2 HOUR ENGLISH LESSON - Learn English Through Stories And Improve Your Fluency

You are going to love this 2 hour  English master class because you  

are going to learn English through  stories Today we're going to review  

four different news articles together so  you can improve all areas of your English  

and you're going to learn 248 advanced  phrases for your daily conversations.

Welcome back to JForrest English.

Of course I'm Jennifer.

Now let's get.

Started our headline the electric car revolution.

Is it realistic or optimistic?

First, let's talk about revolution,  the electric car revolution.

In this context, a revolution  represents a very important change.

In the way people do things.

You're probably familiar with the tech revolution.

The technology revolution, which very  much changed the way people do things.

So the electric car revolution, a change from  gas powered vehicles to electric vehicles.

Is it realistic?

Realistic meaning that it is likely to happen.

So I'll write that likely to happen or optimistic.

Generally optimistic is considered a  positive, but in this case it's more  

of a negative because they're saying oh is  it optimistic Meaning it's overly hopeful.

Overly hopeful.

To be honest I feel like they should have  said is it realistic or overly optimistic  

or too optimistic because when you add 2  in front of a word it can make a positive.

Word negative.

But in this case without the overly or two.

To me the word optimistic sounds positive, but  I know based on the context that they actually.

Want it to be negative too?

Optimistic.

Which means it's too hopeful.

Overly hopeful.

For example, you could say it's  overly optimistic to think.

Will.

Live on Mars in 10 years.

So it's saying that this is too hopeful.

It's not likely, it's not realistic.

So what do you think?

Do you think the electric car revolution,  

the change from gas powered vehicles to electric  vehicles, is that realistic or optimistic?

Overly optimistic?

Too optimistic?

Put your answer in the comments.

Put realistic or overly too optimistic?

I'd be interested to know what you think.

Let's continue governments  and Motor Manufacturers.

A manufacturer is a company  that makes whatever it is.

So in this case it's Motor  Manufacturers manufacturers.

So notice we have this awkward double  R because here I have manufacturer.

Manufacturer.

For example you can use this as a verb.

GM manufacturers fridges so notice this.

Are.

Manufacturers.

But I could also say GM is a  manufacturer manufacturer manufacturer.

That's a tricky pronunciation manufacturer.

If you want to avoid this, you can always  say GM manufacturers fridges to avoid that.

Governments and Motor Manufacturers around  

the world are throwing money and resources  into the development of electric vehicles.

Notice the pronunciation.

Vehicle, Vehicle.

Vehicle.

Of course, a vehicle is a term that includes  different types of machines with motors.

For example, cars, vans, trucks,  SUV's, they are vehicles, vehicles.

Now when they say governments  are throwing money and resources,  

it means they're spending it very freely,  spending it freely, spending freely.

So it implies they're spending a lot of money.

Now we do have.

One expression that is more of a negative  that uses this Don't throw your money away.

Don't throw your money away.

This is used to say don't  spend your money so freely.

That you don't have any left and we come in.

Lee, include a specific  time that you would do this.

Don't throw your money away at the casino because  when you go to a casino, what do people do?

They throw money at the slot machines  or they throw money at the poker table,  

which means they spend their money freely.

But if someone gives you advice and  says don't throw your money away,  

they're advising you not to  spend your money so freely.

So governments are throwing money and resources  into the development of electric vehicles.

But can electric power really replace  the internal combustion engine?

The internal combustion engine is just the type  of engine that's used on gas powered vehicles.

You don't really need to use this, you can just  refer to it as a vehicle before the middle.

Of the century.

Maybe it can.

But this is.

By no means.

Certain.

So again, if you didn't answer.

Before what do you?

Think Can electric vehicles  replace gas powered vehicles?

Can electric vehicles replace  the internal combustion engine  

which is found on all gas powered vehicles?

You can put.

Realistic or optimistic in the comments and I have  made all the notes available in a free lesson PDF.

So you can look in the description for  the link to download this free lesson PDF.

Are you enjoying this lesson?

If you are, then I want to tell you  about the Finally Fluent Academy.

This is my premium training program where  we study native English speakers from TV,  

the movies, YouTube, and the news.

So you can improve your listening skills  of fast English, expand your vocabulary  

with natural expressions, and  learn advanced grammar easily.

Plus.

You'll have me as your.

Personal Coach, you can look in the  description for the link to learn more,  

or you can go to my website and  click on Finally Fluent Academy.

Now let's continue with our lesson.

Let's continue on.

Electric vehicles have arrived.

Notice the use of the present.

Perfect.

This is because it's a pass action.

Electric vehicles are currently on the market,  so they're not arriving in a future context.

They have arrived.

It's a pass action, but there's  a connection to the present.

That connection is now.

You.

Can buy an electric vehicle.

You can replace your gas powered vehicle,  

your internal combustion engine  vehicle with an electric vehicle.

Is that a change that you're going to do?

Are you going to replace one for the other?

So have arrived.

This is the present perfect, and it's a  past action with a present consequence  

with technology led by Tesla and all  of the world's major car manufacturers.

Remember that errors.

Another chance to practice.

I'll read that again.

And all of the world's major car  manufacturers following along behind.

When you follow along behind, it means  one car manufacturer makes the change and  

then the other car manufacturers  start making that same change.

So follow along behind.

We also have a common expression with  other manufacturers following suit.

Following suit and it means the same thing.

I do this, so then my friend does  it as well, she follows suit.

Electric vehicles are now a common sight  on the roads of most developed countries.

So what about in your?

Country.

Do you see a lot of electric vehicles in Canada?

I see more and more electric vehicles.

I remember.

Five years ago, it was very rare to see a Tesla.

Now I would say one out of 10  cars are electric vehicles.

That's just a complete guess.

I do not know if that's accurate, but  that's just based on when I'm driving.

There's one, there's one, there's one.

It's very common.

Almost every parking lot now has electric  charging stations for electric cars to charge.

So what about in your country?

What's the situation?

Share that in the comments as well.

Yet the situation in less developed  countries is rather different.

Let's talk about this use of yet.

Yet.

This is a conjunction, and  it's used to show a contrast.

The.

Contrast is in developed countries,  electric cars are very common.

In less developed countries  they're not very common.

So we have a contrasting situation.

I can combine those ideas with the word yet.

It's similar to however or but however,  this situation in less developed countries.

But this situation in less developed countries.

However sounds quite formal  but sounds less formal,  

and then yet sounds both formal and informal.

It doesn't.

It's more in the middle.

I would say.

Yet the situation in less developed  countries is rather different.

Rather is used as an adverb to  show that it's more different.

So we have in less developed  countries the situation is different.

It's rather different.

So I'm increasing the amount  of difference between them.

So I could say.

I'm.

Tired.

Or I could say I'm rather tired.

When I add rather it increases  the amount that I am tired.

It sounds stronger.

The only African country to have started the  change to electric vehicles is South Africa,  

and even there electric vehicles still account for  

less than 0.01% of the total  number of cars on the roads.

Notice how I said this number 0.01%.

Now when something accounts for something,  it means it makes up that amount.

For example, Spanish speakers.

People who speak.

Spanish Spanish speakers account.

For 50.

Percent of my audience.

I have no idea if this is true.

Said another way, 50% of my  audience is Spanish speakers.

I use the verb is because  audience is a collective.

Noun and is conjugated as.

Singular, so notice the sentence structure.

You have something and then  you have to account for.

Account is a verb, so if it's a.

Past maybe last year, Spanish speakers  accounted for 50% of my audience.

So this is a verb you conjugate it  accounted for then you have a number  

50%, ten percent, 25% and then of and then  whatever the total is in South America.

This situation is better with all Latin American  

countries beginning to move  towards electric vehicles,  

particularly Colombia which in 2020 had a third  of the continents total electric car fleet.

