Basic English Grammar Made Easy

665,210 views ใƒป 2022-01-22

English Speaking Success


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
- Do you think grammar is just a lot of boring rules?
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- ๆ–‡ๆณ• ใฏ้€€ๅฑˆใชใƒซใƒผใƒซใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
00:06
Well, think again, my friend.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€็งใฎๅ‹ไบบใ€‚ ๆญฃใ—ใ่€ƒใˆใ‚Œใฐใ€
00:07
Think differently, because learning English grammar
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใถใฎใฏ
00:11
can be easy and fun if you think about it correctly.
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็ฐกๅ˜ใงๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅˆฅใฎ ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใ‚’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:16
Let me help you change your thinking.
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่€ƒใˆๆ–นใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใŠๆ‰‹ไผใ„ใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:20
(upbeat music)
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(ๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„้Ÿณๆฅฝ)
00:30
Hi, nice to see you again.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใพใŸใŠไผšใ„ใงใใฆใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:32
Oh, and if you're new, my name's Keith.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅˆใ‚ใฆใชใ‚‰ใ€็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚ญใƒผใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚
00:34
I run the website, The Keith Speaking Academy
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ใ‚ญใƒผใ‚น ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐ ใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒผใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ
00:37
and the YouTube channel, English Speaking Success.
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ใจใ€ ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฐใƒชใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅ ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐ ใ‚ตใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใฎ YouTube ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚’้‹ๅ–ถใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:41
So listen, in this fun lesson,
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่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใ“ใฎๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€
00:44
I'm going to make grammar easy for you.
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’็ฐกๅ˜ใซใ—ใพใ™.
00:48
I'm going to do this first with a short story, an anecdote,
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ๆœ€ๅˆ ใซ็Ÿญ็ทจๅฐ่ชฌใ€้€ธ่ฉฑใง
00:52
and then we'll do a review of
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆฌกใซ
00:54
the most important parts of speech,
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ใ€
00:57
including verbs, nouns, prepositions,
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ๅ่ฉžใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€
00:59
adjectives, and many, many more.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใชใฉใ€ๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชๅ“่ฉžใฎๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:02
In the end, there's a little quiz
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
01:04
to help you review and have a bit of fun.
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ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—ใฆๆฅฝใ—ใ‚€ใŸใ‚ใฎใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:07
And also, don't forget to click the link below
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ใพใŸใ€ ไธ‹ใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„
01:10
and you can download that PDF of this lesson.
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ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎ PDF ใ‚’ใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใƒญใƒผใƒ‰ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:14
Finally, if you want to practise your spoken grammar
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
01:17
with a native English speaker, then check out Cambly.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใจไผš่ฉฑๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ Cambly ใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
01:21
This is a fantastic platform where you can find
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
01:24
native English speaking teachers
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ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ๆ•™ๅธซ
01:26
and improve your speaking skills.
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ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใ€ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใ‚’ๅ‘ไธŠใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใƒ—ใƒฉใƒƒใƒˆใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใงใ™.
01:29
The great thing is the teachers
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็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใฏใ€ๆ•™ๅธซ
01:31
come from lots of backgrounds.
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ใŒๅคšใใฎใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ฐใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
01:32
So you have IELTS and TOEFL trainers,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€IELTS ใ‚„ TOEFL ใฎใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒŠใƒผ
01:35
you also have teachers who have a background in business,
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ใŒใ„ ใฆใ€ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใ€
01:38
filmmaking, music, even journalism.
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ๆ˜ ็”ป่ฃฝไฝœใ€้Ÿณๆฅฝใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใฏใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใƒŠใƒชใ‚บใƒ ใฎใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ฐใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚’ๆŒใคๆ•™ๅธซใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:42
So you can find somebody to match your needs.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒ‹ใƒผใ‚บใซๅˆใ†ไบบใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:46
More about that later, let's get into it
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ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅพŒใง่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—
01:49
and start making grammar easy.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’็ฐกๅ˜ใซ็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:58
I think language is like music.
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่จ€่ชžใฏ้Ÿณๆฅฝใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:01
(soft music)
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(ใ‚ฝใƒ•ใƒˆใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใ‚ธใƒƒใ‚ฏ)
02:02
You listen to music and you hear beautiful sounds.
