Grammar: Active and Passive Infinitives

357,233 views ใƒป 2015-01-24

English with Alex


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hey, guys. I'm Alex. Thanks for clicking, and welcome to this advanced grammar lesson
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ใญใˆใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„
00:06
on "Active and Passive Infinitives". Now, before this lesson, I really recommend checking
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ไธๅฎš่ฉžใ€ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹้ซ˜ๅบฆใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎๅ‰ใซใ€ไธๅฎš่ฉžใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใซใคใ„ใฆ่กŒใฃใŸๅ‰ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅผทใใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—
00:12
out the previous lesson that I did on the functions of infinitives, just so you're already
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธๅฎš่ฉž
00:18
familiar with how they work in a sentence, what verbs they can follow, and everything
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ใŒๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ ใ€ใฉใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใซๅพ“ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใชใฉใ‚’ๆ—ขใซใ‚ˆใ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚
00:24
like that. So, today, we're going to look at active infinitives in which the subject
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ใงใ™. ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ ใ€ไธป่ชž
00:29
is doing an action plus an infinitive, and we're also going to look at passive infinitives
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ใŒใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใจไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใชไธๅฎš่ฉžใจใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใชไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
00:35
where you are receiving the action. Okay?
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
00:39
So, first of all, let's look at the active simple, which is the most basic infinitive
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ€ใพใšใฏๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชไธๅฎš่ฉžใฎ็”จๆณ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:44
use. And again, an infinitive is "to" plus a base verb. So: "She plans to invite them."
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ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ไธๅฎš่ฉžใฏใ€Œtoใ€ใจ ๅŸบๆœฌๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ™ใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
00:52
Here, "to invite". After "plan", we always use an infinitive. There's nothing special
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚ "plan" ใฎๅพŒใซใฏใ€ๅธธใซ ไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:00
going on here. It's just a present, simple sentence.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ็‰นๅˆฅใชใ“ใจใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚่ตทใใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใฏใŸใ ใฎ ็พๅœจใฎ็ฐกๅ˜ใชๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:03
"Mike's afraid to make mistakes." We know that many adjectives, such as "afraid" can
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ใ€Œใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฏใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’ๆใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œๆใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใชใฉใฎๅคšใใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎ
01:11
be followed by an infinitive.
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ๅพŒใซไธๅฎš่ฉžใŒ็ถšใใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:14
And here we have: "Bermuda is a nice place to spend your vacation." Okay? So, this is
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ใ€ŒใƒใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ€ใฏ ไผ‘ๆš‡ใ‚’้Žใ”ใ™ใฎใซๆœ€้ฉใชๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
01:24
basically the simple use of an infinitive. There's certain verbs that are followed by
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซไธๅฎš่ฉžใฎๅ˜็ด”ใชไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไธๅฎš่ฉž ใŒๅพŒใซ็ถšใ็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ไธๅฎš่ฉžใŒๅพŒใซ็ถšใ
01:29
infinitives, there are many adjectives that are followed by infinitives, there are many
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ๅคšใใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ไธๅฎš่ฉžใŒๅพŒใซ็ถšใๅคšใใฎ
01:33
noun phrases which are also followed by infinitives. And this all plays into the rest of this lesson
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ๅ่ฉžๅฅใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ™ในใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซใ‚‚ๅฝ“ใฆใฏใพใ‚Š
01:41
as well.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:42
So, here, we have the active past. So if you'd like to talk about an action that a subject
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใช้ŽๅŽปใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ไธป่ชžใŒ้ŽๅŽปใซ่กŒใฃใŸ่กŒๅ‹•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆ
01:49
did in the past and you have to use an infinitive, the structure you use is: "to have" plus the
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ใ€ไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆง‹้€ ใฏใ€Œto haveใ€ใจ
01:57
past participle. So, "to have" is actually the infinitive in this sentence. For example:
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้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œto haveใ€ใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซ ใฏใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธๅฎš่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ไพ‹:
02:04
"You seem to have forgotten your jacket." So, I'm speaking to you in the present, maybe
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒฃใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ็งใฏ็พๅœจใ‚ใชใŸใจ
02:10
I'm talking to you on the phone, and you know, you left my party two hours ago, and I say:
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่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ—ใ€้›ป่ฉฑใง่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ 2 ๆ™‚้–“ๅ‰ใซ็งใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚’ๅŽปใฃใŸใฎใงใ€็งใฏใ“ใ†่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
02:16
"Hey. It looks like you left your jacket." You seem to have forgotten, in the past, your
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ใ€‚ " ้ŽๅŽปใซใ‚ธใƒฃใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™
02:22
jacket. And again, "seem" is always followed by an infinitive, so you have to use an infinitive
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ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€"seem" ใฎๅพŒใซใฏๅธธใซ ไธๅฎš่ฉžใŒ็ถšใใฎใงใ€ใใฎๅพŒใซไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
02:30
after it. Past, "to have" plus p.p.