Now if you're from South America,  

you probably realize that the author  of this article spelled Columbia wrong.

This is a common mistake that Americans make  because we have a lot of places and companies.

With the.

Spelling you Columbia, but it's  pronounced the exact same way.

I did not write this article.

This was not my mistake.

I've been to Columbia.

I know how to spell it Columbia.

Columbia is with an O, but the  pronunciation is exactly the same.

But unfortunately for people who live in Columbia,  this is a mistake that native speakers make.

Quite.

Frequently, particularly Columbia.

Notice particularly so  we're highlighting Columbia.

Here's a car example.

I love all luxury car manufacturers.

I included this just so you can  practice that pronunciation.

I love all.

Luxury car manufacturers, particularly Audi.

So I'm highlighting Audi.

I'm giving more attention to Audi, even though  all the luxury car manufacturers are represented.

So all South American countries are represented,  but Colombia with an O is highlighted because they  

said particularly Colombia, which in 2020 had a  third of the continent's total electric car fleet.

Let's take a look at fleet.

This is a noun and it's  specifically used with vehicles.

Our company has a fleet of 200 luxury vehicles.

A fleet simply represents the total number  of vehicles controlled by a company.

Now it could also be  controlled by the organization.

The.

Army has a fleet of tanks,  a fleet of planes as well.

So it's the total number of tanks or planes  that the army or government controls.

Let's continue on.

In Russia, the wealthy are investing  in imported electric vehicles.

So you invest in something you  could say, and hopefully you will.

If you agree with me, it's a wise decision  to invest in improving your English skills.

You're investing in improving  your English skills right now.

You're investing your time, your attention.

It's a wise decision to invest in Notice  

my preposition in invest in  now you invest in something.

You can say invest in your English skills,  but you can also invest in doing something.

So in this case you need a verb.

And that verb needs to be.

And ING.

Verb Invest in improving your English skills.

In Russia, the wealthy are investing  in importing electric cars,  

but no electric cars are yet manufactured locally.

So here we have the Ed.

So let's focus on the pronunciation.

I have my R manufactured and then I add a soft  

D manufactured manufactured  R yet manufactured locally.

In this case, yet does not represent a contrast.

It doesn't represent however or but like we saw  before in this case, yet represents until now  

and we frequently use yet with the negative and  we commonly use this with the present perfect.

I haven't bought an electric vehicle  yet, so this means until now until now.

But it's in the present perfect because it's  possible for me to buy an electric vehicle.

So I could add I haven't bought an electric  vehicle yet, but I plan on buying one next year.

So notice I.

Use but to add that contrast I haven't.

I'm buying one.

I haven't bought one, I'm buying one.

So there's a contrast and I combine  those two sentences together with  

the conjunction yet and remember in this case yet.

Does not mean, but it means until now while in.

India, the government.

Is promoting the purchase of electric  vehicles with tax exemptions.

When you're exempt from something, the verb  exempt, it means you are not subject to it.

You don't have to do it.

So if there is a policy that everyone  needs to buy a certain shirt for work,  

a black shirt for work, but you're.

Exempt from that policy.

So all of your Co workers  need to buy a black shirt,  

but you can wear a purple shirt or  a white shirt because you're exempt.

Now, if you have a tax exemption, it means you.

Don't have to pay certain  taxes and other incentive.

An incentive is something.

Financial or some other benefit to try  to encourage you to do something that  

would be an incentive so maybe  the incentive is that you get a  

a rebate back A rebate is money back  so if you paid $30,000 for the car,  

maybe you get $5000 back so that would  be an incentive a a rebate so that's.

Money back after a.

Purchase, let's continue.

So electric cars have arrived,  remember are present perfect and  

their share of the market is  increasing almost worldwide.

So again in your country, have  you seen the share of electric  

vehicles in the market increase over the years?

Does this mean therefore that the  world is on track to phase out the  

use of gas driven vehicles in less than 30 years?

If you're on track, or on track to do something,  

it means you're progressing towards  your goal at the expected rate.

So let's say your goal is to buy an electric.

Vehicle by 2025.

South.

To do that, you need to save money.

OK, so every month you save $1000.

This is your goal and one.

Year later, two years later.

After starting this goal, you can say I'm on track  

to achieve my goal or I'm on track  to buy the electric vehicle by 2020.

Or you can simply say I'm on track, I'm on track.

So if someone asks you, oh,  how's, how's your progress?

Are you getting closer to that electric vehicle?

You can say, Yep, I'm on track, I'm on track.

You're progressing towards  your goal at the expected rate.

So does that mean therefore that the  world is on track to phase out the  

use of gas driven vehicles in less than 30 years?

So this is the goal, to phase  out gas driven vehicles,  

the internal combustion  engine in less than 30 years.

So what does phase out mean?

Phase out is a phrasal verb that means to  

gradually reduce something  until it is no longer used.

So of course we're not going  to go from driving gas powered  

vehicles today and tomorrow not  driving gas powered vehicles.

That's not realistic, obviously.

So what are we going to do?

Every year we can increase the number of electric  

vehicles on the market and decrease  the number of gas powered vehicles.

So right now gas powered electric,  but soon is going to change, right.

And eventually gas powered vehicles  are not going to exist because they  

have been so gradually reduced  until they're no longer used.

That's to phase out.

So do you think it's realistic to phase out  the use of gas driven vehicles in 30 years?

So 30 years from today gas  powered vehicles don't exist.

Do you think that's possible?

You can share that in the comments as well.

Now that's the goal.

So are they.

On track to achieve this goal?

I don't know.

And does it mean that electric vehicles are the  sustainable solution to our transport needs?

For the second.

Half of the century, unfortunately.

Uh oh.

Unfortunately.

I'm using this word as an adverb  to deliver disappointing news  

because this sounds really positive,  especially given the cost of gas.

Every day the.

Cost of gas is going up and up and the  

environmental damage caused  by gas powered vehicles.

It seems very positive.

That we're phasing out gas powered  vehicles and phasing in electric vehicles.

But this article uses unfortunately to deliver  disappointing news because people want.

This to happen?

Well, some people, unfortunately to  the disappointment of some people,  

notice how I change some.

People.

Because if you just say people.

Want this to happen.

It sounds like everybody  wants this to happen, but I'm.

Sure, there are some people who want to  continue driving gas powered vehicles,  

some people who don't want to  use electric vehicles, right?

So that's why we have to use some people.

Otherwise it sounds like.

All people.

The answer to both of these?

Questions has to be no.

And that's the end of the article.

So we don't know why the answer is no.

But remember both of these questions.

So what are the questions?

The first question is, are we on track?

To.

Phase out the use of gas driven  vehicles and our electric vehicles,  

the sustainable solution to our transport  means those are the two questions.

Very interesting discussion questions.

So you're more than welcome to share  your thoughts in the comment section.

Now what I'll do is I will read  this article from start to finish  

and this time you can focus on my pronunciation.

The electric car revolution.

Is it realistic or optimistic?

Governments and Motor Manufacturers around  

the world are throwing money and resources  into the development of electric vehicles.

But can electric power really replace the internal  

combustion engine before  the middle of the century?

Maybe it can, but this is by no means certain.

Electric vehicles have arrived, with technology  

led by Tesla and all of the world's major  car manufacturers following along behind.

Electric vehicles are now a common sight  on the roads of most developed countries.

Yet the situation in less developed  countries is rather different.

The only African country to have started  the change to electric vehicles is South  

Africa and even there electric  vehicles still account for less  

than 0.01% of the total number of  cars on the roads in South America.

The situation is better with  all Latin American countries  

beginning the move towards electric vehicles,  

particularly Colombia which in 2020 had a third  of the continents total electric car fleet.