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้Ÿณๆฅฝ ใ‚’่ดใใจใ€็พŽใ—ใ„้ŸณใŒ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
02:06
You listen to a language and I hear beautiful sounds.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ่จ€่ชžใ‚’่žใใจใ€็งใฏ็พŽใ—ใ„้Ÿณใ‚’่žใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:11
With music, you have different names
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้Ÿณๆฅฝใง
02:14
for the notes and the order they go in.
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ใฏใ€้Ÿณ็ฌฆใจใใฎ้ †ๅบใซ
02:17
With language, you have different names
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ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅๅ‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚่จ€่ชžใง
02:20
for the words and the order they go in.
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ใฏใ€ๅ˜่ชžใจใใฎ้ †ๅบใซใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅๅ‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
02:23
And that's it, grammar just describes the language.
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ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ ใงใ™ใ€‚ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฏ่จ€่ชžใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:29
It's not the actual language,
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ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใฎ่จ€่ชžใงใฏใชใใ€
02:32
it's just a way of talking about it.
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ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ™ใŽใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:35
Now, maybe you started to get
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅญฆๆ กใงๆ–‡ๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ็ฅž็ตŒ่ณชใซใชใ‚Šๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
02:37
nervous about grammar at school
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02:40
when your teacher began to introduce some names and labels
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ใ€‚ๆ•™ๅธซใŒๆŽฅ็ถš
02:45
for things like the present perfect subjunctive,
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ๆณ•็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝข
02:49
the possessive determiners, the predicate,
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ใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๆ ผ้™ๅฎš่ฉžใ€่ฟฐ่ชžใชใฉใฎๅๅ‰ใจใƒฉใƒ™ใƒซใ‚’ๅฐŽๅ…ฅใ—ๅง‹ใ‚
02:53
and then suddenly lots of rules, and then exceptions,
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ใ€็ช็„ถๅคšใใฎ ่ฆๅ‰‡ใ€ไพ‹ๅค–ใ€
02:58
and then at the end of the day,
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ใใ—ใฆ ็ตๅฑ€ใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใ€
03:00
you felt that grammar was the same as headache.
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฏ้ ญ็—›ใจๅŒใ˜ใ ใจๆ„Ÿใ˜ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
03:07
And that's very, very common.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:08
You see, I think we need to change things.
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ใปใ‚‰ใ€็งใŸใกใฏ็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:11
I think we should start by listening to the language,
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็งใŸใกใฏ ใใฎ่จ€่ชžใ‚’่žใใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚
03:15
loving it, and then repeating it.
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ„›ใ—ใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚’็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ™ในใใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™. ๆ–‡ๆณ•
03:19
Not starting with the grammar, talking about it.
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ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใ ใ€ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:25
So we're learning English.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใŸใกใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:27
I suggest you listen, you love it, and then you repeat it.
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่žใ„ใฆใ€ๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใฃ ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ™ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:33
And let me tell you a little anecdote, right?
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ๅฐ‘ใ—้€ธ่ฉฑใ‚’ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:35
This is when I was younger.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใŒ่‹ฅใ„้ ƒใงใ™ใ€‚
03:36
I was a teenager and I began learning to play the piano.
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็งใฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒณใ‚จใ‚คใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผ ใงใ€ใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽใ‚’็ฟ’ใ„ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:41
I did it on my own.
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03:41
I had a little keyboard, something,
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็งใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใงใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
็งใฏๅฐใ•ใชใ‚ญใƒผใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
03:43
probably something like this.
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ใ€‚
03:47
Yep.
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ใ†ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:48
Of course, those days we didn't have apps,
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๅฝ“ๆ™‚ใฏใ‚ขใƒ—ใƒชใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใŒใ€
03:51
but we had something similar.
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ไผผใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:53
And so I was at home, and I was playing.
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ใใ‚Œใง็งใฏๅฎถใซใ„ใฆใ€้Šใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:56
(soft piano music)
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๏ผˆใ‚ฝใƒ•ใƒˆใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽ้Ÿณๆฅฝ๏ผ‰
04:00
And I was, you know, practising , teaching myself.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฏใ€ ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใ€่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:03
And then after a few weeks,
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ใใ—ใฆๆ•ฐ้€ฑ้–“ๅพŒใ€
04:07
my friend came along, and he's a musician.
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็งใฎๅ‹ไบบใŒใ‚„ใฃใฆๆฅใฆใ€ๅฝผใฏใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒฃใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
04:09
He played the guitar and he said,
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ๅฝผใฏใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’
04:12
oh, what are you learning?
