all I know about that.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:52
Red Planet is another name for the planet Mars.
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๋ ˆ๋“œํ”Œ๋ž˜๋‹›(Red Planet)์€ ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๋‹ค.
51:56
Because it is red.
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๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:58
So when you see Red Planet, youย  know they're talking about Mars.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ Red Planet์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ™”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:05
These compounds they're talking about.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:07
The carbon based compounds,ย  also called organic molecules,ย ย 
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์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์ž๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์€
52:12
are essential ingredients forย  life as scientists understand it.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:17
Now notice how they explain what theseย  compounds are or why they're important?
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์ด์ œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€, ์™œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š” .
52:22
Because the average person like me whoย  doesn't have a scientific background,ย ย 
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๋‚˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
52:28
has no idea what a carbon based compound is.
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ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:31
So they explain what this is.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:33
So now I know, OK, essential meaning, veryย  important, extremely important, important,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์ €๋Š”
52:43
and not just important, very important, essentialย  ingredients for life as scientists understand it.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ถ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ, ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”, ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”, ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:54
So now I know you can't have lifeย  without these carbon based compounds,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ์—†์ด๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:59
and they have found definitive evidenceย  that these compounds exist on Mars,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ํ™”์„ฑ,ย ๋ถ‰์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
53:05
the Red Planet, essentially sayingย  that life on Mars is possible.
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. ์ด๋Š” ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”์„ฑ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:10
I've summarized all of the lesson notesย  and you can find them in a free lesson PDF.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ•์˜ PDF์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:16
You can look for the link.
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๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:17
In the description or in the first comment?
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์„ค๋ช…์— ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์— ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
53:21
Let's continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
53:22
The organic molecules wereย  found in Mars's Gale Crater,ย ย 
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์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š”
53:27
a large area that may have been aย  watery lake over 3 billion years ago.
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30์–ต ๋…„ ์ „์— ๋ฌผ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์˜€์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ธ ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ผ ๋ถ„ํ™”๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:34
The Rover encountered traces of theย  molecule in rocks extracted from the area.
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ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ์•”์„์—์„œ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํ”์ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:41
When you extract something, itย  means you remove it or take it out.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊บผ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:47
So they have a rock, and withinย  this rock there are molecules.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•”์„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด ์•”์„ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:52
So they took those moleculesย  out, they extracted it.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋‚ด์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:57
This is also.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‹ค.
53:58
The terminology you use, if youย  need to get a tooth removed,ย ย 
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ์น˜์•„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
54:03
you can extract a tooth whichย  means simply to remove it.
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์น˜์•„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์น˜์•„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:07
So to remove or take out.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊บผ๋‚ด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
54:10
To remove or take out.
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์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊บผ๋‚ด๋ ค๋ฉด.
54:13
And you remove.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:14
Something generally from something else.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ.
54:17
So you extract the molecules from the rock.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•”์„์—์„œ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:23
The rocks also contain sulfur, which scientistsย  speculate helped preserve the organics evenย ย 
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์•”์„์—๋Š” ์œ ํ™ฉ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์•”์„์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋„ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
54:31
when the rocks were exposed to the harshย  radiation on the surface of the planet.
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.
54:37
Remember, we're talking about the planet Mars.
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:41
Now let's take a look.
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์ด์ œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:42
At this verb speculate, a very commonย  verb, when you speculate on something,ย ย 
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์ด ๋™์‚ฌ speculate๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ, ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ถ”์ธกํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
54:53
it means you essentially guess what the answer is,ย ย 
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๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ถ”์ธกํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋ฉฐ,
54:57
and you do that because you don'tย  have enough information to be certain.
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ํ™•์‹ ํ•  ๋งŒํผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:03
If you're certain, it means you 100% no, soย  you can present that information as a fact.
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ํ™•์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด 100% ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:10
But if you're just guessing,ย  you use the verb speculate.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ถ”์ธก๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋™์‚ฌ ์ถ”์ธก์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:15
So when your audience hears speculate,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฒญ์ค‘์€ ์ถ”์ธก์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด
55:17
they know that you are not not 100%ย  certain you are in fact guessing.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ 100% ํ™•์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
55:24
So scientists speculate.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ถ”์ธกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:26
So they don't actually knowย  that this is 100% correct.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด 100% ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:30
It's their best guessed basedย  on the information they have.
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์ด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์ถ”์ธกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
55:36
Scientists speculate helped preserve the organicsย ย 
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์•”์„์ด ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋„ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
55:39
even that when the rocks wereย  exposed to the harsh radiation.
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.
55:44
Let's take a look at Harsh.
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Harsh๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:48
Harsh is an adjective, so I couldย  say exposed to the radiation,ย ย 
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Harsh๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:53
which means the radiation affected it.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:57
It was in the same area as the radiation,ย  so it was exposed to the radiation.
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋œ ๊ตฌ์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:06
To the harsh.
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๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ.
56:07
Radiation, so harsh is anย  adjective that modifies radiation,ย ย 
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Radiation, so์ž”์ธํ•จ์€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ,
56:12
and harsh means unpleasant, unkind,ย  cruel, or more severe than necessary.
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๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•จ์€ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ถˆ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ , ์ž”์ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ•„์š” ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:20
So radiation is very strong, and they'reย  saying that this radiation was very severe,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
56:28
perhaps more severe than it usually is, theย  harsh radiation on the surface of the planet.
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. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ–‰์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:39
Let's move on.
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๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
56:41
Scientists are quick to state that the presenceย  of these organic molecules is not sufficientย ย 
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋Š”
56:48
evidence for ancient life on Mars as the moleculesย  could have been formed by non living processes.
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ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์žฌ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
56:56
So here they're.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:58
Casting some doubt, ancient life on Mars.
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ํ™”์„ฑ์— ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์˜์‹ฌ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:02
So they're saying right now we don't haveย  enough evidence to say that previouslyย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€
57:09
in ancient times there was life onย  Mars, so that would be ancient life.
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๊ณ ๋Œ€์— ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:14
So not sufficient is saying we don'tย  have enough evidence not sufficient.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:22
So not enough, not enough toย  be convincing, not enough.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:27
And in this case to convince, youย  could say I don't have sufficient time.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:35
So in that case it's not enough time.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์š”.
57:38
To do.
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ํ• .
57:39
Something I don't have sufficientย  time to complete this article.
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์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:44
I don't have enough time to do it.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:51
So the scientists are suggesting there could beย  another reason why these molecules are there.
807
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:00
But it's still one of theย  most astonishing discoveriesย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ
58:05
which could lead to future revelations.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํญ๋กœ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:09
Let's take a look at astonishing as an adjective.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:13
This means surprising or it can be amazing.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋†€๋ž๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋†€๋ž๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:18
That was astonishing.
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์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์› ์–ด์š”.
58:20
That was amazing.
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์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์› ์–ด์š”.
58:21
But maybe it was that was astonishing.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:24
It was surprising at the same time.
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:27
So it depends on how it's being used.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:30
In this case, it could be really either theย ย 
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š”
58:32
most astonishing discoveries whichย  could lead to future revelations.
818
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํญ๋กœ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:38
Let's look at.
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์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ž.
58:39
Revelation.
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์‹œํ˜„.
58:40
In this case it's a noun.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:43
It comes from the verb reveal.
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๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:46
So when you reveal something,ย  you make that information known.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:51
It's the same case as a revelation.
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๊ณ„์‹œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:54
A revelation is when a fact becomes known.
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๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:59
Now it can be when a unknown fact becomes known.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ๋•Œ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:06
So before we didn't know it, andย  now we know it it's a revelation.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „์—๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ž์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:11
Or it can be when a secret fact becomes known,ย ย 
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๋˜๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์„œ
59:15
so certain people knew it butย  the general public didn't.
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ํŠน์ • ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:20
Not so when the general public found out.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ์•Œ์•˜์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:24
What a revelation.
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์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ณ„์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:26
Remember, this comes from the verbย  to reveal, and you reveal a secret,ย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ , ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
59:33
which means you share a secret that youย  previously had not shared, especially whenย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ
59:40
one considers the other startling fine thatย  curiosity uncovered around five years ago.
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์•ฝ 5๋…„ ์ „์— ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฒŒ๊ธˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ ๋”์šฑ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:47
Remember, curiosity is the name of NASA's.