In Russia, the wealthy are investing in  imported electric cars, but no electric  

cars are yet manufactured locally, while  in India the government is promoting the  

purchase of electric vehicles with  tax exemptions and other incentives.

So electric cars have arrived and their share  of the market is increasing almost worldwide.

Does this mean therefore, that the world  is on track to phase out the use of gas  

driven vehicles in less than 30 years and  doesn't mean that electric vehicles are  

the sustainable solution to our transport  needs for the second-half of the century?

Unfortunately, to the disappointment of some  

people, the answer to both of  these questions has to be no.

I hope you enjoyed that article,  now let's continue to the next one.

1st I'll read the headline.

Robo Taxi expansion gets green light in  San Francisco, so we're talking about.

Robo.

Taxis, autonomous vehicles, self driving vehicles.

So a self driving taxi.

Have you ever been in a self driving vehicle?

I have not.

So let's talk about this.

The expansion gets green light.

It's appropriate that they.

Use this idiom.

This is an idiom in English.

I will explain what it means in  just a second, but it's appropriate.

They use this idiom because  we're talking about vehicles,  

and vehicles obviously use green light,  yellow right light, red light frequently.

So it's very appropriate.

They use this.

Idiom.

Now what does this mean?

The green light in this  idiom simply means approval.

So the robo taxi expansion gets approval.

Now notice here they omitted the article.

The the idiom is to get the green  light in newspaper headlines.

They commonly omit articles  to make the headline as.

Short as possible.

But grad grammatically it is required.

So the idiom is to get the green light from  someone to do something so you can think of.

It as approval or?

Permission.

Both of them have the same meaning.

For example, I got the green light  from my boss to attend the conference.

So the verb is get.

You need to conjugate that.

This is the past simple.

I got the green light remember from someone to do  something from my boss to attend the conference.

Which means I got approval from  my boss to attend the conference.

Now don't worry about taking notes because  I summarize everything in a free lesson PDF.

You can look for the link in the description.

Let's continue.

2 robotaxi companies have  been given the green light.

So notice here because it's  no longer the headline.

They use the correct grammatical  structure and notice.

Here that it's to.

Be given to be given the green light.

So the companies were given have been given,  which means they've received approval.

So you can give the green light  to someone to do something.

Let's review these three.

Sentences So this is the  sentence I provided above.

I got the green light from my  boss to attend the conference.

Now I could also talk about my boss giving  me the green light to do so something.

In this case I'm talking about receiving approval.

In this example, I'm talking  about my boss giving approval.

My boss gave me the green  light to attend the conference.

Or I could also use the structure to.

Be given I've been given the green  light to attend the conference.

Different grammatical structures,  they all communicate the same thing.

Approval.

Permission.

Two robo taxi.

Companies have been given the green light to start  charging for service throughout San Francisco.

The move marks a major expansion.

Let's take a look at this.

To mark a major expansion.

Mark is a verb to mark.

And when something, the move marks  something else, a major expansion,  

it simply represents that  that something has happened.

So this the move represents  that this has happened.

For example, today marks our  first wedding anniversary.

So today represents that something has happened  that our first wedding anniversary has happened.

So something marks something.

And we usually use this with  significant events like a birthday,  

anniversary or a national celebration  or holiday or an important world event  

like this major expansion of  selfless, selfless driving cars.

Self.

Driving cars, self driving  cars, autonomous vehicles.

The move marks a major  expansion for the companies,  

which previously faced limits on when  or where they could charge for rides.

When you charge for something, it means  you require that someone pay for something.

So you can charge someone,  charge the passengers for rides,  

but you don't need to include  the someone if it's obvious.

Obviously they're charging the  people who are using the service,  

so you don't need to say that to charge for rides,  to require that the passengers pay for rides.

Approval from regulators came despite objections.

So remember approval, This represents  our idiom, the green light.

So you could say the green light from  regulators came despite objections from  

police and fire officials, activists and  others thinking about our other sentence.

Structures, you could say the regulators.

Gave them them meaning the robo taxi  companies, the regulators gave them  

the green light despite objections from police.

So that would be.

Said another way, but they have the same  meaning and I forgot the word light,  

so I added that in here  because it's the green light.

This is the expression that represents approval.

So approval from regulators  came despite objections from  

police and fire officials, activists and others.

So this means that these groups,  all of these groups had objections,  

but they still gave them the green light.

They still gave them approval.

Analysts say the decision could usher in  a new era for driverless car services.

Let's take a look at this to.

Usher in the phrasal.

Verb here is to usher.

This is our verb to usher.

Something in and in this case,  the something is a new era.

For.

Driverless car services, all of this.

Represents the something.

When you usher something in is simply  

means you welcome something or you  signal the beginning of something.

And that something is usually an important event.

So in the world, because right now driverless  cars, autonomous vehicles are not very common,  

this is an important event for the world,  for the economy, so we can usher in this new.

Era of driverless car services.

Another important event that many  people usher in welcome is the new year,  

and most people celebrate the new year.

So you could use this phrasal verb to  indicate how you welcome the new year.

How you celebrate?

The New Year.

We ushered in the new year  by celebrating with friends.

Wimo, which shares a parent company with Google.

So somehow Wimo.

Is related to.

Google and Wimo has been offering free rides  in its driverless cars since last year,  

called the decision the true beginning of  our commercial operations in San Francisco.

So Wimo is one of the robo taxi companies,  

so obviously they're going to be very  positive about getting the green light.

So remember why MO as the company?

They're the ones receiving approval.

So you would say.

Why MO got the green light to  expand their robo taxi operations.

I'll write that for you.

So I wrote that for you here.

Why MO got the green light to  expand the robo taxi operations.

Now notice here they said  they've been offering free rides.

And remember before I said  they can now start charging.

So when you charge, you require someone to pay.

When something is free, they don't have to pay.

So let's say you, you flag down one of the  taxis and you can say, oh, how much is it?

And they could say, oh, it's  free or there's no charge.

If someone says oh, there's no charge, no  charge, it's another way of saying it's free.

I wrote that here for you.

How much is it?

It's free.

This is the same as saying there's no charge.

Driverless car services have been slow to  live up to the promises of transforming  

transport that accompanied the start of  their development more than a decade ago.

OK, so this suggests  

that a decade ago when the driverless car  services began, when they developed, they said?

We.

Will transform the transport industry,  

but they haven't done that this what  is what it means by they've been.

Slow to live up to the.

Promise.

So of course you know what slow means.

It hasn't happened quickly.

Let's talk about live up to the promises.

To live up to the promises, this  means to fulfill the promises.

So if you do live up to the promises,  it means you fulfilled them.

And if you don't live up to the promises,  

which is what they're suggesting here,  it means you don't fulfill the promises.

Now we also use this expression with expectations.

To live up.

To something very commonly  promises and expectations.

Now, if you live up to expectations, it  means it's as good as the expectation.

The expectation is what you  think is going to happen.

So let's say.

You're going to a new movie,  the Barbie movie or Oppenheimer,  

and everyone says the movie is amazing.

So your expectation is.

High.

So if you say the movie lived up to  my expectation, it means it was as.

Good as you were.

Expecting.

And remember, you were expecting it to be good.

You could also say it exceeded.

My expectations.

So that means it was better than you expected.

But if you say.

It didn't live up to my expectations.

It means it was worse than you were expecting.

So here the movie was good, but it  didn't live up to my expectations.

Because remember, you thought the  movie was going to be amazing,  

so your expectation was here,  but then the movie was just here.

So it didn't live up to your expectations.

And hopefully you always live up to your  promises, which means you fulfill your promises.

If you say you're going to do  something, you live up to that.

You do it.

So driverless car services have been slow to.

Live up to.

The promises of transforming  transport that accompanied the  

start of their development more than a decade ago.

They have been bogged down by technology.