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ๅผพใใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:13
So I showed him like.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏๅฝผใซใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใ›ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:14
(soft piano music)
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๏ผˆใ‚ฝใƒ•ใƒˆใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽ้Ÿณๆฅฝ๏ผ‰
04:17
And he said, great, that's a scale in C major.
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ใใ—ใฆๅฝผใฏใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏใƒ้•ท่ชฟใฎใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒผใƒซใ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:21
And I was like, a what?
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฏไฝ•ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
04:22
A scale in C major?
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Cใƒกใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใฎใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒผใƒซ๏ผŸ
04:25
And he said, yes.
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ใใ—ใฆๅฝผใฏ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€ใฏใ„ใ€‚
04:26
I thought, that's interesting.
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้ข็™ฝใ„ใชใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:27
And then I played him something I'd learned.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŒๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฝผใซๆผ”ใ˜ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
04:31
(soft piano music)
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๏ผˆใ‚ฝใƒ•ใƒˆใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽ้Ÿณๆฅฝ๏ผ‰
04:34
And he said, oh, an arpeggio.
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ใใ—ใฆๅฝผใฏ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ‚ขใƒซใƒšใ‚ธใ‚ชใ€‚
04:37
I had no idea, and then.
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็งใฏ็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:40
(soft bluesy piano music)
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(ๆŸ”ใ‚‰ใ‹ใ„ใƒ–ใƒซใƒผใ‚ธใƒผใชใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽ้Ÿณๆฅฝ)
04:46
Oh, a blues scale in C minor.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใƒ็Ÿญ่ชฟใฎใƒ–ใƒซใƒผใ‚น ใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
04:50
I had no idea.
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็งใฏไปŠใพใง็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
04:51
And he said, that's great.
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ใใ—ใฆๅฝผใฏ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
04:53
And what he was doing, he was describing what I was playing,
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ๅฝผใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ๅฝผใฏ ็งใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ๆผ”ๅฅใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆ
04:58
but I had listened, loved it, and repeated.
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ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่žใใ€ ๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:01
What's interesting is that then I began to get curious
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่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใฎใฏ
05:06
about the names, and the rules, and the order,
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ใ€ๅๅ‰ใ€ ใƒซใƒผใƒซใ€้ †ๅบใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณ
05:09
and it actually started to help me.
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ใ‚’ๆŒใกๅง‹ใ‚ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ่จ€่ชž
05:12
And I think it's the same with language, right?
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ใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
05:15
What we should do is start by listening, loving, repeating,
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็งใŸใกใŒใ™ในใใ“ใจใฏใ€ ่€ณใ‚’ๅ‚พใ‘ใ€ๆ„›ใ—ใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ™ใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚
05:19
and then get curious, find out the names,
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ใ€ๆฌกใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใกใ€ๅๅ‰
05:23
the labels, the rules, and that can help us.
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ใ€ใƒฉใƒ™ใƒซใ€ใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŸใกใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™.
05:27
And that's exactly what I did
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ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ
05:28
when I learned Spanish and when I learned Chinese.
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่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใ ๆ™‚ใ‚‚ใ€ไธญๅ›ฝ่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใ ๆ™‚ใ‚‚ใ€ใพใ•ใซใใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:31
I began with the language and doing it,
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็งใฏ่จ€่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’
05:35
loving it, repeating it, and then bit by bit
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ๆ„›ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—
05:39
learning the labels and the rules.
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ใ€ใƒฉใƒ™ใƒซใจใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ใšใคๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸ.
05:41
And I think that's the way to do it,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œ
05:43
and that's the way to think about it.
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ใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:47
So for me, grammar always comes second.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใซใจใฃใฆใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฏๅธธใซไบŒใฎๆฌกใงใ™ใ€‚
05:50
It's a kind of a way of clarifying
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ๅญฆ็ฟ’ใฎๅŸบ็คŽใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใฏใ€ไธ€็จฎใฎๆ˜Ž็ขบๅŒ–ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™
05:55
rather than a basis for learning.
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ใ€‚
05:58
With this in mind, I offer you
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฟต้ ญใซ็ฝฎใ„ใฆใ€
06:00
this lesson coming up now, basic grammar.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:04
I imagine most of you are beyond beginner level,
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎไบบใฏ ๅˆๅฟƒ่€…ใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใ‚’่ถ…ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹
06:07
otherwise you wouldn't really understand me.
