English Grammar - Easy Introduction to Passive

1,440,242 views ใƒป 2009-06-12

English with Ronnie


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi there, my name is Ronnie and today English is going to be taught by me.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใƒญใƒ‹ใƒผ ใงใ™ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ็งใŒ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
00:12
I'm going to teach you English.
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็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
00:17
This is going to be a grammar lesson.
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ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:18
Everyone shudder.
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ๅ…จๅ“ก้œ‡ใˆใ‚‹ใ€‚
00:19
Not grammar.
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:20
It is.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:21
I think this is a very difficult, hard to understand lesson.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ ้›ฃใ—ใใ€็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:29
I don't want to teach.
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ๆ•™ใˆใŸใใชใ„ใ€‚
00:30
I give up.
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ใ‚ใใ‚‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
00:31
I'll try.
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็งใŒ่ฉฆใ—ใฆใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
00:32
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
00:33
Today we're going to learn about passive.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–
00:38
The opposite of passive is active.
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ใฎๅๅฏพ ใฏใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:41
In our everyday goings-ons, we usually use active sentences.
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็งใŸใกใฎๆ—ฅๅธธใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใง ใฏใ€้€šๅธธใ€่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:47
An example of this is "I eat lunch."
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ ใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:01
In this sentence, the focus or the importance is on the subject or "me."
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใง ใฏใ€ไธป้กŒใพใŸใฏใ€Œ็งใ€ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใพใŸใฏ้‡่ฆๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:17
So I want to make it very clear that it was me who did the action.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ€ใใฎ่กŒ็‚บใ‚’่กŒใฃใŸใฎใฏ็งใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:23
So I put "me" first.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏใ€Œ็งใ€ใ‚’ๆœ€ๅˆใซ็ฝฎใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:26
Next comes the verb and "lunch" is our noun.
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ๆฌกใฏๅ‹•่ฉž ใงใ€"lunch" ใฏๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
01:37
When we want to have a passive sentence, we don't want to tell who did the action.
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆŒใกใŸใ„ใจใ ใฏใ€่ชฐใŒใใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใŸใใชใ„.
01:46
What's important is that the action was done.
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้‡่ฆใชใฎใฏ ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒๅฎŸ่กŒใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
01:52
So to make the sentence passive, we're going to change the verb position, the noun position,
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ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซ ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎไฝ็ฝฎใ€ๅ่ฉžใฎไฝ็ฝฎใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใ€ไธป่ชžใ‚’
02:02
and we're going to even eliminate or take out the subject.
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ๅ‰Š้™คใพใŸใฏๅ‰Š้™คใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:07
This is how we do it.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใฎใ‚„ใ‚Šๆ–นใงใ™ใ€‚
02:10
We start with the noun and we say, not "lunk," "Lunch was eaten."
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ๅ่ฉžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ€ ใ€Œlunkใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ŒLunch was eat.ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:36
In this sentence, we don't know and we don't care who ate the lunch.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ ่ชฐใŒๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ—ใ€ๆฐ—ใซใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:45
What is important is that it was eaten.
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ๅคงๅˆ‡ใชใฎ ใฏใ€้ฃŸในใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:50
To form a passive sentence, we take the noun plus "to be" verb, and we use the "be" or
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ๅ่ฉž ใซใ€Œto beใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใฆใ€ใ€Œbeใ€
03:08
the past participle.
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ใพใŸใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:10
The past participle is the third tense of the verb.
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้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฏ ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็ฌฌไธ‰ๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใ™ใ€‚
03:15
For example, "eat, ate, eaten."
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ้ฃŸในใฆใ€้ฃŸในใฆใ€้ฃŸในใฆใ€ใ€‚
03:27
The way that I like to remember this, we pronounce this like the number, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
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็งใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆšใˆใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใชๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ ๆ•ฐๅญ—ใฎใ‚ˆใ†
03:38
8.
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03:39
Eat, ate, eaten.
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ใซ 1ใ€2ใ€3ใ€4ใ€5ใ€6ใ€7ใ€8 ใจ็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:41
So when we make a passive sentence, you always have to put "was" and the past participle
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ๅธธใซ ใ€Œwasใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆ
03:49
of the verb.
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:51
You also have to know when or why, very important, we actually have to use the passive.
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ใพใŸใ€้žๅธธใซ ้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใพใŸใฏใใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:58
As I said before, we use it when we don't want to tell the person who did the action.
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ๅ‰ใซใ‚‚ ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸไบบใซ่จ€ใ„ใŸใใชใ„ใจใใซไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:08
Maybe we simply don't know who did the action, or it's a secret.
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ใŸใถใ‚“ ใ€่ชฐใŒใใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใฎใ‹ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็ง˜ๅฏ†ใงใ™.
04:16
For example, when I was a child, my brother and I were given cookies, and we would both
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็งใŒๅญไพ›ใฎ้ ƒใ€ๅ…„ ใจ็งใฏใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ€็งใŸใกใฏไธกๆ–นใจใ‚‚
04:23
eat all of the cookies.
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ใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใ‚’ใ™ในใฆ้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸ.