Glitches.

OK, let's look at.

Let's look at.

Bogged down by and also glitches.

A glitch is a problem or error, and  we usually use this with technology.

Technology glitches in this case  because it's plural problems.

Or errors.

Now, when something bogs something else down,  

it means that something like the glitches  prevent someone or something from progressing.

So this means that the glitches, the errors,  

the problems are preventing the companies  from progressing with their project.

So they have been bogged down.

It's just written in the passive form.

The companies, the robo taxi companies,  have been bogged down by these glitches,  

have been prevented from progressing  by these glitches, not just.

The glitches there's also.

Safety fears and high profile accidents  involving vehicles if something is  

described as high profile here, the noun is  accident and the adjective is high profile.

A high profile accident is an  accident that gets a lot of attention.

So a high profile issue, a high profile person is  an issue or person that gets a lot of attention.

I wrote that down here.

Now let's continue.

The California Public Utilities  Commission had twice postponed the vote.

When you postpone something,  it means you delay something.

So if the vote was to take place on August 1st.

But it was.

Postponed.

It means it was rescheduled  to a date after August 1st.

It could have been August 2nd.

It could have just been postponed for  one day, one week, one month, one year.

We don't know how long is  just later than scheduled.

So delayed, postponed, delayed  the vote and on Thursday heard  

more than six hours of testimony from the  public, including supporters and critics.

So testimony, this is simply the opinions,  the expertise, the thoughts of the public.

Related to this specific issue.

Of approving or denying the Robo Taxi expansion.

So they heard it from both supporters, people  who say yes, I want the robo taxi companies  

to expand and then critics, those who  say no, I don't want that to happen.

The.

Board, this is the.

Board, the California Public Utilities Commission,  that is The board approved the expansion 3 to 1.

So 3 people said yes I approve,  one person said no I don't.

Approve.

So there were.

Four people in total on this board.

Let's continue critics, people  who oppose the expansion.

Critics raised concerns about safety records and  

claimed the cars often caused traffic  incidents by abruptly shutting down.

When something shuts down, it stops operating.

And if it happens abruptly, it means it  happens quickly and also without any warning.

Let's look at this example, the glitches,  remember, this was errors or problems.

The glitches caused my  computer to abruptly shut down.

So to stop working, stop operating.

And it happened very quickly without any warning.

You were typing a document and then all  of a sudden, your computer turned off.

That would be abruptly shutting down.

Then you could say I'm still waiting  on the green light from my boss to  

buy a new one because your boss  has to give you the green light  

to buy a new computer because the  company is paying for that computer.

Let's continue.

In the statement announcing the approval,  commissioners acknowledge that data on how  

autonomous vehicle safety records compare with  regular cars was limited, so they approved it.

The commissioners are the people on this board,  the Commission, California Public Utilities  

Commission, this is the board and this word  Commission, that's where the word commissioners,  

people who are on the board, people who are part  of the Commission, that's where that comes from.

So these people, the four people, even  though they approved the expansion,  

they gave it the green light night.

They acknowledge, they said publicly that they  don't have data on the safety of the robo taxis  

compared to a regular taxi, but clearly that did  not prevent them from giving the green light.

And that's the end of our article.

So I have a question for you.

Do you give me the green  light to make more videos?

Just like this.

One, if so, then you can  put in the comments section.

Jennifer, I give you the green  light to make more videos.

Of course I want you to practice this expression,  

which is why I want you to leave this in the  comments and I also want to see if you like.

This video so if you.

Give me the green light, then I know.

That you like.

This video and you want me to keep  making more videos just like this one?

If this is too long for you to write,  

I understand You could also just Simply  put green light in the comments section.

So I know you want me to make  more videos just like this one,  

so put that in the comments only if you.

Approve of.

Course.

Now that's the end of the.

Article So what?

I'll do is.

I'll go to the.

Beginning I'll read the article from start to  

finish and this time you can  focus on my pronunciation.

Robotaxi Expansion Gets Green Light in San  Francisco 2 Robotaxi companies have been  

given the green light to start charging  for service throughout San Francisco.

The move marks a major  expansion for the companies,  

which previously faced limits on when  or where they could charge for rides.

Approval from regulators came  despite objections from police  

and fire officials, activists and others.

Analysts say the decision  could usher in a new era.

For driverless car services.

Wimo, which shares a parent company with Google  

and has been offering free rides in  his driverless cars since last year,  

called the decision the true beginning of  our commercial operations in San Francisco.

Driverless car services have been slow to  live up to the promises of transforming  

transport that accompanied the start of  their development more than a decade ago.

They have been bogged down by technology glitches,  

safety fears and high profile  accidents involving vehicles.

The California Public Utilities Commission had  twice postponed the vote and on Thursday heard  

more than six hours of testimony from the  public, including supporters and critics.

The board approved the expansion 3:00 to 1:00.

Critics raised concerns about safety records and  claimed the cars often caused traffic incidents  

by abruptly shutting down or failing  to make way for emergency responders.

In the statement announcing the approval,  commissioners acknowledge that data on  

how autonomous vehicle safety records  compare with regular cars was limited.

I hope you enjoyed that article,  now let's continue to the next one.

Our headline Nice and short Life  on Mars, a very interesting topic.

A new study published in the journal Science shows  

definitive evidence of organic  matter on the surface of Mars.

Organic matter simply means living  matter, matter that is living.

For example, in this picture, it  looks like there's some green.

When you see green, you think plants.

So it looks like living matter, organic matter.

Now let's take a look at this.

Shows evidence shows definitive evidence.

When I see this, I say, wow, definitive evidence.

Definitive is an adjective that  means firm, final, or complete.

So this evidence is firm.

It's final.

You can think of.

It as not to be questioned, so  you can't question this evidence.

It's firm and final, so real evidence it makes it  a lot stronger of organic matter on the surface  

of Mars.

Now notice here we have the journal Science,  

and you see that Science has a capital  S This is because it's a proper noun  

and you need to capitalize the first  letter of a proper noun, proper noun.

And it's a proper noun because the  name of the journal is Science.

That's why it has a capital S But if you were  

just talking about the subject  science, I love science class.

You don't need to capitalize it because  in this case it's not a proper noun.

The data was collected by NASA's  nuclear powered Rover Curiosity.

Again, this is a great example Curiosity,  which you probably know as a noun.

Curiosity is a good thing when you're a  student, but in this case it's the name of.

The Rover, the.

Name of the Rover is Curiosity, and  that's why we have a capital first letter.

It's a proper noun.

It confirms the Rover Curiosity confirms earlier  

findings that the Red Planet once  contained carbon based compounds.

I'll be honest with you, I'm not exactly  sure what a carbon based compound is.

It's a compound that contains carbon.

That's all I know about that.

Red Planet is another name for the planet Mars.

Because it is red.

So when you see Red Planet, you  know they're talking about Mars.

These compounds they're talking about.

The carbon based compounds,  also called organic molecules,  

are essential ingredients for  life as scientists understand it.

Now notice how they explain what these  compounds are or why they're important?

Because the average person like me who  doesn't have a scientific background,  

has no idea what a carbon based compound is.

So they explain what this is.

So now I know, OK, essential meaning, very  important, extremely important, important,  

and not just important, very important, essential  ingredients for life as scientists understand it.

So now I know you can't have life  without these carbon based compounds,  

and they have found definitive evidence  that these compounds exist on Mars,  

the Red Planet, essentially saying  that life on Mars is possible.

I've summarized all of the lesson notes  and you can find them in a free lesson PDF.

You can look for the link.

In the description or in the first comment?

Let's continue.

The organic molecules were  found in Mars's Gale Crater,  

a large area that may have been a  watery lake over 3 billion years ago.

The Rover encountered traces of the  molecule in rocks extracted from the area.