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ใจ ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:10
So use this as a way of kind of
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ–‡ๆณ•
06:13
getting clear about the grammar, reviewing it,
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ใซใคใ„ใฆๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใ— ใ€ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—
06:17
getting curious about the rules,
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ใ€่ฆๅ‰‡ใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณ
06:20
and use it as something to help you move along,
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ใ‚’ๆŒใŸใ›ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€ๅ‡บ็™บ็‚นใจใ—ใฆ ใงใฏใชใใ€ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใ‚€ใŸใ‚ใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
06:23
not as a starting point.
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.
06:26
Great, let's get into it.
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ใงใฏใ€ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:34
Okay, so we're going to look at, well,
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ใงใฏ
06:36
eight of the most important parts of speech, speaking,
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ใ€ๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใช 8 ใค ใฎๅ“่ฉžใ€ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆ
06:41
and these include verbs, adverbs, nouns, articles,
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ใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€ๅ่ฉžใ€ๅ† ่ฉžใ€
06:47
adjectives, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions, OMG.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž ใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ€OMG ใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
06:54
Now you may be thinking that's a lot, Keith.
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ไปŠใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚ŒใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€ใ‚ญใƒผใ‚นใ€‚
06:57
Yes it is, but don't worry.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:59
You don't have to be stuck in the classroom with me.
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็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซๆ•™ๅฎคใง็ซ‹ใกๅพ€็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:02
This is YouTube, right?
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏYouTubeใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
07:04
You can go down to the description,
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่ชฌๆ˜Žใซ็งปๅ‹•ใ™ใ‚‹
07:06
and there's a timestamp, and you can click
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ใจใ€ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ ใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒณใƒ—ใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
07:09
on the part that is most interesting
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚่ˆˆๅ‘ณใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏๅฝน็ซ‹ใค้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆ
07:12
or useful for you, and just watch that.
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:15
You don't have to watch the whole video.
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ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:17
You can, but you don't have to.
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ใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:21
Okay, I'm gonna begin with verbs.
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:25
So, what are the verbs?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:26
Simply, verbs are doing words.
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็ฐกๅ˜ใซ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:30
They describe actions that we do, right?
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็งใŸใกใŒ่กŒใ†่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
07:33
Like drive.
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ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€‚
07:37
Spanish roundabout, always fun and games.
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ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณใฎใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚ขใƒใ‚ฆใƒˆใ€ใ„ใคใ‚‚ๆฅฝใ—ใใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ€‚
07:43
Cook.
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ๆ–™็†ใ€‚
07:48
Lose.
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ๅคฑใ†ใ€‚
07:52
Where's my pen?
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็งใฎใƒšใƒณใฏใฉใ“๏ผŸ
07:55
Also, they can describe states of being like be or seem.
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ใพใŸใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚„่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚’่กจใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:02
Okay, the most important thing about verbs
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž
08:05
is they tend to describe actions
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ใŒ
08:07
in the present, in the past,
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็พๅœจใ€้ŽๅŽป
08:10
and in the future, different tenses.
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ใ€ๆœชๆฅใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ™‚ๅˆถใง่กจใ™ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
08:14
So in the present, we can say I'm cooking a soup.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็พๅœจใงใฏใ€็งใฏ ใ‚นใƒผใƒ—ใ‚’ไฝœใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
08:21
Or we can talk about a present habit, for example,
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ใพใŸใฏ ใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็พๅœจใฎ็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑ
08:25
and say, I usually cook on Sundays.
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ใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใซๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:29
And one of the most important things to remember,
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใในใๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€
08:32
because we don't really conjugate verbs in English,
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅฎŸ้š›ใซๆดป็”จใ—ใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€
08:37
it's I cook, you cook, they cook, we cook, we all cook.
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I cookใ€you cookใ€they cookใ€We cookใ€We all cook ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:41
However, he, she, and it cooks.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฝผใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใฏๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:48
You must add an S when you're talking about another person,
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ไป–ใฎไบบใ€
08:51
he, or she, or a thing, it, the dog.
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ๅฝผใพใŸใฏๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใพใŸใฏ็‰ฉใ€ใใ‚Œใ€็Šฌใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€S ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:57
So add the S.
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ใงใฏใ€S ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆ
08:58
Now you're saying, of course, I know that Keith,
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€็งใฏใ‚ญใƒผใ‚นใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆ
09:00
but when you're speaking, lots of students
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ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ
09:04
at a high level forget the S.