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ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใ€Œ ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ p.p.
02:34
Okay, second sentence says: "I was happy to have finished everything early.", "I was happy
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎใ‚ปใƒณใƒ†ใƒณใ‚นใฏๆฌก
02:44
to have finished", so this, you're almost using a past perfect structure because what
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ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
02:50
you're doing is you're saying the first action is I finished, you know, I finished everything
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่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ ใฏ
02:56
early, whether it was studying, work, whatever it was. And then I was happy after that. Right?
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ใ€ๅ‹‰ๅผทใงใ‚‚ใ€ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ‚‚ใ€ไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ๆ—ฉใ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใใฎๅพŒใ‚‚ๅนธใ›ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ
03:03
So this is the first action, and this is the second action. You can say: "I was happy to
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
03:10
finish everything early." That's fine as well. But if you want to focus more on the order
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ใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๆ—ฉใ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใฆใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎ้ †ๅบใจใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚‚ใฃใจ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
03:16
of the action and this, you know, having been completed a little bit earlier, you can do:
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ใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅ‰ใซๅฎŒไบ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚Œใฐใ€
03:22
"to have" plus the past participle.
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ใ€Œto haveใ€ใจ ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:25
All right, let's look at the passive forms. Now, in passive, the subject basically here...
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ—ใ‘่บซใงใฏไธป่ชžใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ“ใ“ใง...
03:31
Well, the object, sorry, becomes the focus and it receives the action. Okay? So, in the
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ใˆใˆใจใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใฏใ€็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€็„ฆ็‚น ใซใชใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใคใพใ‚Š
03:38
passive simple, all you're doing is "to be" plus the past participle. So, the first sentence
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ใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œto beใ€ ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’่ถณใ™ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡
03:45
says: "They expect to be invited." In general, they expect now to be invited, for example,
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ใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซใ€ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไปŠ
03:55
to a birthday party, or a wedding, or whatever the occasion is, they expect to be invited
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ใ€่ช•็”Ÿๆ—ฅใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚„็ตๅฉšๅผใชใฉ ใซๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใ€ๆฉŸไผšใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใ€่ชฐใ‹ใซๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:02
by someone. Passive. They're receiving the action.
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ใ€‚ ๅ—ใ‘่บซใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:06
Second sentence: "We waited to be given instructions." So here, "to be given" is using a passive
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡: ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆŒ‡็คบใŒไธŽใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€ŒไธŽใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€
04:16
simple structure of an infinitive. Now, what this means is, you know, we waited in class
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ใฏใ€ไธๅฎš่ฉžใฎๅ—ๅ‹•็š„ๅ˜็ด”ๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใงๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎๆŒ‡็คบใ‚’ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใŸ
04:23
to be given instructions from the teacher. The teacher is the one doing the action; we
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™. ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่กŒใ†ใฎใฏๆ•™ๅธซใงใ™ใ€‚ ็ง
04:29
are receiving the action. And as we know, based on the previous lesson on infinitives
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ใŸใกใฏใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธๅฎš่ฉžใจไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅ‹•่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆ
04:35
and common verbs, "wait" is followed by an infinitive. So you wait to do something. Okay?