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ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์€ NASA์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
59:51
Rover.
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์ž„์‹œ ๊ณผ๋…. ํ™”์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ
59:52
Which is the machine that operatesย  on the surface of the planet Mars.
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์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š” ?
59:57
Now let's look at startling asย  an adjective, a startling fine.
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์ด์ œ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ, ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฒŒ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:02
When something is startling, it's.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋†€๋ž„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:06
Surprising, but usually in a worrisome way.
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๋†€๋ž์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฑ์ •์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:12
So you could say I went to the doctor and Iย  got some startling news that doesn't sound veryย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ”๋”๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:18
good because it's news that surprised you, butย  generally in a negative way, in a worrisome way.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์†Œ์‹์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹, ๊ฑฑ์ •์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:28
So especially when one considersย  the other startling find,ย ย 
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ,
60:32
that curiosity uncovered around five years ago.
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๊ทธ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์€ ์•ฝ 5๋…„ ์ „์— ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:35
So we'll find out what that startling find is,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€,
60:38
that surprising find, but somehow in some sortย  of a negative way, perhaps a worrisome way.
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๊ทธ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ฑฑ์ •์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
60:46
The.
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60:46
Rover analyzes the air around it periodically.
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๊ทธ๋งŒํผ.
๋กœ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:51
Periodically is an adverb that means fromย  time to time, periodically from time to time.
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Periodically๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ, ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:02
So consistently means all the time, butย  periodically means perhaps once a weekย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ
61:09
or once a day, so on a schedule, but notย  all the time, which would be consistently.
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๋˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ( ํ•ญ์ƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ) ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:17
And in 2014 it Rover it found theย  air contained another of the mostย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2014๋…„์— Rover๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ
61:24
basic organic molecules and a keyย  ingredient of natural gas, methane.
853
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ์ฒœ์—ฐ ๊ฐ€์Šค์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ธ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:31
So the Rover.
854
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋กœ๋ฒ„. ํ™”์„ฑ
61:32
Found another molecule onย  the planet Mars, Methane.
855
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์—์„œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์ž์ธ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
61:39
One of the characteristics of methane isย  that it only survives a few 100 years.
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๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ ํŠน์ง• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” 100๋…„ ์ •๋„๋ฐ–์— ์ƒ์กดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:46
So a few 100.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋Š” 100๊ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:48
To me that sounds like 300, maybe 400, maybe 500,ย ย 
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๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” 300๊ฐœ, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ 400๊ฐœ, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด 500๊ฐœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:54
because a few is more thanย  two, because 2 is a couple.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋Š” 2๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์ด๊ณ , 2๊ฐœ๋Š” ํ•œ ์Œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:00
A couple 100 years is 2, and few is generally moreย  than two, but less than definitely less than 10.
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100๋…„์€ 2๋…„์ด๊ณ , ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 2๋…„๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ 10๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:09
Three to five, I would say a few 100 years.
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3~5๋…„์€ ๋ช‡ ๋ฐฑ๋…„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:13
This means that something somewhereย  on Mars is replenishing the supply.
862
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์ด๋Š” ํ™”์„ฑ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:20
When something is replenish,ย  it means it's filled up again.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ถฉ๋˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฑ„์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:27
So for example, if a lake hadย  water and then there was a drought,ย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์— ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์ด ๋“ค๋ฉด
62:34
very dry conditions and all the water evaporated.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฆ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:38
So if you.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด.
62:40
Put more water in that lake.
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๊ทธ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์— ๋ฌผ์„ ๋” ๋„ฃ์œผ์„ธ์š”.
62:42
You're replenishing the lake,ย  you're filling the lake again.
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ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:47
So they're saying thatย  something on the planet Mars.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ™”์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:53
Is.
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62:53
Replenishing the supply ofย  methane, which could be.
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์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํƒ„
๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ๋ณด์ถฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:00
The.
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63:00
Startling find It's surprising, andย  maybe there's reason to be concerned.
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๊ทธ๋งŒํผ.
๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ๋ คํ•  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:06
What is this that's replenishing the supply?
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๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
63:09
How is it doing this?
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์ด ์ž‘์—…์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
63:11
What does it mean for us on Earth?
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
63:13
That could be the startling part.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:18
According to NASA, Mars emitsย  thousands of tons of methane at a time.
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NASA์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ™”์„ฑ์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ํ†ค์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:26
The verb.
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๋™์‚ฌ.
63:28
Emit simply means.
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๋ฐฉ์ถœ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:31
To to produce.
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์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด.
63:33
Or to send out, to produce or send out.
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๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋‚ด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
63:40
But we use this in very specific cases.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:43
We use it with gases.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:45
In this case we also use this with sounds sounds.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ(sounds)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:49
So the.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ.
63:50
The truck.
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ํŠธ๋Ÿญ.
63:51
Emits a lot of gas for one, and a lot of noise.
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1๊ฐœ๋‹น ๊ฐ€์Šค๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ์Œ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:58
Oh, the sound that that truck is emitting or theย  building is emitting, It's really hurting my ears.
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์•„ ์ € ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋ง ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๋„ค์š”.
64:06
We also use this for light.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ๋ช…์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:09
So the airport emits a lot of light.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณตํ•ญ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น›์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:12
It's blinding.
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๋ˆˆ์ด ๋ถ€์‹œ๋‹ค.
64:14
Mars emits thousands of tons of methane at a time.
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ํ™”์„ฑ์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ํ†ค์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:19
The level of methane rises and fallsย  as seasonal intervals in the year,ย ย 
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๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์ค‘ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์  ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฝ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
64:26
almost as if the planet is breathing.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆจ์‰ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:29
It sounds a little strange.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:32
Perhaps that's the startling information here.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ •๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:38
NASA suspects the methane comes fromย  deep under the surface of the planet.
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NASA๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ํ™”์„ฑ
64:45
The variations in temperature on the surfaceย  of Mars cause the molecule, which is methane.
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ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:51
To.
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์—๊ฒŒ.
64:52
Flow upwards at higher or lower levels.
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๋” ๋†’๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์œ„์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:56
OK, so this is the scientists.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:00
Are speculating because if youย  suspect something you don'tย ย 
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์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ™•์‹ค ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜์‹ฌ
65:06
know for sure otherwise you would sayย  NASA knows the methane comes but theyย ย 
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ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด NASA๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
65:14
suspect which means they're about 80% sureย  they're guessing so again you could also.
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์˜์‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์•ฝ 80% ํ™•์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:21
Use the verb.
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๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
65:22
Speculate.
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์ถ”์ธกํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
65:24
NASA speculates the methane comesย  from deep under the surface.
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NASA๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์ด ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
65:29
So they.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€.
65:30
Don't know 100%.
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100% ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
65:33
For example, in the winter the gas couldย  get trapped in underground icy crystals.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ•˜ ์–ผ์Œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๊ฐ‡ํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:40
OK, so this is what's happening to the methane.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:44
These crystals, called class rates,ย  melt in the summer and release the gas.
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ํด๋ž˜์Šค ์š”๊ธˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ๋…น์•„ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:50
So this.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ.
65:51
Is their theory on how this gas is beingย  released at different times of the year?
915
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์ด ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ค‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š” ?
65:58
In winter, it's frozen.
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๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ์–ผ์–ด๋ถ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:00
The gas is frozen in these icy crystals.
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๊ฐ€์Šค๋Š” ์ด ์–ผ์Œ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์†์— ์–ผ์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:05
But in summer, when these crystalsย  melt, they release the methane again.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๋…น์œผ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:10
This is not a fact.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:12
Because they're speculating.
920
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:14
They suspect this is what is happening.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์˜์‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:17
They don't know it to be.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:18
True.
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์ง„์‹ค.
66:19
However, the source.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์†Œ์Šค.
66:20
Of the methane is still a complete mystery.
925
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๋ฉ”ํƒ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:25
Complete is an adjective, and it meansย  very great or the highest possible.
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์™„์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค(Complete)๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:36
So we're saying it's a mystery,ย  but not just a mystery.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:40
Imagine the greatest mystery.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
66:43
You've ever thought of?
