Gender-inclusive Language - How to avoid sexism

314,129 views ใƒป 2012-08-03

English with Emma


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Hi there, my name is Emma, and today we are going to be talking about gender-inclusive
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ์ œ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์— ๋งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„์„ ํฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
00:09
language or gender-sensitive language.
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์–ธ์–ด ๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
So before we begin, I just want to talk a little bit about language.
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
Language is always changing, and so what we used to say 50 years ago, 100 years ago, sometimes
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 50๋…„ ์ „, 100๋…„ ์ „์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์™€
00:27
we don't talk the same way as we did back then.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
00:31
Now this is really true when we talk about women, or when we talk about professions that
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋‚˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ง์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์ •๋ง ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
used to be filled with men, but now because a lot of women work, they're also filled with
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค๋„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:41
women.
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.
00:43
And so because of these changes in society, changes in the status of women, now we are
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€์œ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
00:49
using different ways, different grammar to talk about men and women.
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๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
So if you're a little confused, that's okay, because as we go through this lesson, it's
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
00:59
going to become very clear and easy to understand what I'm talking about.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์›Œ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
So let's get started.
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์  ๋”๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€
01:06
Let's look at a common example of what I mean by language that is not gender-inclusive.
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
01:12
So I have this sentence, "Man has always been driven by his desire for happiness."
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” "์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด๋ง์— ์ด๋Œ๋ ค ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
Now in this case, I don't have "a man" or "the man."
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” "๋‚จ์ž"๋‚˜ "๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž"๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
There's no article before man, so we're talking about man in general, not a specific man.
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man ์•ž์—๋Š” ๊ด€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํŠน์ • ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
Maybe about 50 years ago, 100 years ago, and even sometimes today, people, when they wanted
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ 50๋…„ ์ „, 100๋…„ ์ „, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„ ๊ฐ€๋” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
01:38
to talk about people in general, they would use the term "man."
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋•Œ "๋‚จ์ž"๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
And so this actually means people.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
People have always been driven by their desire for happiness.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š•๋ง์— ์ด๋Œ๋ ค ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
And so what we're trying to do in the English language is we're trying to change sentences
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ
01:54
like these so they also include women.
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์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
So anytime in history books, in old English literature, in literature even from the 1950s
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฑ…, ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์˜๋ฌธํ•™, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด 1950๋…„๋Œ€
02:04
and '60s, anytime you see the word "man," it's usually referring to people if there's
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์™€ 60๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ "man"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
02:10
no article before it.
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๊ทธ ์•ž์— ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
And so again, this is a bit of a problem because we're not including women in this.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
People are made up of both men and women, and in this sentence, we're only talking about
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‚จ์ž์™€ ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:23
men.
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.
02:24
So how do I fix a sentence like this to make it more inclusive of both men and women?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋” ํฌ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š” ?
02:29
Well, like I said, "man" is actually a synonym of "people."
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์Œ, ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด "๋‚จ์ž"๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ "์‚ฌ๋žŒ"์˜ ๋™์˜์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
That looks like my marker has run out.
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๋งˆ์ปค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
Much better.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚ซ๋‹ค.
02:43
"People."
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"์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค."
02:45
So I can say "people" -- in this case, I'd have to change this to "have" -- "people have
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” "์‚ฌ๋žŒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ "๊ฐ€์ง€๋‹ค"๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
02:53
always been driven by their desire for happiness."
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด๋ง์— ์ด๋Œ๋ ค ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
03:03
So this is the first thing I want you to think.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
Man can become people in gender-inclusive language.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์  ๋”๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
Mankind is another thing we often talked about.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž์ฃผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
This means all the people of the world.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
We now talk about it as humanity.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
So think of some famous quotes, famous English quotes.
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์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ธ์šฉ๋ฌธ, ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์˜์–ด ์ธ์šฉ๋ฌธ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
03:26
Maybe you know them, maybe you don't.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
First of all, I'd like to talk about when, in 1960s, Neil Armstrong went to the moon,
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๋จผ์ € 1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋‹ ์•”์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ์ด ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ
03:34
and he made a very famous quote.
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์•„์ฃผ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ง์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
He said, "This is one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."
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๊ทธ๋Š” "์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„์•ฝ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
Now if you took that sentence and you brought it into the 21st century, it would be changed.