When you extract something, it  means you remove it or take it out.

So they have a rock, and within  this rock there are molecules.

So they took those molecules  out, they extracted it.

This is also.

The terminology you use, if you  need to get a tooth removed,  

you can extract a tooth which  means simply to remove it.

So to remove or take out.

To remove or take out.

And you remove.

Something generally from something else.

So you extract the molecules from the rock.

The rocks also contain sulfur, which scientists  speculate helped preserve the organics even  

when the rocks were exposed to the harsh  radiation on the surface of the planet.

Remember, we're talking about the planet Mars.

Now let's take a look.

At this verb speculate, a very common  verb, when you speculate on something,  

it means you essentially guess what the answer is,  

and you do that because you don't  have enough information to be certain.

If you're certain, it means you 100% no, so  you can present that information as a fact.

But if you're just guessing,  you use the verb speculate.

So when your audience hears speculate,  

they know that you are not not 100%  certain you are in fact guessing.

So scientists speculate.

So they don't actually know  that this is 100% correct.

It's their best guessed based  on the information they have.

Scientists speculate helped preserve the organics  

even that when the rocks were  exposed to the harsh radiation.

Let's take a look at Harsh.

Harsh is an adjective, so I could  say exposed to the radiation,  

which means the radiation affected it.

It was in the same area as the radiation,  so it was exposed to the radiation.

To the harsh.

Radiation, so harsh is an  adjective that modifies radiation,  

and harsh means unpleasant, unkind,  cruel, or more severe than necessary.

So radiation is very strong, and they're  saying that this radiation was very severe,  

perhaps more severe than it usually is, the  harsh radiation on the surface of the planet.

Let's move on.

Scientists are quick to state that the presence  of these organic molecules is not sufficient  

evidence for ancient life on Mars as the molecules  could have been formed by non living processes.

So here they're.

Casting some doubt, ancient life on Mars.

So they're saying right now we don't have  enough evidence to say that previously  

in ancient times there was life on  Mars, so that would be ancient life.

So not sufficient is saying we don't  have enough evidence not sufficient.

So not enough, not enough to  be convincing, not enough.

And in this case to convince, you  could say I don't have sufficient time.

So in that case it's not enough time.

To do.

Something I don't have sufficient  time to complete this article.

I don't have enough time to do it.

So the scientists are suggesting there could be  another reason why these molecules are there.

But it's still one of the  most astonishing discoveries  

which could lead to future revelations.

Let's take a look at astonishing as an adjective.

This means surprising or it can be amazing.

That was astonishing.

That was amazing.

But maybe it was that was astonishing.

It was surprising at the same time.

So it depends on how it's being used.

In this case, it could be really either the  

most astonishing discoveries which  could lead to future revelations.

Let's look at.

Revelation.

In this case it's a noun.

It comes from the verb reveal.

So when you reveal something,  you make that information known.

It's the same case as a revelation.

A revelation is when a fact becomes known.

Now it can be when a unknown fact becomes known.

So before we didn't know it, and  now we know it it's a revelation.

Or it can be when a secret fact becomes known,  

so certain people knew it but  the general public didn't.

Not so when the general public found out.

What a revelation.

Remember, this comes from the verb  to reveal, and you reveal a secret,  

which means you share a secret that you  previously had not shared, especially when  

one considers the other startling fine that  curiosity uncovered around five years ago.

Remember, curiosity is the name of NASA's.

Rover.

Which is the machine that operates  on the surface of the planet Mars.

Now let's look at startling as  an adjective, a startling fine.

When something is startling, it's.

Surprising, but usually in a worrisome way.

So you could say I went to the doctor and I  got some startling news that doesn't sound very  

good because it's news that surprised you, but  generally in a negative way, in a worrisome way.

So especially when one considers  the other startling find,  

that curiosity uncovered around five years ago.

So we'll find out what that startling find is,  

that surprising find, but somehow in some sort  of a negative way, perhaps a worrisome way.

The.

Rover analyzes the air around it periodically.

Periodically is an adverb that means from  time to time, periodically from time to time.

So consistently means all the time, but  periodically means perhaps once a week  

or once a day, so on a schedule, but not  all the time, which would be consistently.

And in 2014 it Rover it found the  air contained another of the most  

basic organic molecules and a key  ingredient of natural gas, methane.

So the Rover.

Found another molecule on  the planet Mars, Methane.

One of the characteristics of methane is  that it only survives a few 100 years.

So a few 100.

To me that sounds like 300, maybe 400, maybe 500,  

because a few is more than  two, because 2 is a couple.

A couple 100 years is 2, and few is generally more  than two, but less than definitely less than 10.

Three to five, I would say a few 100 years.

This means that something somewhere  on Mars is replenishing the supply.

When something is replenish,  it means it's filled up again.

So for example, if a lake had  water and then there was a drought,  

very dry conditions and all the water evaporated.

So if you.

Put more water in that lake.

You're replenishing the lake,  you're filling the lake again.

So they're saying that  something on the planet Mars.

Is.

Replenishing the supply of  methane, which could be.

The.

Startling find It's surprising, and  maybe there's reason to be concerned.

What is this that's replenishing the supply?

How is it doing this?

What does it mean for us on Earth?

That could be the startling part.

According to NASA, Mars emits  thousands of tons of methane at a time.

The verb.

Emit simply means.

To to produce.

Or to send out, to produce or send out.

But we use this in very specific cases.

We use it with gases.

In this case we also use this with sounds sounds.

So the.

The truck.

Emits a lot of gas for one, and a lot of noise.

Oh, the sound that that truck is emitting or the  building is emitting, It's really hurting my ears.

We also use this for light.

So the airport emits a lot of light.

It's blinding.

Mars emits thousands of tons of methane at a time.

The level of methane rises and falls  as seasonal intervals in the year,  

almost as if the planet is breathing.

It sounds a little strange.

Perhaps that's the startling information here.

NASA suspects the methane comes from  deep under the surface of the planet.

The variations in temperature on the surface  of Mars cause the molecule, which is methane.

To.

Flow upwards at higher or lower levels.

OK, so this is the scientists.

Are speculating because if you  suspect something you don't  

know for sure otherwise you would say  NASA knows the methane comes but they  

suspect which means they're about 80% sure  they're guessing so again you could also.

Use the verb.

Speculate.

NASA speculates the methane comes  from deep under the surface.

So they.

Don't know 100%.

For example, in the winter the gas could  get trapped in underground icy crystals.

OK, so this is what's happening to the methane.

These crystals, called class rates,  melt in the summer and release the gas.

So this.

Is their theory on how this gas is being  released at different times of the year?

In winter, it's frozen.

The gas is frozen in these icy crystals.

But in summer, when these crystals  melt, they release the methane again.

This is not a fact.

Because they're speculating.

They suspect this is what is happening.

They don't know it to be.

True.

However, the source.

Of the methane is still a complete mystery.

Complete is an adjective, and it means  very great or the highest possible.

So we're saying it's a mystery,  but not just a mystery.

Imagine the greatest mystery.

You've ever thought of?

That's a complete mystery.

It's a very great mystery,  the highest mystery possible.

It's a complete mystery.

So the source, meaning how the methane is there  originally, where does the methane come from?

That is a complete mystery.

The world of astrobiology considers both  of these studies a historical milestone.

A milestone is an important event and  it's an important event in history or  

in your life as well an important event  in history or one's life For example,  

one of the big milestones is  when you graduate from school.

That's a milestone that's an important  event in your life when you graduate,  

when you get married, when you get your.

First job When you have a  baby, you buy your first.

Car buy your first house.

These are all milestones, but of course  there are also historical milestones,  

and this, the information found in these  studies, is one of those milestones.

According to this information,  Mars is not a dead planet,  

so of course a dead planet would be  a planet that cannot sustain life.