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณธ ์  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
66:45
That's a complete mystery.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:48
It's a very great mystery,ย  the highest mystery possible.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:52
It's a complete mystery.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:56
So the source, meaning how the methane is thereย  originally, where does the methane come from?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ถœ์ฒ˜, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์ด ์›๋ž˜ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ , ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์€ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
67:04
That is a complete mystery.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
67:07
The world of astrobiology considers bothย  of these studies a historical milestone.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๋‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ด์ •ํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
67:18
A milestone is an important event andย  it's an important event in history orย ย 
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์ด์ •ํ‘œ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋ฉฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
67:25
in your life as well an important eventย  in history or one's life For example,ย ย 
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๋˜ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
67:34
one of the big milestones isย  when you graduate from school.
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ํฐ ์ด์ •ํ‘œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
67:39
That's a milestone that's an importantย  event in your life when you graduate,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์กธ์—…ํ•  ๋•Œ,
67:43
when you get married, when you get your.
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๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•  ๋•Œ, ์กธ์—…ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์ •ํ‘œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
67:45
First job When you have aย  baby, you buy your first.
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์ฒซ ์ง์žฅ ์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง์žฅ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
67:48
Car buy your first house.
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์ž๋™์ฐจ๋กœ ์ฒซ ์ง‘์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
67:50
These are all milestones, but of courseย  there are also historical milestones,ย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด์ •ํ‘œ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์ด์ •ํ‘œ๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
67:56
and this, the information found in theseย  studies, is one of those milestones.
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์ •ํ‘œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
68:03
According to this information,ย  Mars is not a dead planet,ย ย 
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์ด ์ •๋ณด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ™”์„ฑ์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€
68:07
so of course a dead planet would beย  a planet that cannot sustain life.
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๋กœ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ฃฝ์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
68:13
On the contrary.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ.
68:14
We use this.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
68:15
As a transition word, when we wantย  to introduce a contrasting point,ย ย 
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์ „ํ™˜์–ด๋กœ, ๋Œ€์กฐ ์ง€์ ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋•Œ,
68:22
so dead planet is the one point.
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์ฃฝ์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ง€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
68:27
Now, the contrasting point would have toย  show something with life, and we can use.
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์ด์ œ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
68:32
On the contrary, Mars is not a dead planet.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™”์„ฑ์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
68:35
On the contrary, it is quite active withย  life, with molecules, with organic matter,ย ย 
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ƒ๋ช…, ๋ถ„์ž, ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํ™œ๋™์ ์ด๋ฉฐ
68:43
and maybe changing and becoming more habitable.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
68:47
If you describe something as habitable,ย ย 
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๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
68:50
it means you're able to liveย  there because the conditions are.
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์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๊ฐ–์ถฐ์ ธ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
68:56
Appropriate so able to live there.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ƒํ™œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ ํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:02
For example, a very, very old house thatย  has a lot of damage might not be habitable.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ง‘์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:10
It's not suitable to live there,ย  you're not able to live there.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ์‚ด๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .ย ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:14
Or after a flood or natural disaster,ย  maybe your home is no longer habitable.
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๋˜๋Š” ํ™์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง‘์— ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:23
Of course, this means furtherย  research is necessary.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:26
Scientists say they need toย  send new equipment to Mars,ย ย 
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
69:30
equipment that can measure theย  air and soil with more precision.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ํ† ์–‘์„ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ™”์„ฑ์— ๋ณด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:34
More precision is anotherย  way of saying more accuracy.
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๋” ๋†’์€ ์ •๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:39
Accuracy.
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์ •ํ™•์„ฑ.
69:40
They need to be more accurate.
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์ข€ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:44
There are already missions underway.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์ž„๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:47
Underway means they're in progress now.
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Underway๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:51
In Progress now in progress Now, theย  European Space Agency's exo Mars shipย ย 
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์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘ ํ˜„์žฌ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ™”์„ฑ ์™ธ๊ณ„ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์ด
69:59
lands in 2020 and will be able to drill intoย  the ground on Mars to analyze what it finds.
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2020๋…„์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”์„ฑ ๋•…์„ ๋šซ๊ณ  ํƒ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
70:07
Additionally, NASA is sending another Mars Roverย ย 
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๋˜ํ•œ NASA๋Š”
70:11
in the same year to collect samples ofย  Martian soil and return them to Earth.
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๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์— ํ™”์„ฑ ํ† ์–‘ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™”์„ฑ ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
70:18
So Martian.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํ™”์„ฑ์ธ.
70:21
This comes from the word Mars.
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ํ™”์„ฑ(Mars)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
70:25
Just.
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70:25
Like if you.
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70:25
Live in Italy, you're an Italian.
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๋‹จ์ง€.
๋‹น์‹ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ.
์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
70:28
If you live on Mars, you're a Martian.
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ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ™”์„ฑ์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
70:32
That can be something youย  can maybe look forward to.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
70:36
So live on Mars equals Martian, Martian soil,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™”์„ฑ, ํ™”์„ฑ ํ† ์–‘,
70:43
Italian wine, pizza, tomatoes,ย  for example, Martian soil.
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์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์™€์ธ, ํ”ผ์ž, ํ† ๋งˆํ† , ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ™”์„ฑ ํ† ์–‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
70:50
And notice how Mars, Martianย  Earth also have that capitalย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Mars, Martian Earth๋„
70:55
first letter because they are proper nouns.
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๊ณ ์œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์ž ์ฒซ ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—
70:59
Remember we talked about properย  nouns at the beginning, proper nouns.
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๊ณ ์œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ, ๊ณ ์œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š” .
71:03
So you need capital first letter.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์ž ์ฒซ ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:05
And here Nassau is in all capitalsย  because we also capitalize acronyms.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ Nassau๋Š” ๋‘๋ฌธ์ž์–ด๋„ ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:12
So each letter stands for something.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ ๊ธ€์ž๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:15
To be honest, I don't know what NASA stands for.
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์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์„œ NASA๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:19
I think the SA is space agency national.
989
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๋‚˜๋Š” SA๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:25
What's the a association space agency?
990
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ํ˜‘ํšŒ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
71:30
That doesn't sound right.
991
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ณ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:31
What is the?
992
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๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
71:32
Acronym for NASA, do you know?
993
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NASA์˜ ์•ฝ์–ด, ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”? ์†”์งํžˆ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
71:35
Put it in the comments becauseย  honestly, I'm not sure.
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๋Œ“๊ธ€์— ์ ์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š” .
71:37
I'm pretty sure SA is space agency,ย ย 
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SA๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:40
but I don't know what the N and the Aย  stand for because nobody ever says it.
996
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ N๊ณผ A๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:45
Everybody says NASA.
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๋‹ค๋“ค NASA๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
71:49
Let's continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
71:50
Again, let me know in the comments.
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๋‹ค์‹œํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋Œ“๊ธ€๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
71:53
The possibility of life on Mars hasย  fascinated humans for generations.
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ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋งค๋ฃŒ์‹œ์ผœ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:58
It has been the subject of endlessย  science fiction novels and films.
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์ด๋Š” ๋์—†๋Š” SF ์†Œ์„ค๊ณผ ์˜ํ™”์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
72:02
If you describe something as endless,ย  it means again and again and again.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
72:07
So as you know, there are alwaysย  movies and books about aliens,ย ย 
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ,
72:14
Martians, life on other planets, right?
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ํ™”์„ฑ์ธ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜ํ™”์™€ ์ฑ…์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
72:18
So again and again and again.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ.
72:21
Non ending.
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๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
72:22
Again and again non ending.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
72:26
Endless.
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๋์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
72:28
Are we alone in the universe?
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์šฐ์ฃผ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
72:31
Oh, or have there been other lifeย  forms within our solar system?
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์•„, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
72:37
If the current missions to the Redย  Planet, which again means Mars.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ž„๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ํ™”์„ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ‰์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ.
72:45
Mars.
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ํ™”์„ฑ.
72:47
If the current missions toย  the Red Planet continue, itย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ถ‰์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž„๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
72:51
looks as if we may discover the answer very soon.
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๋จธ์ง€์•Š์•„ ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
72:57
Wow, isn't that a interestingย  way to end an article?
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์™€, ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
73:03
So that's our article on Mars.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™”์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
73:06
Now I will go back and I'll readย  the article from start to finishย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
73:10
and this time you can focus on my pronunciation.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๋ฐœ์Œ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
73:14
Life on Mars.