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋€” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
He would have probably said something like, "This is one small step for a man, one giant
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:53
leap for humanity."
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.
03:55
We've just talked about man, mankind, people, humanity, and again, this is language we'd
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ์ธ๋ฅ˜, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ์ธ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
04:02
be using in the 1950s, maybe.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ 1950๋…„๋Œ€์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ์–ธ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
This is the language of the 21st century.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์—
04:15
What I'd like to talk about next are certain jobs.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํŠน์ • ์ง์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
In the past, these jobs were mainly done by men, and as a result, most of them contained
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„
04:23
the word "man."
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'๋‚จ์ž'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋๋‹ค.
04:26
But now we have a lot of women doing these same jobs, and so we want to include both
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:30
men and women when we talk about these jobs.
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์ด ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
So what do they become?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
04:34
Well, first of all, we have "chairman," which is a businessman of a sort.
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์Œ, ์šฐ์„ , ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€์ธ "ํšŒ์žฅ"์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
04:41
What we do is we change the word "man" to "person."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ "man"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ "person"์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
This becomes inclusive of both men and women, so we have "chairperson" or "chairpeople."
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ "์˜์žฅ" ๋˜๋Š” "์˜์žฅ"์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
"Policeman" has now become "police officer."
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"๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€"์€ ์ด์ œ "๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€"์ด๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
"Fireman" has become "firefighter."
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"์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€"์€ "์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€"์ด๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
"Mailman" has become either "letter carrier" or "mail carrier."
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"Mailman"์€ "ํŽธ์ง€ ์šด๋ฐ˜๋Œ€" ๋˜๋Š” "์šฐํŽธ ์šด๋ฐ˜๋Œ€"๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
Both are fine.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
And finally, "salesman" has become "salesperson."
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ "ํŒ๋งค์›"์€ "ํŒ๋งค์›"์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
Now this is not the whole list.
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์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „์ฒด ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
I'm sure you could find many different words in English where they have "man" at the end
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋์— "man"์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:20
of them.
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.
05:21
So if you want to make this gender inclusive, just get rid of the "man," and oftentimes
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์„ฑ๋ณ„์„ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด "man"์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข…์ข…
05:28
just add in "person."
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"person"์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
05:31
So gender inclusive language is not only about vocabulary.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
We've looked at some vocabulary examples, like "policeman" becomes "police officer,"
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"๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€"์ด "๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€"์ด ๋˜๊ณ  "
05:40
"fireman" becomes "firefighter."
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์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€"์ด "์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€"์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์–ดํœ˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
It's also about the grammar of the language, too.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
05:46
So I have here four sentences -- well, five, but we'll get to this one a bit later -- about
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ, 5๊ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
a manager.
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๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
The first sentence -- and this is general.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ -- ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
We're not talking about a specific manager.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
05:58
We're talking about managers in general.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
06:02
In the past, I probably would have said, "A good manager knows his staff."
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์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” "ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋Š” ์ง์›์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
Keyword "his."
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ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ "๊ทธ์˜."
06:10
Because in the past, most managers were men.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
But this is changing.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
Now we also have female managers, too.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
06:18
So in order to include them in our language, this one is not really used so frequently
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์–ธ์–ด์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:26
anymore.
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.
06:36
So one way people have gotten over this grammatically is they've added "his" or "her."
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ "๊ทธ์˜" ๋˜๋Š” "๊ทธ๋…€"๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
So they say, "Okay, well, a manager can be both a man or a woman, so why don't we just
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ "์ข‹์•„์š”, ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ž์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ
06:50
use 'his' or 'her'?
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'his'๋‚˜ 'her'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?
06:51
A good manager knows his or her staff."
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์ข‹์€ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง์›์„ ์ž˜ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
06:55
So grammatically, this is okay to do, but the problem is if you have a very long paragraph
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
07:01
where you use "his" or "her," "he" or "she" again and again and again, it makes the paragraph
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"his" ๋˜๋Š” "her", "he" ๋˜๋Š” "she"๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธด ๋‹จ๋ฝ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์„
07:07
a lot longer, and it's not so easy to read.
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๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๊ธธ๊ณ  ์ฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
And so even though this is correct grammatically, there are better ways to deal with this type
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:16
of problem.
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.
07:17
So this one, I would give it -- I would give this one, first of all, an angry face.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€, ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , ํ™”๋‚œ ์–ผ๊ตด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
This one gets maybe okay.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
So not angry.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
We're not angry about this, but it's not ideal.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
It's not perfect.
