English Grammar - The Subjunctive

253,019 views ใƒป 2012-02-20

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ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hey guys, I'm Alex. Thanks for clicking and welcome to this advanced grammar lesson on
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็งใฏใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆŽฅ็ถšๆณ• ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹้ซ˜ๅบฆใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ
00:07
the subjunctive. Now, this is a formal structure that we often use to emphasize urgency or
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ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ็ทŠๆ€ฅๆ€งใ‚„้‡่ฆๆ€งใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฝขๅผ็š„ใชๆง‹้€ ใงใ™
00:15
importance. The subjunctive is a part of grammar that we use after certain verbs or with certain
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ใ€‚ ๆŽฅ็ถšๆณ•ใฏใ€ ็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใพใŸใฏ็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใจใจใ‚‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ™
00:24
verbs. So, I have a list of verbs at the bottom of the board here. We have advise, ask, command,
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ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ“ใฎใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใฎไธ€็•ชไธ‹ใซๅ‹•่ฉžใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใซใฏใ€ๅŠฉ่จ€ใ€่ณชๅ•ใ€ๅ‘ฝไปคใ€
00:31
demand, desire, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest, and urge. And these verbs,
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่ฆๆฑ‚ใ€ๆฌฒๆฑ‚ใ€ไธปๅผตใ€ๆๆกˆใ€ๆŽจๅฅจใ€ ่ฆๆฑ‚ใ€ๆๆกˆใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณไฟƒใ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€
00:40
when you use them to talk about urgency or importance, how something needs to be done
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็ทŠๆ€ฅๆ€งใ‚„ ้‡่ฆๆ€งใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่กŒใ†
00:46
or you suggest something, they are followed with a certain structure. And this structure
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ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆๆกˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ ใจใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๆง‹้€ ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆง‹้€ 
00:52
is demonstrated on the board for you guys. And again, this is commonly used for advice.
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ใฏ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎใŸใ‚ใซใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ไธŠใงๅฎŸๆผ”ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
00:58
So, for example, "She suggested that I leave early." Okay, so the subjunctive needs two
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใŒๆ—ฉใๅ‡บ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆๆกˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใ€ ใ•ใฆใ€ไปฎๅฎšๆณ•ใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎใ“ใจใŒๅฟ…่ฆ
01:05
things. First, you need the subject, right? The person who mentioned whatever it is that
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใšใ€ไปถๅใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใŸไบบ
01:11
the information is. You have the verb, right? Kind of like the advice verb or the urgency
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นๅ‹•่ฉžใ€็ทŠๆ€ฅ
01:19
verb or importance verb. So, "She suggested." We have "that." Now, "that" is optional, so
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€้‡่ฆๅ‹•่ฉžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆๆกˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฏใ‚ชใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใช
01:25
I put it in brackets. You can use it or you can not use it. It's your decision. Then,
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ใฎใงใ€ใ‹ใฃใ“ใงๅ›ฒใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไฝฟใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ ไฝฟใˆใชใ„ใ‹ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆฑบใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€้‡่ฆใพใŸใฏ็ทŠๆ€ฅ
01:32
you have the person who received the message of importance or urgency. Then, this is very
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ใฎใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใฃใŸไบบใŒใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ
01:40
important, you have the verb, which is always in the simple form, even in the third person.
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้‡่ฆใงใ™ ใ€‚3 ไบบ็งฐใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๅธธใซๅ˜็ด”ใชๅฝขใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:47
Okay? Now, at first, it might be a little weird. It sounds a little strange, but grammatically,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ•ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซใฏ
01:53
this is absolutely correct. So, let's read the sentences and talk about them individually.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็ตถๅฏพใซๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงๅ€‹ๅˆฅใซ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:59
So, "She suggested," right, in the past, "She suggested that I leave early." Okay? So, here
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆๆกˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€้ŽๅŽปใซใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณ ใฏ็งใŒๆ—ฉใๅ‡บ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆๆกˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ“
02:07
you have, again, "She suggested to me." So, "She suggested that I leave early." And again,
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใซๆๆกˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใŒๆ—ฉใๅ‡บ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆๆกˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€
02:15
simple verb, right? "I recommend that you study hard." The same construction. "I recommend
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ๅ˜็ด”ใชๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใญใ€‚ ใ€Œไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ใ€ ๅŒใ˜ๆง‹้€ ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏ
02:23
to you," right, "that you study hard." Next, here we have a third person. So, this is the
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ใ‚ใชใŸใซใ€ใ€Œไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ๆฌกใซใ€ ใ“ใ“ใซ็ฌฌไธ‰่€…ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ
02:29
one that might sound a little weird to you in the beginning, since most third person