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ํ™”์„ฑ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ.
73:16
A new study published in the journal Science showsย ย 
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Science ์ €๋„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
73:20
definitive evidence of organicย  matter on the surface of Mars.
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ํ™”์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
73:26
The data was collected by NASA'sย  nuclear powered Rover Curiosity.
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” NASA์˜ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ํƒ์‚ฌ์„  ํ๋ฆฌ์˜ค์‹œํ‹ฐ(Rover Curiosity)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
73:32
It confirms earlier findings that the Redย  Planet once contained carbon based compounds.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ถ‰์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ํ•œ๋•Œ ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ํฌํ•จํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธ์‹œ์ผœ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
73:39
These compounds, also called organicย  molecules, are essential ingredients for life.
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์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์ž๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
73:45
As scientists understand it.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ.
73:49
The organic molecules were foundย  in Mars's Gale Cater, a large areaย ย 
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์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” 30์–ต ๋…„ ์ „์— ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ธ ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ Gale Cater์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
73:55
that may have been a wateryย  link over 3 billion years ago.
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.
74:00
The Rover encountered traces of theย  molecule in rocks extracted from the area.
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ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ์•”์„์—์„œ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํ”์ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
74:08
The rocks also contain sulfur, which scientistsย  speculate helped preserve the organics evenย ย 
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์•”์„์—๋Š” ์œ ํ™ฉ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์•”์„์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋„ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
74:14
when the rocks were exposed to the harshย  radiation on the surface of the planet.
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.
74:21
Scientists are quick to state that the presence ofย  these organic molecules is not sufficient evidenceย ย 
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
74:28
for ancient life on Mars, as the moleculesย  could have been formed by non living processes.
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๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์žฌ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
74:36
But it's still one of the mostย  astonishing discoveries whichย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ
74:40
could lead to future revelations,ย  especially when one considers theย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํญ๋กœ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ
74:46
other startling find that Curiosityย  uncovered around five years ago.
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Curiosity๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 5๋…„ ์ „์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ๋”์šฑ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
74:53
The Rover analyzes the air around it periodically,ย  and in 2014 it found the air contained another ofย ย 
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๋กœ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2014๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
75:01
the most basic organic molecules and aย  key ingredient of natural gas, methane.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์ž์ด์ž ์ฒœ์—ฐ ๊ฐ€์Šค์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ธ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75:09
One of the characteristics of methane isย  that it only survives a few 100 years.
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๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ ํŠน์ง• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” 100๋…„ ์ •๋„๋ฐ–์— ์ƒ์กดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75:15
This means that something somewhereย  on Mars is replenishing the supply.
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์ด๋Š” ํ™”์„ฑ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75:22
According to NASA, Mars emitsย  thousands of tons of methane at a time.
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NASA์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ™”์„ฑ์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ํ†ค์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75:28
This level of methane rises and fallsย  at seasonal intervals in the year,ย ย 
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์ด ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์—ฐ์ค‘ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์  ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ์Šน ๋ฐ ํ•˜๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
75:34
almost as if the planet is breathing it.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ˜ธํกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75:38
NASA suspects the methane comes fromย  deep under the surface of the planet.
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NASA๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ํ™”์„ฑ
75:43
The variations in temperature on theย  surface of Mars cause the molecule.
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ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75:48
To.
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75:48
Flow upwards at higher and higher levels.
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์—๊ฒŒ. ์ ์ 
๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์œ„์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75:53
For example, in the winter, the gas couldย  get trapped in underground icy crystals.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜ ์–ผ์Œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๊ฐ‡ํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75:59
These crystals, called class rates,ย  melt in the summer and release the gas.
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ํด๋ž˜์Šค ์š”๊ธˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ๋…น์•„ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:05
However, the source of the methaneย  is still a complete mystery.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:10
The world of astrobiology considers bothย  of these studies as historical milestones.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๋‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ด์ •ํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:17
According to this information,ย  Mars is not a dead planet.
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์ด ์ •๋ณด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ™”์„ฑ์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:22
On the contrary, it is quite active and mayย  be changing and becoming more habitable.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋งค์šฐ ํ™œ๋™์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋” ์ ํ•ฉํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:29
Of course, this means furtherย  research is necessary.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:33
Scientists say they need toย  send new equipment to Mars,ย ย 
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
76:37
equipment that can measure theย  air and soil with more precision.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ํ† ์–‘์„ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ™”์„ฑ์— ๋ณด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:42
There are already missions underway.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์ž„๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:45
The European Space Agency's EXOย  Mars ship lands in 2020 and willย ย 
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ โ€‹โ€‹์šฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ์˜ EXO ํ™”์„ฑ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์€ 2020๋…„์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ™”์„ฑ
76:52
be able to drill into the groundย  on Mars to analyze what it finds.
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๋•…์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋šซ์–ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:58
Additionally, NASA is sending another Mars Roverย ย 
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๋˜ํ•œ NASA๋Š”
77:01
in the same year to collect samples ofย  Martian soil and return them to Earth.
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๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์— ํ™”์„ฑ ํ† ์–‘ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™”์„ฑ ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
77:07
The possibility of life on Mars hasย  fascinated humans for generations.
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ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋งค๋ฃŒ์‹œ์ผœ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
77:13
It has been the subject of endlessย  science fiction novels and films.
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์ด๋Š” ๋์—†๋Š” SF ์†Œ์„ค๊ณผ ์˜ํ™”์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
77:18
Are we alone in the universe or have thereย  been other life forms within our solar system?
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์šฐ์ฃผ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
77:25
If the current missions.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฉด.
77:26
To the Red Planet continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ‰์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
77:28
It looks as if we mayย  discover the answer very soon.
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๊ณง ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
77:32
I hope you enjoyed that article,ย  now let's continue to the next one.
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ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์› ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
77:38
Our article is called Time Travel.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
77:42
Let's start the first section.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„น์…˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
77:44
Time travel took a small step away fromย  science fiction and toward science.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์€ SF์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
77:52
So you have here is science fiction.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ SF ์†Œ์„ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
77:55
Fiction is the opposite of fact.
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ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค.
77:58
So we have two categories.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:00
We have fiction which is not real.
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ํ˜„์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:03
Like.
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78:03
Harry Potter And then we haveย  non fiction which is real,ย ย 
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์ข‹๋‹ค.
Harry Potter ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
78:08
like a historical biography or autobiography.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ „๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์ž์„œ์ „๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ค์ œ ๋…ผํ”ฝ์…˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:13
I wrote those definitions here.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:15
So time travel took a step away from fiction,ย  so away from not true and toward true.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์€ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ง ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:26
Here notice how we have theย  word toward as a preposition.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋กœ to๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์„ธ์š” .
78:30
2 spellings are correct.
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2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฒ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:32
You can say toward or towards with an S, so.
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S๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋˜๋Š” ํ–ฅํ•ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:36
If you hear.
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๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด.
78:37
Someone say towards with an S it's not incorrect.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ S๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:41
Both of them.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค.
78:42
Are grammatically correct andย  acceptable and towards scienceย ย 
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๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ—ˆ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๊ฐ€๊น์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:46
Recently when physicists discovered thatย  subatomic particles known as neutrinos.
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์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์•„์›์ž ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:53
Neutrinos.
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์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž.
78:55
Just listen to my pronunciation.
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๋‚ด ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
78:57
Neutrinos can exceed the speed of light.
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์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
79:01
So if you exceed something, itย  means you've gone beyond it.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„ฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
79:07
Now in this case, they're talking about speed.
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์ด์ œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์†๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
79:09
So to go beyond means to go faster than if youย  exceeded your spending limit on your credit card.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ ์ง€์ถœ ํ•œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
79:19
You've.
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79:19
Gone beyond that limit, which means you'veย  spent more money than you have available.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ธˆ์•ก๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ์ง€์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
79:26
And notice here we have can which is a modal verbย  and then we have exceed, which is the base verb.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์ธ can์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ์ธ ์ดˆ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
79:35
So grammatically you alwaysย  have modal plus base verb,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
79:40
not the infinitive can toย  exceed no, just can exceed.
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๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ๋Š” can to Beyond no, just can extra๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
79:46
So modal plus base verb canย  exceed the speed of light.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
79:51
So these new neutrinos, which areย  subatomic particles, don't worry,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•„์›์ž ์ž…์ž์ธ ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋Š” ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
79:55
I don't know what a neutrino is.