On the contrary.

We use this.

As a transition word, when we want  to introduce a contrasting point,  

so dead planet is the one point.

Now, the contrasting point would have to  show something with life, and we can use.

On the contrary, Mars is not a dead planet.

On the contrary, it is quite active with  life, with molecules, with organic matter,  

and maybe changing and becoming more habitable.

If you describe something as habitable,  

it means you're able to live  there because the conditions are.

Appropriate so able to live there.

For example, a very, very old house that  has a lot of damage might not be habitable.

It's not suitable to live there,  you're not able to live there.

Or after a flood or natural disaster,  maybe your home is no longer habitable.

Of course, this means further  research is necessary.

Scientists say they need to  send new equipment to Mars,  

equipment that can measure the  air and soil with more precision.

More precision is another  way of saying more accuracy.

Accuracy.

They need to be more accurate.

There are already missions underway.

Underway means they're in progress now.

In Progress now in progress Now, the  European Space Agency's exo Mars ship  

lands in 2020 and will be able to drill into  the ground on Mars to analyze what it finds.

Additionally, NASA is sending another Mars Rover  

in the same year to collect samples of  Martian soil and return them to Earth.

So Martian.

This comes from the word Mars.

Just.

Like if you.

Live in Italy, you're an Italian.

If you live on Mars, you're a Martian.

That can be something you  can maybe look forward to.

So live on Mars equals Martian, Martian soil,  

Italian wine, pizza, tomatoes,  for example, Martian soil.

And notice how Mars, Martian  Earth also have that capital  

first letter because they are proper nouns.

Remember we talked about proper  nouns at the beginning, proper nouns.

So you need capital first letter.

And here Nassau is in all capitals  because we also capitalize acronyms.

So each letter stands for something.

To be honest, I don't know what NASA stands for.

I think the SA is space agency national.

What's the a association space agency?

That doesn't sound right.

What is the?

Acronym for NASA, do you know?

Put it in the comments because  honestly, I'm not sure.

I'm pretty sure SA is space agency,  

but I don't know what the N and the A  stand for because nobody ever says it.

Everybody says NASA.

Let's continue.

Again, let me know in the comments.

The possibility of life on Mars has  fascinated humans for generations.

It has been the subject of endless  science fiction novels and films.

If you describe something as endless,  it means again and again and again.

So as you know, there are always  movies and books about aliens,  

Martians, life on other planets, right?

So again and again and again.

Non ending.

Again and again non ending.

Endless.

Are we alone in the universe?

Oh, or have there been other life  forms within our solar system?

If the current missions to the Red  Planet, which again means Mars.

Mars.

If the current missions to  the Red Planet continue, it  

looks as if we may discover the answer very soon.

Wow, isn't that a interesting  way to end an article?

So that's our article on Mars.

Now I will go back and I'll read  the article from start to finish  

and this time you can focus on my pronunciation.

Life on Mars.

A new study published in the journal Science shows  

definitive evidence of organic  matter on the surface of Mars.

The data was collected by NASA's  nuclear powered Rover Curiosity.

It confirms earlier findings that the Red  Planet once contained carbon based compounds.

These compounds, also called organic  molecules, are essential ingredients for life.

As scientists understand it.

The organic molecules were found  in Mars's Gale Cater, a large area  

that may have been a watery  link over 3 billion years ago.

The Rover encountered traces of the  molecule in rocks extracted from the area.

The rocks also contain sulfur, which scientists  speculate helped preserve the organics even  

when the rocks were exposed to the harsh  radiation on the surface of the planet.

Scientists are quick to state that the presence of  these organic molecules is not sufficient evidence  

for ancient life on Mars, as the molecules  could have been formed by non living processes.

But it's still one of the most  astonishing discoveries which  

could lead to future revelations,  especially when one considers the  

other startling find that Curiosity  uncovered around five years ago.

The Rover analyzes the air around it periodically,  and in 2014 it found the air contained another of  

the most basic organic molecules and a  key ingredient of natural gas, methane.

One of the characteristics of methane is  that it only survives a few 100 years.

This means that something somewhere  on Mars is replenishing the supply.

According to NASA, Mars emits  thousands of tons of methane at a time.

This level of methane rises and falls  at seasonal intervals in the year,  

almost as if the planet is breathing it.

NASA suspects the methane comes from  deep under the surface of the planet.

The variations in temperature on the  surface of Mars cause the molecule.

To.

Flow upwards at higher and higher levels.

For example, in the winter, the gas could  get trapped in underground icy crystals.

These crystals, called class rates,  melt in the summer and release the gas.

However, the source of the methane  is still a complete mystery.

The world of astrobiology considers both  of these studies as historical milestones.

According to this information,  Mars is not a dead planet.

On the contrary, it is quite active and may  be changing and becoming more habitable.

Of course, this means further  research is necessary.

Scientists say they need to  send new equipment to Mars,  

equipment that can measure the  air and soil with more precision.

There are already missions underway.

The European Space Agency's EXO  Mars ship lands in 2020 and will  

be able to drill into the ground  on Mars to analyze what it finds.

Additionally, NASA is sending another Mars Rover  

in the same year to collect samples of  Martian soil and return them to Earth.

The possibility of life on Mars has  fascinated humans for generations.

It has been the subject of endless  science fiction novels and films.

Are we alone in the universe or have there  been other life forms within our solar system?

If the current missions.

To the Red Planet continue.

It looks as if we may  discover the answer very soon.

I hope you enjoyed that article,  now let's continue to the next one.

Our article is called Time Travel.

Let's start the first section.

Time travel took a small step away from  science fiction and toward science.

So you have here is science fiction.

Fiction is the opposite of fact.

So we have two categories.

We have fiction which is not real.

Like.

Harry Potter And then we have  non fiction which is real,  

like a historical biography or autobiography.

I wrote those definitions here.

So time travel took a step away from fiction,  so away from not true and toward true.

Here notice how we have the  word toward as a preposition.

2 spellings are correct.

You can say toward or towards with an S, so.

If you hear.

Someone say towards with an S it's not incorrect.

Both of them.

Are grammatically correct and  acceptable and towards science  

Recently when physicists discovered that  subatomic particles known as neutrinos.

Neutrinos.

Just listen to my pronunciation.

Neutrinos can exceed the speed of light.

So if you exceed something, it  means you've gone beyond it.

Now in this case, they're talking about speed.

So to go beyond means to go faster than if you  exceeded your spending limit on your credit card.

You've.

Gone beyond that limit, which means you've  spent more money than you have available.

And notice here we have can which is a modal verb  and then we have exceed, which is the base verb.

So grammatically you always  have modal plus base verb,  

not the infinitive can to  exceed no, just can exceed.

So modal plus base verb can  exceed the speed of light.

So these new neutrinos, which are  subatomic particles, don't worry,  

I don't know what a neutrino is.

I don't really know what a subatomic particle.

Is because I'm not a physicist, but I understand  

that they're particles and  they can go faster than the.

Speed of light.

That is what I know based on the  article, The Unassuming Particle.

Unassuming is an adjective, and when  you describe something as unassuming,  

it means it doesn't attract a  lot of interest or attention.

So maybe you're walking down a  street and there's a restaurant,  

but it doesn't attract your interest or  attention because maybe it's very small.

It doesn't look very nice from the outside.

There isn't a lot of decorations.

The sign for the restaurant is very small, so  you almost don't even notice the restaurant.

So it's an unassuming restaurant, but  you go in and the food is delicious,  

but you almost didn't notice  it because it's unassuming.

So these particles, these  neutrinos, are unassuming.

They don't attract a lot of attention or  interest, likely because they're just very small.

They're not considered something  that's very important in science.

The unassuming particle, it is electrically  neutral, small, but with a non 0 mass.