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
If we look at number three, "A good manager knows their staff."
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3๋ฒˆ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด "์ข‹์€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋Š” ์ง์›์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค."
07:43
So now we're not saying if it's a man or a woman, which is good, but the problem is this
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚จ์ž์ธ์ง€ ์—ฌ์ž์ธ์ง€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
07:51
breaks a gender -- not a gender rule -- this breaks a grammar rule.
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์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
We have a singular subject, "a good manager," so this is similar to "he."
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"์ข‹์€ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ "๊ทธ"์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
It does not agree with "their."
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"๊ทธ๋“ค์˜"์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
This is for plural.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
This is for "they."
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ "๊ทธ๋“ค"์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
We use "they," "their," "he," "his," "she," "her," so this causes a grammar problem.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "they", "their", "he", "his", "she", "her"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
So a lot of native speakers actually use this one.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
They use it informally when they talk to friends, when they talk to family.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
You hear this on TV all the time.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ TV์—์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
08:30
A lot of people like to say "their" instead of "his" or "her," and it's fine to use.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด " ๊ทธ์˜" ๋˜๋Š” "๊ทธ๋…€์˜" ๋Œ€์‹  "๊ทธ๋“ค์˜"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
You can use it, but don't use it when you're writing an essay.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—์„ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
08:40
Don't use it in business.
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๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
08:41
It's informal.
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๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
So this one, it's not the best one to use, but it's an okay phase.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
Now we get to the best one.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€
08:55
The best thing to do if you come across this problem is pluralize it.
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๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
So then you can use "their" and subject, verb -- sorry, there's an agreement now.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ "their"์™€ ์ฃผ์–ด, ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
So we have good managers know their staff.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์›์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
This is the best thing to do.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
If you can, anytime you come across this problem, make your subject plural and use "their."
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฃผ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  "their"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
09:22
So now let's look at -- so let me give this one a big smiley face.
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์ž ์ด์ œ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค -- ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์›ƒ๋Š” ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ์ฃผ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
This is the best thing you can do.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
So let's do a practice one using this.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
09:36
So for number five, a nurse should be nice to her patients.
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๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ ˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
Now when we think of nurses, when we think of teachers, when we think of certain professions,
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ, ํŠน์ • ์ง์—…์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ
09:46
sometimes we think women do these professions, but it's not true.
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง์—…์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
I know many male teachers, and I know many male nurses as well.
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๋‚จ์ž ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ๋‚จ์ž ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ์•Œ์•„์š”.
09:55
And so in this case, it's actually being -- it's not gender inclusive for men who do these
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ -- ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์  ๋”๋ฅผ ํฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:02
professions.
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.
10:04
So we have the same problem as we did here.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
So be aware of your own bias.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ธ
10:10
Do I think that there are certain professions where it's all women?
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ํŠน์ • ์ง์—…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ? ์„ฑ๋ณ„์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
10:13
Be careful with those cases specifically, because maybe you're more likely to use language
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์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํŠนํžˆ ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”
10:19
that's not gender inclusive.
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.
10:22
So a nurse should be nice to her patients.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ ˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
How can we change this?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
10:28
Get rid of "a" -- capitalize it -- to "nurse."
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"a"๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ "nurse"๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์„ธ์š”.
10:35
Add an "s" to make it plural.
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๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด "s"๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
Nurses should be nice to -- change this to "their."
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๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์นœ์ ˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ "๊ทธ๋“ค์˜"๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์„ธ์š”.
10:46
Nurses should be nice to their patients.
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๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ ˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
So there you have it.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
So again, we've talked about vocabulary.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
We've talked about using "man" versus "people."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "์‚ฌ๋žŒ"๊ณผ "์‚ฌ๋žŒ"์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
And finally, we've talked about grammar and how to make your grammar more gender inclusive.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
So to practice this more, I invite you to come check out our site at www.engvid.com.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋” ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด www.engvid.com์—์„œ ์ €ํฌ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
We have a quiz there that you can practice these types of sentence structures on.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ€ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
So until next time, take care.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชธ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
11:18
>> They will continue the voyages we have begun and journey to all the undiscovered
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>> ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ•ญํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์•„๋ฌด๋„, ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๊ฐ€๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:22
countries boldly going where no man, where no one, has gone before.
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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