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์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
79:58
I don't really know what a subatomic particle.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„์›์ž ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
80:01
Is because I'm not a physicist, but I understandย ย 
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
80:05
that they're particles andย  they can go faster than the.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž…์ž์ด๊ณ  ์ž…์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
80:08
Speed of light.
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๋น›์˜ ์†๋„.
80:09
That is what I know based on theย  article, The Unassuming Particle.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ The Unassuming Particle์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
80:15
Unassuming is an adjective, and whenย  you describe something as unassuming,ย ย 
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Unassuming์€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ unassuming์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด
80:20
it means it doesn't attract aย  lot of interest or attention.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
80:25
So maybe you're walking down aย  street and there's a restaurant,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
80:30
but it doesn't attract your interest orย  attention because maybe it's very small.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
80:35
It doesn't look very nice from the outside.
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๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ข‹์•„๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋„ค์š”.
80:39
There isn't a lot of decorations.
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์žฅ์‹์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
80:41
The sign for the restaurant is very small, soย  you almost don't even notice the restaurant.
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์‹๋‹น ๊ฐ„ํŒ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์•„์„œ ์‹๋‹น์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
80:49
So it's an unassuming restaurant, butย  you go in and the food is delicious,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์‹๋‹น์ธ๋ฐ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์Œ์‹์ด ๋ง›์žˆ๊ธด
80:55
but you almost didn't noticeย  it because it's unassuming.
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ํ•œ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ํŽธ์ด๋ผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑ„์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š” .
80:59
So these particles, theseย  neutrinos, are unassuming.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž…์ž, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€
81:03
They don't attract a lot of attention orย  interest, likely because they're just very small.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
81:09
They're not considered somethingย  that's very important in science.
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๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
81:14
The unassuming particle, it is electricallyย  neutral, small, but with a non 0 mass.
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์ด ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ž…์ž๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ด๊ณ  ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด 0์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
81:22
So this is simply giving us moreย  information about what this particle is,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ด ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
81:27
because the average person doesย  not know what a neutrinos is.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
81:32
A physicist knows what this is,ย  but the average person does not.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
81:36
So this is giving us more information onย  this particle, the unassuming particle.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์ž…์ž, ์ฆ‰ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž…์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
81:42
It is electrically neutral, small butย  with a non 0 mass and able to penetrate.
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์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด 0์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
81:49
Now notice here able to penetrate isย  something missing from this expressionย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์นจํˆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์—์„œ ๋น ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
81:56
and able to penetrate the expression isย  to be able to that's the full expression.
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, ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
82:04
But notice it is electricallyย  neutral and able to penetrate.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ ์นจํˆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
82:13
So when we have and you don'tย  need to repeat the main.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
82:17
Verb.
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๋™์‚ฌ.
82:18
So you can say for example, she is tall and thin.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ ์”ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
82:25
OK, she is tall and thin, soย  you don't have to say she.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋ง๋ž์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ตณ์ด ๊ทธ๋…€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์–ด์š”. ํ‚ค๊ฐ€
82:29
Is tall and is thin.
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ํฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ ์”ฌํ•ด์š”.
82:33
You can get rid of this main verbย  and just say she is tall and thin.
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์ด ์ฃผ์š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ ์”ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ ๋งŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
82:39
The same thing is happening here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
82:42
The only difference is instead ofย  having one simple word like tall,ย ย 
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด ๋Œ€์‹ 
82:47
we have all of this information.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
82:51
So it's easy to forgetย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
82:54
that this is is also attached to able to becauseย  the expression is not able to it's be able to.
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can not to it's be to๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ์—ญ์‹œ could to์— ๋ถ™๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
83:05
OK, so for example, you can'tย  say she able to speak Japanese.
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
83:13
You can't say that this is grammaticallyย  incorrect because the verb to be is missing.
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to be ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น ์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
83:19
So I'll put a :( and an X she.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” :( ์™€ X she๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
83:22
Is able to speak Japanese so now.
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์ด์ œ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
83:28
This is correct because we have toย  be able and then your infinitive.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด we have to be ย  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
83:35
So that is what it's happening here and able to.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
83:39
But we're using the verb to be forย  both sections before and and after.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” be ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์•ž๊ณผ ๋’ค ๋ชจ๋‘์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
83:45
And so don't forget that withย  able to and able to penetrate,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์นจํˆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์นจํˆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
83:52
when you penetrate something,ย  it simply means you go into.
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๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ์นจํˆฌ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
83:56
So let's say I'm putting cream on my skin.
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€.
84:00
When the, when the cream goes intoย  my skin and you can no longer see it,ย ย 
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ํฌ๋ฆผ์ด ๋‚ด ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
84:06
it means the cream penetrated my skin.
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ํฌ๋ฆผ์ด ๋‚ด ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์นจํˆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
84:10
It went into my skin.
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84:13
So this neutron, this neutrinos can go into yourย  skin, it can penetrate the human form undetected.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์นจํˆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ง€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
84:25
So you don't.
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84:26
See something going into your skin?
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
84:30
Because they they're not visible,ย  they're so small that you can't see them.
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๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
84:34
So that means undetected, not visible, not known,ย  not visible, or not known, not known, undetected.
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๋ˆˆ์— ๋„์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ์‹œ๋จ, ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ, ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ, ๊ฐ์ง€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ. ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„์˜
84:51
Is on its way to becoming a rockย  star of the scientific world.
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๋ก์Šคํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
84:56
When you see this dash here and thenย  another dash, it means you can removeย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€์‹œ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์‹œ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉด
85:03
all of the information between the dashes andย  the sentence would be grammatically correct.
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๋Œ€์‹œ์™€ ๋Œ€์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‚ญ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
85:09
For example, let me read itย  without the information in blue.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
85:13
The unassuming particle is on its way toย  becoming a rock star of the scientific world.
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์ด ์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์ž…์ž๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ๋ก์Šคํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
85:19
Grammatically correct.
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๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
85:20
The information between the dashes is additionalย ย 
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๋Œ€์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ
85:24
supplementary information, and in thisย  case, it gives you more information aboutย ย 
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๋ณด์ถฉ ์ •๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋‰ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
85:29
what the nutrinos is because as I said,ย  the average person just doesn't know.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ ์ดย ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
85:35
Don't worry about writing all this down becauseย  I summarize everything in the free lesson PDF.
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ•์˜ PDF์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์š”์•ฝ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
85:42
So you can look in the descriptionย  below to download the free lesson PDF.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•„๋ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ•์˜ PDF๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
85:47
Let's continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
85:49
Researchers in Geneva sent the neutrinosย  hurtling through an underground corridor.
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์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ”์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ•˜ ๋ณต๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ์ง„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
85:57
Let's take a look at hurtling.
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์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ž…ํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
85:59
This means to move very fast, butย  it also implies in a dangerous way.
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์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
86:06
So when these neutrinos were hurtlingย  through the underground corridor.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ•˜ ๋ณต๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
86:11
So imagine the corridor is goingย  straight and the neutrinos are going.
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๋ณต๋„๊ฐ€ ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
86:15
Very fast, but maybe they're bangingย  against the sides of the wall.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ฒฝ ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํž ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
86:19
They're crashing into each other, not in a.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
86:22
Orderly, straight way.
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์งˆ์„œ์ •์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ๊ณง๊ฒŒ.
86:25
So you can use this, for example, with drivers,ย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์šด์ „์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
86:29
you might say the deliveryย  driver hurdled up my driveway.
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๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ ์šด์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์ง‘ ์ง„์ž…๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
86:34
So he came up your driveway, Heย  drove up your driveway very quickly,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ง„์ž…๋กœ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ง„์ž…๋กœ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”์ง€๋งŒ,
86:40
but also very dangerously so quickly.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
86:44
And maybe he's swerving.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
86:47
There's a object here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
86:49
He's going right for it.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
86:50
Maybe you're standing here andย  he doesn't seem to be stopping.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
86:54
He hurdled.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์„ ์ณค๋‹ค.
86:55
Up your driveway.