So this is simply giving us more  information about what this particle is,  

because the average person does  not know what a neutrinos is.

A physicist knows what this is,  but the average person does not.

So this is giving us more information on  this particle, the unassuming particle.

It is electrically neutral, small but  with a non 0 mass and able to penetrate.

Now notice here able to penetrate is  something missing from this expression  

and able to penetrate the expression is  to be able to that's the full expression.

But notice it is electrically  neutral and able to penetrate.

So when we have and you don't  need to repeat the main.

Verb.

So you can say for example, she is tall and thin.

OK, she is tall and thin, so  you don't have to say she.

Is tall and is thin.

You can get rid of this main verb  and just say she is tall and thin.

The same thing is happening here.

The only difference is instead of  having one simple word like tall,  

we have all of this information.

So it's easy to forget  

that this is is also attached to able to because  the expression is not able to it's be able to.

OK, so for example, you can't  say she able to speak Japanese.

You can't say that this is grammatically  incorrect because the verb to be is missing.

So I'll put a :( and an X she.

Is able to speak Japanese so now.

This is correct because we have to  be able and then your infinitive.

So that is what it's happening here and able to.

But we're using the verb to be for  both sections before and and after.

And so don't forget that with  able to and able to penetrate,  

when you penetrate something,  it simply means you go into.

So let's say I'm putting cream on my skin.

When the, when the cream goes into  my skin and you can no longer see it,  

it means the cream penetrated my skin.

It went into my skin.

So this neutron, this neutrinos can go into your  skin, it can penetrate the human form undetected.

So you don't.

See something going into your skin?

Because they they're not visible,  they're so small that you can't see them.

So that means undetected, not visible, not known,  not visible, or not known, not known, undetected.

Is on its way to becoming a rock  star of the scientific world.

When you see this dash here and then  another dash, it means you can remove  

all of the information between the dashes and  the sentence would be grammatically correct.

For example, let me read it  without the information in blue.

The unassuming particle is on its way to  becoming a rock star of the scientific world.

Grammatically correct.

The information between the dashes is additional  

supplementary information, and in this  case, it gives you more information about  

what the nutrinos is because as I said,  the average person just doesn't know.

Don't worry about writing all this down because  I summarize everything in the free lesson PDF.

So you can look in the description  below to download the free lesson PDF.

Let's continue.

Researchers in Geneva sent the neutrinos  hurtling through an underground corridor.

Let's take a look at hurtling.

This means to move very fast, but  it also implies in a dangerous way.

So when these neutrinos were hurtling  through the underground corridor.

So imagine the corridor is going  straight and the neutrinos are going.

Very fast, but maybe they're banging  against the sides of the wall.

They're crashing into each other, not in a.

Orderly, straight way.

So you can use this, for example, with drivers,  

you might say the delivery  driver hurdled up my driveway.

So he came up your driveway, He  drove up your driveway very quickly,  

but also very dangerously so quickly.

And maybe he's swerving.

There's a object here.

He's going right for it.

Maybe you're standing here and  he doesn't seem to be stopping.

He hurdled.

Up your driveway.

Let's continue.

Researchers in Geneva sent the neutrinos  hurtling through an underground corridor  

toward their colleagues or towards remember  their colleagues 730 kilometers away in Italy.

The neutrinos arrived promptly.

Promptly is an adverb and it means quickly  without delay, but also at the scheduled time.

So for example, the meeting  will start promptly at 9:00 AM.

Often when you schedule a meeting at 9,  

some people might come to the meeting  903905 just a little bit late.

But if you say the meeting  will start promptly at 9:00.

I will.

Start the presentation at 900, not 901 or 902.

Promptly at 9:00, so immediately at 9:00.

So in this case, the neutrinos arrived  promptly, so we can say quickly without delay.

So promptly, in fact, that they triggered  what scientists are calling the unthinkable.

Let's look at triggered and unthinkable.

So first triggered.

When something triggers something, it  simply means it causes it to start.

So the fact that the neutrinos traveled so  promptly caused something else to start.

And that something else is that  scientists are now rethinking time travel.

So that's the something you could say, for  example, speaking in public triggers my anxiety.

So speaking in public causes my anxiety to start.

I wrote that example here for you.

Now, the unthinkable.

This is when something is just so shocking or  unlikely that it's difficult for you to imagine,  

difficult for you to actually form a picture.

For example, a world without  language would be unthinkable.

Can you even contemplate?

Can you think about what life would  be like if nobody spoke any language?

Language was not invented.

A human being never uttered, which means spoke,  never uttered a word, never spoke a word, ever.

Could you even imagine how we  would interact with each other?

It's unthinkable.

It's so shocking and unlikely, we  can't even really think about it.

So time travel is another  thing that's just unthinkable.

Can you imagine what life would  be like if we could time travel?

It's unthinkable that everything they  have learnt, known or taught stemming  

from the last 100 years of the physics  discipline may need to be reconsidered.

So this is.

The unthinkable that everything that  physicists know about their discipline,  

they may need to think about it  again if time travel is possible.

I want to point out the past  simple here of the verb learn  

because you might be confused as to why it has AT.

So learnt is the preferred spelling  and pronunciation in British English.

In American English, which I teach, the  preferred spelling and pronunciation is learned.

So notice we have a soft T here learnt and  then in American learned with a soft D learned.

Both of them are grammatically correct, it's  just two countries preferred two different words.

Everything they have learnt, known or taught  stemming from here to stem from simply means.

Come from to come from.

Come from.

So in this case, because it's in the gerund  form, I'll put mine in the gerund form.

Coming from the last 100 years of the physics  discipline may need to be reconsidered.

So when you add re in front of the  verb, it means you do the verb again.

So you need to consider again.

So that means consider again because you add  re reconsidered, we need to consider it again.

So let's say you asked your boss for  a promotion and your boss said no.

Maybe you could say, can you reconsider  what he can you consider my proposal again?

And most likely he'll say no.

But hey, maybe he'll say,  I guess I could reconsider.

And then you can explain again  why you deserve a promotion.

And maybe this time your boss will say yes.

So it's always possible for someone  to reconsider the issue at stake.

So at stake is simply when  something is being considered.

So here the issue being  considered, the issue at stake,  

so being considered is a tiny segment  of time, precisely 60 nanoseconds.

So now they're going to  explain what 60 nanoseconds is,  

because the average person who  is not a physicist does not know.

So 60 nanoseconds is 60 billionths of a second.

So you have one second, and then you divide that  one second into billions and you take 60 of them.

For me, I can't really comprehend  what 60 billions of a second is,  

to be honest, because a second is like that.

And imagine you take 60 billions of that second.

It would be so, so fast.

It's unthinkable.

I can't even imagine what that would be.

So notice I just used unthinkable.

This is how much faster than  the speed of light the neutrinos  

managed to go in their underground  travels, and at a consistent rate.

Even allowing for a margin of  error of 10 billionths of a second,  

this stands as proof that it is  possible to race against light and win.

So here they're comparing the  speed of the neutrinos to the.

Speed of light, which is just.

So fast that you and I, average  people can't really comprehend  

understand how fast it is because it just happens.

So quickly.

So they're just letting you know  it happened faster than the speed  

of light and this allowing for a margin of error.

They're saying even if our calculation was  incorrect, don't worry, it's still accurate.

So they accounted for that.

They allowed some miscalculation in their  formula, and the neutrinos are still faster  

than the speed of light even if their  calculation is somewhat inaccurate.

So that's a margin of error.

You'll see this a.

Lot in study scientific studies, research studies.

A margin of error of 10 billionths of a second.

The duration of the experiment.

Duration is the length, the  duration of the experiment,  

the length of this experiment,  the entire time of the experiment.

So length or entire time of the  experiment also accounted for.