04:26
My brother, he would eat the last cookie.
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็งใฎๅ…„ใ€ ๅฝผใฏๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†.
04:30
So my mother would say, "Who ate all the cookies?"
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ๆฏใฏใ‚ˆใ ใ€Œใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใ‚’ๅ…จ้ƒจ้ฃŸในใŸใฎใฏ่ชฐ๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:34
My brother would say, "I don't know," and I would say, "It was him, he ate the cookies."
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ๅ…„ใฏใ€Œใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใ€็ง ใฏใ€ŒๅฝผใŒใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:41
Now, if he was smart, he could answer in the passive, and he could say, "Cookies were eaten."
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฝผใŒ้ ญใŒ่‰ฏใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใง็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใฏ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:02
We have to be careful here, because "cookies" is plural, you need to use "were."
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ใ“ใ“ใงๆณจๆ„ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใฏใ€ ใ€Œcookiesใ€ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œwereใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
05:10
So if it is a plural noun, we need to use "were."
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅ่ฉžใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ใ€Œwereใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:19
Lunch is singular, so with the singular noun, we use "was."
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lunch ใฏๅ˜ๆ•ฐใช ใฎใงใ€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅ่ฉžใงใฏใ€Œwasใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:27
You always need the "pp" or the past participle.
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ๅธธใซ ใ€Œppใ€ใพใŸใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ๅฎŸ้š›ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆ
05:34
One really good example of when you really need to use the passive is this.
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฎ้žๅธธใซ่‰ฏใ„ไพ‹ใฎ 1 ใคใŒใ“ใ‚Œ ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:41
We have hair, sometimes it grows very long.
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็งใŸใกใซใฏ้ซชใฎๆฏ›ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ๆ™‚ใซใฏ้žๅธธใซ้•ทใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:46
We need to go to a place to have our hair cut.
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็ง ใŸใกใฏ้ซชใ‚’ๅˆ‡ใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:54
If I use an active sentence, I would say, "I cut my hair."
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่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใชใ‚‰ ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏ้ซชใ‚’ๅˆ‡ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:05
But most of the times, we do not cut our own hair, probably because we can't get the back,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€็งใŸใกใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ้ซชใ‚’ๅˆ‡ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€่ƒŒไธญใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
06:12
and it's pretty dangerous, and you'd probably look funny as well.
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ใ‹ใชใ‚Šๅฑ้™บใง ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚‚ๅค‰ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.
06:17
So in this case, you need to use the passive.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ ๅ ดๅˆใฏใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:22
You need to say, "My hair," and we don't need a capital on that, "was cut."
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ใ€Œ็งใฎ้ซชใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใŒใ€ใ€Œๅˆ‡ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅคงๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:43
We don't know who cut it, and we don't care who cut it.
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่ชฐใŒๅˆ‡ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ—ใ€่ชฐใŒ ๅˆ‡ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ๆฐ—ใซใ—ใชใ„ใ€‚
06:48
If you wanted to include who did it, you can say, "by," and then the person.
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่ชฐใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€ใ€Œbyใ€ใฎๅพŒใซใใฎไบบใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:57
So for example, I can say, "My hair was cut by Bobby."
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ใ€Œ็งใฎ้ซชใฏใƒœใƒ“ใƒผใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ‚ซใƒƒใƒˆใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:06
Bobby the barber cut my hair.
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ๅบŠๅฑ‹ใฎใƒœใƒ“ใƒผใŒ็งใฎ้ซชใ‚’ๅˆ‡ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:08
It's active, but you can say, "My hair was cut."
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ ใ‘ใฉ ใ€Œ้ซชๅˆ‡ใฃใกใ‚ƒใฃใŸใ€ใฃใฆ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใ€‚
07:14
"Cut" is going to be a very nice verb because it doesn't change.
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ใ€Œๅˆ‡ใ‚‹ใ€ใฏ ๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใงใจใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:23
In every part of the verb, it stays the same, cut, cut, cut, easy.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎใ™ในใฆใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใง ใ€ๅŒใ˜ใพใพใ€ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒˆใ€ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒˆใ€ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒˆใ€็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:29
So remember, the next time you go and get your hair done, and you tell your friends,
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ๆฌกใซ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ้ซชใ‚’ๆ•ดใˆใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‹้”
07:34
"I cut my hair," they're going to say, "Wow, you did a good job," and then you go, "Oh,
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ใซใ€Œ้ซชใ‚’ๅˆ‡ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€Œใ†ใ‚ใƒผใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใใ—ใฆใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่กŒใโ€‹โ€‹ใพใ™ใ€ ใ‚ใ€
07:41
no, I didn't cut my hair.
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ใ„ใ‚„ใ€
07:43
My hair was cut," all right?
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้ซชใฏๅˆ‡ใฃใฆใชใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:47
So I hope this clarifies the difficult grammar that we have in English of passive.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŸใกใŒ่‹ฑ่ชžใงๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎ้›ฃใ—ใ„ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’ๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ ใพใ™.
07:54
Please go to www.engvid.com, and you can have a quiz, and you can test your knowledge on
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www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ—ใŸใ‚Šใงใใพใ™
08:01
the passive.
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ใ€‚
08:02
Thank you for watching, and I'll see you in the next video.
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ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:14
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
08:15
Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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