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ใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎไธ‰ไบบ็งฐ
02:35
verbs -- well, most all. Sorry for that, guys. All third person verbs in the present simple
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใ™ในใฆใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€‚ ็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๅฝขใฎใ™ในใฆใฎไธ‰ไบบ็งฐๅ‹•่ฉžใซใฏ
02:41
require an "s." Now, in the subjunctive, in this mode where you're talking about advice
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ใ€Œsใ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ไปฎๅฎšๆณ•ใงใฏ ใ€ใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€
02:48
or you're emphasizing importance or urgency of something, you don't use the "s." You always
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ใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใฎ้‡่ฆๆ€งใ‚„็ทŠๆ€ฅๆ€งใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎใƒขใƒผใƒ‰ใง ใฏใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚
02:54
use the simple verb. So, "It's important that he come on time." Okay? Here you have the
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ๅ˜็ด”ใชๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œ ๅฝผใŒๆ™‚้–“้€šใ‚Šใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ“
03:01
verb, "come." We don't say, "That he comes." It's important that he comes on time. Grammatically,
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ใซใ€Œๆฅใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒๆฅใ‚‹ใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฝผใŒๆ™‚้–“้€šใ‚Šใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„
03:07
it should be, "It's important that he come on time." Next, finally, we have a negative.
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ใซใฏใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒๆ™‚้–“้€šใ‚Šใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€ใจใชใ‚‹ใฏใš ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใƒใ‚ฌใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:14
If you want to make the subjunctive negative, you just add the word "not" before the verb.
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ๆŽฅ็ถšๆณ•ใ‚’ๅฆๅฎšใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซใ€Œnotใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:20
So, "I propose that we not go there." "Not I propose that we don't go there." Okay? Now,
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใใ“ใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆๆกˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œ ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€็งใŸใกใฏใใ“ใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆๆกˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:28
as you noticed, this might sound very formal, right? It is a little formal, and honestly,
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ใŠๆฐ—ใฅใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใญใ€‚ ๅฐ‘ใ—
03:36
there are people who do say, "I propose that we don't go there." It's accepted in speech.
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ๅ …่‹ฆใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๆญฃ็›ดใ€Œ่กŒใ‹ใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๅฃ้ ญใงๅ—ใ‘ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
03:41
It's accepted in spoken English. Grammatically, though, this is the way you are supposed to
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ๅฃ่ชž่‹ฑ่ชžใงๅ—ใ‘ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซ ใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆœฌๆฅใฎ
03:46
say it. Same with the third person example, okay? "It's important that he come on time."
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่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใงใ™ใ€‚ ไธ‰ไบบ็งฐใฎไพ‹ใจๅŒใ˜ ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒๆ™‚้–“้€šใ‚Šใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
03:52
You will hear native speakers that say, "It's important that he comes on time." Meaning-wise,
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒๆ™‚้–“้€šใ‚Šใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’่žใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๆ„ๅ‘ณ็š„ใซ
03:59
you understand the meaning, right? You think, "There's nothing wrong with that sentence."
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ใฏใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€ ใ€Œใใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏไฝ•ใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚‚ใชใ„ใ€ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:03
Grammatically, it's supposed to be this, all right? So, just be aware that there is a difference
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซใฏใ“ใ†ใชใ‚‹ใฏใš ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
04:09
between what is grammatically correct and what is used, because both are used, okay?
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใจไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใซใฏ้•ใ„ใŒ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ไธกๆ–นใŒไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:14
All right, guys. If you want to test your understanding of the subjunctive, and also,
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€‚ ไปฎๅฎšๆณ•ใฎ็†่งฃๅบฆใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใพใŸใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ
04:19
I recommend if you don't understand some of these words, check out, you know, any dictionary
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
04:24
website on the internet, like freedictionary.com or dictionary.com to check the meaning. And,
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freedictionary.com ใ‚„ dictionary.com ใชใฉใฎใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆไธŠใฎ่พžๆ›ธ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ ใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆ็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ไปฎๅฎšๆณ•ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
04:31
again, if you want to check your understanding of using the subjunctive, make sure that you
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ็†่งฃใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
04:35
check out the quiz on www.engvid.com. Take care, guys. See ya.
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ใ€www.engvid.com ใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€‚ ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ€‚

Original video on YouTube.com
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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