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์ง„์ž…๋กœ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
86:57
Let's continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
86:58
Researchers in Geneva sent the neutrinosย  hurtling through an underground corridorย ย 
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์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ”์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์€ ์ง€ํ•˜ ๋ณต๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋ฅผ
87:04
toward their colleagues or towards rememberย  their colleagues 730 kilometers away in Italy.
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๋™๋ฃŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ 730km ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
87:14
The neutrinos arrived promptly.
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์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
87:17
Promptly is an adverb and it means quicklyย  without delay, but also at the scheduled time.
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Promptly๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ง€์ฒด ์—†์ด ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
87:25
So for example, the meetingย  will start promptly at 9:00 AM.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํšŒ์˜๋Š” ์˜ค์ „ 9์‹œ์— ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
87:30
Often when you schedule a meeting at 9,ย ย 
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์ข…์ข… 9์‹œ์— ํšŒ์˜ ์ผ์ •์„ ์žก์„ ๋•Œ
87:32
some people might come to the meetingย  903905 just a little bit late.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํšŒ์˜์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
87:38
But if you say the meetingย  will start promptly at 9:00.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ 9์‹œ์— ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
87:42
I will.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊ฒŒ์š”.
87:43
Start the presentation at 900, not 901 or 902.
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901์ด๋‚˜ 902๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ 900์— ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
87:49
Promptly at 9:00, so immediately at 9:00.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ 9์‹œ์—, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ 9์‹œ์—์š”.
87:54
So in this case, the neutrinos arrivedย  promptly, so we can say quickly without delay.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง€์ฒด ์—†์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
87:59
So promptly, in fact, that they triggeredย  what scientists are calling the unthinkable.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ด‰๋ฐœ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:07
Let's look at triggered and unthinkable.
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ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:10
So first triggered.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:11
When something triggers something, itย  simply means it causes it to start.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:17
So the fact that the neutrinos traveled soย  promptly caused something else to start.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:28
And that something else is thatย  scientists are now rethinking time travel.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด์ œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:36
So that's the something you could say, forย  example, speaking in public triggers my anxiety.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์ด ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:44
So speaking in public causes my anxiety to start.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์•ž์—์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:50
I wrote that example here for you.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:53
Now, the unthinkable.
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์ด์ œ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:55
This is when something is just so shocking orย  unlikely that it's difficult for you to imagine,ย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
89:03
difficult for you to actually form a picture.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
89:06
For example, a world withoutย  language would be unthinkable.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
89:12
Can you even contemplate?
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
89:14
Can you think about what life wouldย  be like if nobody spoke any language?
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ถ์ด ์–ด๋–จ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
89:20
Language was not invented.
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
89:23
A human being never uttered, which means spoke,ย  never uttered a word, never spoke a word, ever.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋งํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋””๋„ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋””๋„ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
89:31
Could you even imagine how weย  would interact with each other?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ• ์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
89:35
It's unthinkable.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์ƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋‹ค.
89:37
It's so shocking and unlikely, weย  can't even really think about it.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
89:42
So time travel is anotherย  thing that's just unthinkable.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์€ ์ƒ์ƒ ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
89:45
Can you imagine what life wouldย  be like if we could time travel?
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ถ์ด ์–ด๋–จ์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
89:49
It's unthinkable that everything theyย  have learnt, known or taught stemmingย ย 
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89:55
from the last 100 years of the physicsย  discipline may need to be reconsidered.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ง€๋‚œ 100๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
90:02
So this is.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
90:03
The unthinkable that everything thatย  physicists know about their discipline,ย ย 
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
90:10
they may need to think about itย  again if time travel is possible.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
90:15
I want to point out the pastย  simple here of the verb learnย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ learn์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
90:20
because you might be confused as to why it has AT.
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์™œ AT๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
90:25
So learnt is the preferred spellingย  and pronunciation in British English.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ ์ž์™€ ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
90:33
In American English, which I teach, theย  preferred spelling and pronunciation is learned.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ ์ž์™€ ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
90:41
So notice we have a soft T here learnt andย  then in American learned with a soft D learned.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ T๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹์—์„œ๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ D๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
90:50
Both of them are grammatically correct, it'sย  just two countries preferred two different words.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‘ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
90:59
Everything they have learnt, known or taughtย  stemming from here to stem from simply means.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฐฐ์› ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:07
Come from to come from.
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์—์„œ ์˜ค๋‹ค.
91:11
Come from.
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์—์„œ ์˜ค์„ธ์š”.
91:14
So in this case, because it's in the gerundย  form, I'll put mine in the gerund form.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ €๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋„ฃ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:19
Coming from the last 100 years of the physicsย  discipline may need to be reconsidered.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ง€๋‚œ 100๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:25
So when you add re in front of theย  verb, it means you do the verb again.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ ์•ž์— re๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:31
So you need to consider again.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:35
So that means consider again because you addย  re reconsidered, we need to consider it again.
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์ฆ‰, ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:42
So let's say you asked your boss forย  a promotion and your boss said no.
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์ƒ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์Šน์ง„์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:48
Maybe you could say, can you reconsiderย  what he can you consider my proposal again?
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
91:57
And most likely he'll say no.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:00
But hey, maybe he'll say,ย  I guess I could reconsider.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:04
And then you can explain againย  why you deserve a promotion.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์Šน์ง„ํ•  ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:09
And maybe this time your boss will say yes.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:13
So it's always possible for someoneย  to reconsider the issue at stake.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํƒœ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:18
So at stake is simply whenย  something is being considered.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:23
So here the issue beingย  considered, the issue at stake,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์ค‘์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ์œ„ํƒœ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ
92:27
so being considered is a tiny segmentย  of time, precisely 60 nanoseconds.
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์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ 60๋‚˜๋…ธ์ดˆ์ธ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:36
So now they're going toย  explain what 60 nanoseconds is,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 60๋‚˜๋…ธ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:40
because the average person whoย  is not a physicist does not know.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:44
So 60 nanoseconds is 60 billionths of a second.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 60๋‚˜๋…ธ์ดˆ๋Š” 600์–ต๋ถ„์˜ 1์ดˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:50
So you have one second, and then you divide thatย  one second into billions and you take 60 of them.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 1์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ 1์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ค‘ 60๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
93:00
For me, I can't really comprehendย  what 60 billions of a second is,ย ย 
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๋‚˜๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์„œ 600์–ต 1์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
93:05
to be honest, because a second is like that.
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1์ดˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
93:08
And imagine you take 60 billions of that second.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ 600์–ต์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
93:13
It would be so, so fast.
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์ •๋ง ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
93:16
It's unthinkable.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์ƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋‹ค.
93:17
I can't even imagine what that would be.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒ์กฐ์ฐจ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
93:20
So notice I just used unthinkable.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ unthinkable์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
93:24
This is how much faster thanย  the speed of light the neutrinosย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ
93:28
managed to go in their undergroundย  travels, and at a consistent rate.
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์ง€ํ•˜ ์ด๋™์— ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
93:35
Even allowing for a margin ofย  error of 10 billionths of a second,ย ย 
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100์–ต๋ถ„์˜ 1์ดˆ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
93:41
this stands as proof that it isย  possible to race against light and win.
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์ด๋Š” ๋น›๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
93:49
So here they're comparing theย  speed of the neutrinos to the.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
93:55
Speed of light, which is just.
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๋น›์˜ ์†๋„, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
93:57
So fast that you and I, averageย  people can't really comprehendย ย 
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ €, ๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
94:03
understand how fast it is because it just happens.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ์ง€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ์ผ์ด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
94:07
So quickly.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ.
94:08
So they're just letting you knowย  it happened faster than the speedย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
94:13
of light and this allowing for a margin of error.
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์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
94:18
They're saying even if our calculation wasย  incorrect, don't worry, it's still accurate.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
94:26
So they accounted for that.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
94:28
They allowed some miscalculation in theirย  formula, and the neutrinos are still fasterย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์‹์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ , ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ
94:37
than the speed of light even if theirย  calculation is somewhat inaccurate.
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๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
94:42
So that's a margin of error.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋„ค์š”.
94:44
You'll see this a.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
94:45
Lot in study scientific studies, research studies.
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๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ.
94:50
A margin of error of 10 billionths of a second.
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์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 100์–ต๋ถ„์˜ 1์ดˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
94:55
The duration of the experiment.
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์‹คํ—˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„.