When you account for something,  you simply consider it.

So they considered that margin of error that  their calculation may be somewhat inaccurate.

So to consider also accounted for.

Considered.

So here accounted for something.

So notice the preposition.

You account for something,  but you consider something.

So we don't use considered for,  it's just considered because we  

don't need the preposition for  and considered and ruled out.

The phrasal verb to rule something out is when  you no longer have something as a possibility,  

so to no longer have an option as a possibility.

So basically it means to exclude  an option to exclude an option.

So let's say you.

Are considering different options maybe  you're going to give your team a promotion,  

give them an extra vacation day or give  them free lunch on Fridays those are your  

three options to show your support for your  staff but you're going to rule out promotions  

you're going to no longer consider that  as an option because you don't have the  

financial resources to offer promotions  and it's very expensive so you're going to.

Rule out promotions.

Now you just have.

Two options to consider.

So they ruled out any possible lunar effects.

Lunar is the moon so effects from the moon because  the moon can influence time and tidal bulges.

I don't know what a bulge is, I  assume it's similar to a wave.

And tidal relates to the tide.

So going when the water goes in  and out, that is called the tide.

So tidal bulges in the Earth's crust.

So this information is just to let  you know that their calculation  

considered many different factors  to understand if they are wrong.

And they're still saying even if  we take all of this into account,  

consider all of this, the neutrinos are  still faster than the speed of light.

Let's continue nevertheless  

the transition word neither the nevertheless  is used when you are going to have a contrast.

So here they're talking about all the reasons why  the neutrinos are faster than the speed of light.

But now, because I have nevertheless, I  know they're going to introduce evidence to.

Say that.

This might not be true because  there has to be a contrast,  

so this is a transition word used  to introduce a contrasting point.

Nevertheless, there's plenty  of reason to remain skeptical.

Skeptical means I'm not sure if I believe  you or I'm not sure if I believe this.

Topic.

I'm not sure if I believe that  we can travel through time.

I'm skeptical so not sure if the  person can be trusted or believed.

Person or information?

In this case, it's the  information they're presenting.

Information can be trusted or  believed, so I'm skeptical.

I'm not sure.

According to Harvard University science historian  Peter Gallison, Einstein, Albert Einstein.

Of course, Einstein's relativity theory has  

been pushed harder than any theory in  the history of the physical sciences.

Pushed harder than It means that every scientist  has tried to prove that his theory is not correct,  

so they've pushed his theory harder than any  theory in the history of the physical sciences.

Yet each prior challenge, prior means previous.

So each challenge that had  previously happened prior, previous.

You see this a lot in job interviews.

Do you have any prior experience?

Do you have any previous experience?

So let me write that for you.

Do you have any prior experience in Excel?

So Excel is a Microsoft  software for organizing data.

Do you have any prior experience in Excel?

Do you have any previous experience?

Yet each prior challenge has come to no avail.

So remember, I said they've tried to.

Prove.

That Einstein's theory is inaccurate or incorrect,  

but it's come to no avail, which  means they have not been successful.

So no avail means not successful.

Let's review this example.

I asked my boss for a promotion but to no avail.

So notice the expression is to no  avail and this means not successful.

So I didn't get the promotion.

My boss said no but to no avail.

I'm hopeful he'll reconsider.

I'm hopeful that's just another way  of saying I hope he'll reconsider.

So remember, we talked about this,  consider it again and change his decision.

But.

He's skeptical.

I don't know.

I'm not sure if Jennifer's ready for a promotion.

He's skeptical that I'm ready  for a management position.

So here we used a lot of expressions  in one thought, one advanced thought.

Let's continue.

So is time travel just around the corner?

When something is just around the corner,  it means happening soon, happening soon.

So you could say my vacation is just  around the corner, happening soon.

So is time travel happening  soon, just around the corner.

The prospect.

So the prospect.

Is the.

Idea that chime travel is just around the corner,  

the prospect has certainly been wrenched  much closer to the realm of possibility.

This simply means moved closer to the realm of  possibility, meaning that something is possible.

So a simple way of saying this is the prospect  has certainly been moved towards possibility.

Now that a major physical  hurdle, a hurdle is an obstacle,  

something that prevents you from achieving a goal.

So an obstacle, hurdle,  obstacle, the speed of light.

So this is the obstacle, the hurdle  for time travel, the fact that  

we need to travel faster than the speed of light.

And so far nothing has travelled faster than the  

speed of light until these  neutrinos has been cleared.

So to clear the hurdle means to  get rid of it, to eliminate it.

If particles, these neutrinos, if  particles can travel faster than light,  

in theory, traveling back in time is possible.

That's unthinkable, isn't it?

How anyone harnesses that to harness something  is when you use something successfully.

To use something successfully,  use something successfully.

For example, we have now harnessed the  power of the sun through solar panels.

So you put a solar panel on the roof of your house  and it harnesses the sun, the energy of the sun.

It uses that energy successfully  by then heating your house.

So we've already harnessed  many things in our environment.

Why not time travel?

How anyone harnesses that?

So how anyone uses time travel successfully to  

some kind of helpful end is far beyond  the scope of any modern technologies.

OK, so far beyond the scope of.

When something is beyond the scope of, it means  that it is not included in, not included in.

For example, teaching you about  Einstein's theory of relativity  

is beyond the scope of this lesson, which  means it's not included in this lesson.

It doesn't mean it's not important, it's  just beyond the scope of this lesson.

It's not included in this lesson.

So it's beyond the scope of any modern technology,  

however, and will be left to  future generations to explore.

When you leave something  to someone, it means that.

You give the.

Responsibility to someone else.

So the future generations now have the  responsibility to take the information  

from this article, the fact that these neutrinos  can travel faster than the speed of light and try  

to harness that, try to turn it into something  tangible that we can use and benefit from.

So that's not our responsibility.

We're going to leave.

That to future generations to explore.

So that's the end of the article.

What I'll do now is I'll go to the  beginning and I'll read the article  

from start to finish and this time  you can focus on my pronunciation.

Time travel.

Time travel took a small step away from science  fiction and towards science recently when  

physicists discovered that subatomic particles  known as neutrinos can exceed the speed of light.

The unassuming particle.

It is electrically neutral, small  but with a non 0 mass and able to  

penetrate the human form undetected  is on its way to becoming a rock.

Star of the.

Scientific World researchers in Geneva  sent the neutrinos hurtling through  

an underground corridor toward their  colleagues 730 kilometers away in Italy.

The neutrinos arrived promptly.

So promptly, in fact, that they triggered  what scientists are calling the unthinkable,  

that everything they have learned, known,  

or taught stemming from the last 100 years of the  physics discipline may need to be reconsidered.

The issue at stake is a tiny segment of time,  

precisely 60 nanoseconds, which  is 60 billionths of a second.

This is how much faster than  the speed of light the neutrinos  

managed to go in their underground  travels, and at a consistent rate.

Even allowing for a margin of  error of 10 billionths of a second,  

this stands as proof that it is  possible to race against light and win.

The duration of the experiment  also accounted for and ruled  

out any possible lunar effects or  tidal bulges in the Earth's crust.

Nevertheless, there's plenty  of reason to remain skeptical.

According to Harvard University  science historian Peter Gallison,  

Einstein's relativity theory has been  pushed harder than any theory in the.

History of the.

Physical sciences.

Yet each prior challenge has come to no avail,  and relativity has so far refused to buckle.

So is time travel just around the corner?

The prospect has certainly been wrenched  much closer to the realm of possibility  

now that a major physical hurdle,  the speed of light, has been cleared.

If particles can travel faster than light, in  theory, traveling back in time is possible.

How anyone harnesses that to some kind  of helpful end is far beyond the scope of  

any modern technologies, however, and will  be left to future generations to explore.

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