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ใ€"wait" ใฎๅพŒใซใฏ ไธๅฎš่ฉžใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๅพ…ใกใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
04:43
And here: "Prepare to be amazed!" This is an... Well, how can I say this? Yes, it's
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใ“ใซ๏ผšใ€Œ้ฉšใๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆใพใ‚ใ€ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ่จ€ใˆใฐใ„ใ„ใฎ๏ผŸ ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ‚Œ
04:51
an imperative. Right? So: "Prepare to be amazed!" whether this is a tagline for a movie or something
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ใฏๅฟ…้ ˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œ้ฉšใๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผใ€ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆ˜ ็”ปใฎใ‚ญใƒฃใƒƒใƒใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†
04:58
like that, they are telling you: "Prepare to be amazed" by something. So, you're going
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ใจใ€ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใจใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใ€Œ้ฉšใ‹ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ็Šถๆณ
05:04
to receive the action of amazement in this situation.
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ใงใฏ้ฉšใใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
05:08
And finally, let's look at the passive past, which again, just like active and passive
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎ้ŽๅŽปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ใพใŸใ€่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใจๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎ
05:14
gerunds, active and passive infinitives, this is the longest construction and the one that
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ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใ€่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใจๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎไธๅฎš่ฉžใจๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏๆœ€ใ‚‚้•ทใ„ๆง‹ๆ–‡ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใŒ
05:19
is I would say the least frequently used by native English speakers. So: "I'm happy to
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ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹้ ปๅบฆใฏๆœ€ใ‚‚ไฝŽใ„ใจ่จ€ใˆ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Š
05:27
have been invited.", "To have been invited". The structure, "to have been", plus the past
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ใ€ใ€Œๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œto have beenใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆง‹้€ ใจ้ŽๅŽป
05:36
participle. I'm happy now because I was invited in the past. So I'm happy. Again, happy is
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ๅˆ†่ฉžใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปใซ่ช˜ใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใงไปŠใฏๅนธใ›ใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏๅนธใ›ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅนธใ›
05:44
an adjective. Many adjectives are followed by infinitives. I'm happy to have been invited
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ใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅคšใใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซ ไธๅฎš่ฉžใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปใซๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใๆ€ใ„
05:52
in the past.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:54
Okay, and finally: "It was an honour"... "It was an honour", in the past, "to have been
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ใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œๅ…‰ๆ „ใงใ—ใŸใ€โ€ฆใ€Œ ๅ…‰ๆ „ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใ€ๆ˜”ใฏใ€Œ
06:00
chosen for the award." I was chosen for the award in the past of the past, kind of like
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ๅ—่ณžใซ้ธใฐใ‚Œใฆใ€ใ€‚ ็งใฏ ้ŽๅŽปใฎ้ŽๅŽปใฎ่ณžใซ้ธใฐใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ไธ€็จฎใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎใ‚ˆใ†
06:06
a past perfect construction. "To have been chosen for the award." Okay.
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ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ่ณžใซ้ธใฐใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
06:15
Are you confused? Are you okay? Are you breathing? Okay. Okay. So, if, you know, if you're having
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ๆททไนฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ ๅ‘ผๅธใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
06:23
some trouble with this stuff, go back, watch my two lessons on "10 Common Verbs Followed
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅ•้กŒใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใŸๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆˆปใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œไธๅฎš่ฉžใŒ ็ถšใ 10 ใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็งใฎ 2 ใคใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ
06:29
by Infinitives", watch my lesson on the functions and uses of infinitives which are linked to
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ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใซ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹ไธๅฎš่ฉžใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใจไฝฟ็”จใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็งใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
06:35
this video. After, come back, take a deep breath, take the quiz below and let me know
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ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ€‚ ใใฎๅพŒใ€ๆˆปใฃใฆใใฆใ€ ๆทฑๅ‘ผๅธใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ€ไธ‹ใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใซ็ญ”ใˆใฆใ€
06:41
how you did. And if you have any other suggestions for future videos, please also keep them in
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ใฉใ†ใ ใฃใŸใ‹ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ไปŠๅพŒใฎๅ‹•็”ปใซใคใ„ใฆไป–ใซๆๆกˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ ใ€ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆ ใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซๆฎ‹ใ—ใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
06:46
comment section. Once again, this has been Alex. And I'll see you guys next time. Bye.
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ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใพใŸใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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