94:57
Duration is the length, theย  duration of the experiment,ย ย 
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๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ธธ์ด, ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„,
95:02
the length of this experiment,ย  the entire time of the experiment.
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์‹คํ—˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ์ „์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
95:07
So length or entire time of theย  experiment also accounted for.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
95:13
When you account for something,ย  you simply consider it.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
95:19
So they considered that margin of error thatย  their calculation may be somewhat inaccurate.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
95:26
So to consider also accounted for.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
95:31
Considered.
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์กด๊ฒฝ๋ฐ›๋Š”.
95:32
So here accounted for something.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
95:37
So notice the preposition.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
95:38
You account for something,ย  but you consider something.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช… ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
95:43
So we don't use considered for,ย  it's just considered because weย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ for๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋‹จ์ง€
95:48
don't need the preposition forย  and considered and ruled out.
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ for๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
95:53
The phrasal verb to rule something out is whenย  you no longer have something as a possibility,ย ย 
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š”,
96:03
so to no longer have an option as a possibility.
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์ฆ‰ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
96:10
So basically it means to excludeย  an option to exclude an option.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
96:17
So let's say you.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ • ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
96:18
Are considering different options maybeย  you're going to give your team a promotion,ย ย 
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ํŒ€์— ์Šน์ง„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
96:25
give them an extra vacation day or giveย  them free lunch on Fridays those are yourย ย 
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ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ์— ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์ ์‹ฌ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ง์›
96:32
three options to show your support for yourย  staff but you're going to rule out promotionsย ย 
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์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ต์…˜์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜์€ ์ œ์™ธ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
96:39
you're going to no longer consider thatย  as an option because you don't have theย ย 
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96:45
financial resources to offer promotionsย  and it's very expensive so you're going to.
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ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์žฌ์ •์  ์ž์›์ด ์—†๊ณ  ๋น„์šฉ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜ต์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
96:49
Rule out promotions.
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ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
96:51
Now you just have.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
96:52
Two options to consider.
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๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ต์…˜.
96:55
So they ruled out any possible lunar effects.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
96:58
Lunar is the moon so effects from the moon becauseย  the moon can influence time and tidal bulges.
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๋‹ฌ์€ ๋‹ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์กฐ์„ ๋Œ์ถœ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
97:07
I don't know what a bulge is, Iย  assume it's similar to a wave.
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๋Œ์ถœ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ํŒŒ๋„์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
97:12
And tidal relates to the tide.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
97:16
So going when the water goes inย  and out, that is called the tide.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
97:22
So tidal bulges in the Earth's crust.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์กฐ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์— ๋ถ€ํ’€์–ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
97:26
So this information is just to letย  you know that their calculationย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด
97:32
considered many different factorsย  to understand if they are wrong.
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
97:39
And they're still saying even ifย  we take all of this into account,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด
97:44
consider all of this, the neutrinos areย  still faster than the speed of light.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
97:51
Let's continue neverthelessย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
97:54
the transition word neither the neverthelessย  is used when you are going to have a contrast.
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์ „ํ™˜์–ด also the also๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
98:02
So here they're talking about all the reasons whyย  the neutrinos are faster than the speed of light.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
98:09
But now, because I have nevertheless, Iย  know they're going to introduce evidence to.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
98:14
Say that.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๋Œ€๋น„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ
98:15
This might not be true becauseย  there has to be a contrast,ย ย 
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
98:20
so this is a transition word usedย  to introduce a contrasting point.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ ์ง€์ ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
98:27
Nevertheless, there's plentyย  of reason to remain skeptical.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํšŒ์˜์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
98:30
Skeptical means I'm not sure if I believeย  you or I'm not sure if I believe this.
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ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด๋ž€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
98:39
Topic.
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์ฃผ์ œ.
98:40
I'm not sure if I believe thatย  we can travel through time.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
98:44
I'm skeptical so not sure if theย  person can be trusted or believed.
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ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
98:56
Person or information?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ๊ฐ€, ์ •๋ณด์ธ๊ฐ€?
98:58
In this case, it's theย  information they're presenting.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
99:02
Information can be trusted orย  believed, so I'm skeptical.
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์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํšŒ์˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
99:08
I'm not sure.
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์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
99:09
According to Harvard University science historianย  Peter Gallison, Einstein, Albert Einstein.
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ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ณผํ•™์‚ฌํ•™์ž ํ”ผํ„ฐ ๊ฐค๋ฆฌ์Šจ(Peter Gallison)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ, ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ(Albert Einstein).
99:16
Of course, Einstein's relativity theory hasย ย 
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™
99:20
been pushed harder than any theory inย  the history of the physical sciences.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋ก ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
99:25
Pushed harder than It means that every scientistย  has tried to prove that his theory is not correct,ย ย 
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๋” ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ€์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์˜ณ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๊ธฐ
99:35
so they've pushed his theory harder than anyย  theory in the history of the physical sciences.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋ก ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋” ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
99:41
Yet each prior challenge, prior means previous.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ด์ „ ๊ณผ์ œ, ์ด์ „์€ ์ด์ „์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
99:46
So each challenge that hadย  previously happened prior, previous.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด์ „์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
99:53
You see this a lot in job interviews.
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์ทจ์—… ๋ฉด์ ‘์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
99:55
Do you have any prior experience?
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์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
99:58
Do you have any previous experience?
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์ด์ „ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
100:01
So let me write that for you.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์“ฐ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
100:03
Do you have any prior experience in Excel?
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์ด์ „์— Excel์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
100:11
So Excel is a Microsoftย  software for organizing data.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ Excel์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ Microsoft ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
100:16
Do you have any prior experience in Excel?
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์ด์ „์— Excel์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
100:18
Do you have any previous experience?
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์ด์ „ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
100:21
Yet each prior challenge has come to no avail.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์ „์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋„์ „์€ ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
100:26
So remember, I said they've tried to.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
100:28
Prove.
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100:28
That Einstein's theory is inaccurate or incorrect,ย ย 
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์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค.
์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ‹€๋ ธ์ง€
100:32
but it's come to no avail, whichย  means they have not been successful.
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๋งŒ ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
100:38
So no avail means not successful.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•„๋ฌด ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
100:44
Let's review this example.
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์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
100:46
I asked my boss for a promotion but to no avail.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์Šน์ง„์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
100:50
So notice the expression is to noย  avail and this means not successful.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
100:56
So I didn't get the promotion.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Šน์ง„์„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
100:58
My boss said no but to no avail.
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๋‚ด ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฌด ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
101:01
I'm hopeful he'll reconsider.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค.
101:04
I'm hopeful that's just another wayย  of saying I hope he'll reconsider.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
101:09
So remember, we talked about this,ย  consider it again and change his decision.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์„ธ์š”.
101:15
But.
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101:15
He's skeptical.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ.
๊ทธ๋Š” ํšŒ์˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
101:18
I don't know.
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101:18
I'm not sure if Jennifer's ready for a promotion.
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ œ๋‹ˆํผ๊ฐ€ ์Šน์ง„ํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
101:24
He's skeptical that I'm readyย  for a management position.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ง์„ ๋งก์„ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํšŒ์˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
101:27
So here we used a lot of expressionsย  in one thought, one advanced thought.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋งŽ์€ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
101:34
Let's continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
101:36
So is time travel just around the corner?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์ด ๊ณง ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ฌ๊นŒ์š”?
101:40
When something is just around the corner,ย  it means happening soon, happening soon.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ž„๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณง ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ, ๊ณง ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
101:48
So you could say my vacation is justย  around the corner, happening soon.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋‚ด ํœด๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณง ์ฝ”์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š” .
101:54
So is time travel happeningย  soon, just around the corner.
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์ด์ œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์ด ๊ณง, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฝ”์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
101:58
The prospect.
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์ „๋ง.
102:00
So the prospect.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „๋ง.
102:01
Is the.
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102:01
Idea that chime travel is just around the corner,ย ย 
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์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฐจ์ž„ ์—ฌํ–‰์ด ์ฝ”์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ
102:05
the prospect has certainly been wrenchedย  much closer to the realm of possibility.
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์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์— ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
102:12
This simply means moved closer to the realm ofย  possibility, meaning that something is possible.
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ , ์ฆ‰ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
102:20
So a simple way of saying this is the prospectย  has certainly been moved towards possibility.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž ์žฌ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
102:31
Now that a major physicalย  hurdle, a hurdle is an obstacle,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์ฃผ์š” ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ธ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์€
102:37
something that prevents you from achieving a goal.
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๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
102:41
So an obstacle, hurdle,ย  obstacle, the speed of light.
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์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ, ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ, ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ, ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
102:46
So this is the obstacle, the hurdleย  for time travel, the fact thatย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์˜ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด์ž ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด๋ฉฐ,
102:53
we need to travel faster than the speed of light.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
102:57
And so far nothing has travelled faster than theย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
103:01
speed of light until theseย  neutrinos has been cleared.
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.
103:07
So to clear the hurdle means toย  get rid of it, to eliminate it.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์„ ์—†์• ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
103:11
If particles, these neutrinos, ifย  particles can travel faster than light,ย ย 
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์ž…์ž, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž, ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น›๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
103:16
in theory, traveling back in time is possible.
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์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
103:21
That's unthinkable, isn't it?
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ƒ์ƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€?
103:24
How anyone harnesses that to harness somethingย  is when you use something successfully.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
103:31
To use something successfully,ย  use something successfully.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
103:37
For example, we have now harnessed theย  power of the sun through solar panels.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ํŒจ๋„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ํž˜์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
103:47
So you put a solar panel on the roof of your houseย  and it harnesses the sun, the energy of the sun.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ง‘ ์ง€๋ถ•์— ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ํŒจ๋„์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ํƒœ์–‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ธ ํƒœ์–‘์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง‘์„ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
103:55
It uses that energy successfullyย  by then heating your house.
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๊ทธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
104:00
So we've already harnessedย  many things in our environment.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
104:04
Why not time travel?
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์—ฌํ–‰์€ ์™œ ์•ˆ๋˜๋‚˜์š”?
104:07
How anyone harnesses that?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
104:09
So how anyone uses time travel successfully toย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
104:16
some kind of helpful end is far beyondย  the scope of any modern technologies.
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๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
104:22
OK, so far beyond the scope of.
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์ข‹์•„, ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
104:25
When something is beyond the scope of, it meansย  that it is not included in, not included in.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ, ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
104:36
For example, teaching you aboutย  Einstein's theory of relativityย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
104:41
is beyond the scope of this lesson, whichย  means it's not included in this lesson.
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์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
104:47
It doesn't mean it's not important, it'sย  just beyond the scope of this lesson.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
104:53
It's not included in this lesson.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์˜์—๋Š” ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
104:55
So it's beyond the scope of any modern technology,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š”
104:59
however, and will be left toย  future generations to explore.
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๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ
105:04
When you leave somethingย  to someone, it means that.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ธด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
105:10
You give the.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€.
105:11
Responsibility to someone else.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„.
105:14
So the future generations now have theย  responsibility to take the informationย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ด์ œ
105:21
from this article, the fact that these neutrinosย  can travel faster than the speed of light and tryย ย 
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์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ 
105:27
to harness that, try to turn it into somethingย  tangible that we can use and benefit from.
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
105:36
So that's not our responsibility.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
105:38
We're going to leave.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋– ๋‚  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค.
105:39
That to future generations to explore.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
105:44
So that's the end of the article.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
105:46
What I'll do now is I'll go to theย  beginning and I'll read the articleย ย 
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์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•  ์ผ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ
105:51
from start to finish and this timeย  you can focus on my pronunciation.
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์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๋ฐœ์Œ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
105:56
Time travel.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰.
105:58
Time travel took a small step away from scienceย  fiction and towards science recently whenย ย 
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ
106:04
physicists discovered that subatomic particlesย  known as neutrinos can exceed the speed of light.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์•„์›์ž ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ SF์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
106:11
The unassuming particle.
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๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž…์ž.
106:13
It is electrically neutral, smallย  but with a non 0 mass and able toย ย 
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์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด 0์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
106:18
penetrate the human form undetectedย  is on its way to becoming a rock.
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๊ฐ์ง€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชธ์— ์นจํˆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์•”์„์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
106:23
Star of the.
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์Šคํƒ€์˜.
106:24
Scientific World researchers in Genevaย  sent the neutrinos hurtling throughย ย 
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์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ”์˜ Scientific World ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์€
106:30
an underground corridor toward theirย  colleagues 730 kilometers away in Italy.
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์ง€ํ•˜ ๋ณต๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 730km ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋Œ์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
106:37
The neutrinos arrived promptly.
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์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
106:39
So promptly, in fact, that they triggeredย  what scientists are calling the unthinkable,ย ย 
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด‰๋ฐœ์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
106:45
that everything they have learned, known,ย ย 
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106:47
or taught stemming from the last 100 years of theย  physics discipline may need to be reconsidered.
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์ง€๋‚œ 100๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์› ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
106:56
The issue at stake is a tiny segment of time,ย ย 
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์œ„ํƒœ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
106:59
precisely 60 nanoseconds, whichย  is 60 billionths of a second.
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ 60๋‚˜๋…ธ์ดˆ, ์ฆ‰ 600์–ต๋ถ„์˜ 1์ดˆ์ธ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
107:05
This is how much faster thanย  the speed of light the neutrinosย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ
107:10
managed to go in their undergroundย  travels, and at a consistent rate.
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์ง€ํ•˜ ์ด๋™์— ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
107:15
Even allowing for a margin ofย  error of 10 billionths of a second,ย ย 
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100์–ต๋ถ„์˜ 1์ดˆ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
107:20
this stands as proof that it isย  possible to race against light and win.
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์ด๋Š” ๋น›๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
107:26
The duration of the experimentย  also accounted for and ruledย ย 
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์‹คํ—˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๋˜ํ•œ
107:31
out any possible lunar effects orย  tidal bulges in the Earth's crust.
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๋‹ฌ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ์กฐ์„ ๋Œ์ถœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์ œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
107:37
Nevertheless, there's plentyย  of reason to remain skeptical.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํšŒ์˜์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
107:42
According to Harvard Universityย  science historian Peter Gallison,ย ย 
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ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ณผํ•™์‚ฌํ•™์ž ํ”ผํ„ฐ ๊ฐค๋ฆฌ์Šจ(Peter Gallison)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด,
107:47
Einstein's relativity theory has beenย  pushed harder than any theory in the.
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์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ด์ „ ์ด๋ก ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
107:52
History of the.
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์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ.
107:53
Physical sciences.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ณผํ•™.
107:55
Yet each prior challenge has come to no avail,ย  and relativity has so far refused to buckle.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์ „์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋„์ „์€ ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์—ˆ ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ขŒ์ ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
108:03
So is time travel just around the corner?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์ด ๊ณง ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ฌ๊นŒ์š”? ์ด์ œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ธ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
108:06
The prospect has certainly been wrenchedย  much closer to the realm of possibilityย ย 
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์ „๋ง์€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์— ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
108:11
now that a major physical hurdle,ย  the speed of light, has been cleared.
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.
108:16
If particles can travel faster than light, inย  theory, traveling back in time is possible.
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์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น›๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜
108:23
How anyone harnesses that to some kindย  of helpful end is far beyond the scope ofย ย 
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋ฉฐ
108:28
any modern technologies, however, and willย  be left to future generations to explore.
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ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊ฒจ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
108:35
Did you enjoy this master class?
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์ด๋ฒˆ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์œผ์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
108:37
Do you want me to make another master class?
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธธ ์›ํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
108:39
If you do, then put.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋„ฃ์œผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
108:40
Master class Master Class put masterย  class in the comments and of course,ย ย 
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๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํด๋ž˜์Šค ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋Š” ๋Œ“๊ธ€์— ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก 
108:45
make sure you like this lesson, share it withย  your friends and subscribe to your Notified.
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์ด ๊ฐ•์˜๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“œ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ  ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
108:49
Every time I post a new lesson and youย  can get this free speaking guide whereย ย 
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ด ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์˜์–ด๋กœ
108:53
I I share 6 tips on how to speakย  English fluently and confidently.
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๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŒ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
108:56
You can click here to downloadย  it or look for the link.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
108:59
In the description and I have.
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์„ค๋ช…์— ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
109:01
Another master class I know you'll love,ย  so make sure you watch it right now.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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