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ใ€้ซ˜ใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใฎๅคšใใฏ S ใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:07
Yes, he cook a lot.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:09
No, he cooks a lot.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผใฏใ‚ˆใๆ–™็†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ S ใ‚’็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹
09:11
So you need to practise a lot speaking out the S.
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็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:16
And the thing is, there are three different pronunciations.
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ใ€‚
09:20
There's /Z/, /S/, /IZ/
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่จ€่‘‰ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ€/Z/ใ€/S/ใ€/IZ/ใŒ
09:25
depending on the word, right?
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
09:28
She drives.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ้‹่ปขใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:31
He cooks.
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ๅฝผใฏๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
09:33
He loses.
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ๅฝผใฏๅคฑใ†ใ€‚
09:36
So be careful about the pronunciation,
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€็‰นใซ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใฏ็™บ้Ÿณใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
09:38
especially when speaking.
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ใ€‚
09:40
Especially when speaking?
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็‰นใซ่ฉฑใ™ๆ™‚๏ผŸ
09:42
Only when speaking.
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ใ—ใ‚ƒในใ‚‹ๆ™‚ใ ใ‘ใ€‚
09:44
Now, when we talk about the past, verbs can be regular,
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใŒ้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใ ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ่ฆๅ‰‡็š„
09:48
which means they're all the same,
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ใงใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ™ในใฆๅŒใ˜
09:50
or irregular means they're a bit different, right?
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ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใŒใ€ไธ่ฆๅ‰‡็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใฏ ใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
09:54
Now, the regular past, you just add E-D.
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ใ•ใฆใ€้€šๅธธใฎ้ŽๅŽปใซ E-D ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:59
But again, when you're speaking,
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€
10:01
that can be three different sounds.
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3 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹้Ÿณใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:03
It can be /d/, /t/, /Id/ depending on the verb.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ€/d/ใ€/t/ใ€/Id/ ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:11
So you may have, for example, I cooked yesterday.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็งใฏๆ˜จๆ—ฅๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
10:16
I washed my face.
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้ก”ใ‚’ๆด—ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:20
I wanted to go to the cinema.
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็งใฏๆ˜ ็”ป้คจใซ่กŒใใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
10:23
So be careful on the pronunciation.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€็™บ้Ÿณใซใฏๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:27
If it's not regular, then it's irregular,
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่ฆๅ‰‡็š„ใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ไธ่ฆๅ‰‡ใง
10:29
and they're all different, and you just have to learn them.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆ็•ฐใชใฃใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’็ฟ’ๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ่‹ฑ่ชž
10:32
There are about 200 irregular verbs in English,
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ใซใฏ็ด„ 200 ใฎ ไธ่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒ
10:36
and in my free PDF you can see
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็งใฎ็„กๆ–™ใฎ PDF
10:39
the most important ones for you
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10:41
at a beginner-intermediate level.
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ใงใฏใ€ๅˆ็ดšใ‹ใ‚‰ไธญ็ดšใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใงๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:44
An example might be drive.
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ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:47
I drove yesterday.
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ๆ˜จๆ—ฅ้‹่ปขใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:50
A final interesting thing about verbs
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„็‚น
10:52
is that they can become a noun very easily
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ใฏใ€I-N-G ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒ้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใซๅ่ฉžใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจ
10:56
if you add I-N-G, right?
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ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
10:58
Cook, cooking, cooking becomes a noun.
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ใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ฏใ€ใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใ€ใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใŒๅ่ฉžใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:02
I like cooking, or cooking is fun.
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ๆ–™็†ใŒๅฅฝใใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ‹ๆ–™็†ใŒๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใ€‚
11:06
Driving is dangerous.
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้‹่ปขใฏๅฑ้™บใงใ™ใ€‚
11:08
It becomes a noun.
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ๅ่ฉžใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:09
Great, that's it let's move on
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11:18
Next up, adverbs.
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใงๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ๆฌกใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
11:20
Now, adverbs tell you how you do something, right?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
11:27
So if you drive, how do you drive?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ้‹่ปขใ™ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้‹่ปขใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?
11:29
I drive quickly, I drive safely.
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็งใฏ้€Ÿใ้‹่ปขใ—ใ€ๅฎ‰ๅ…จใซ้‹่ปขใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:33
They tell me how I do something.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็งใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
11:36
So they describe the verb.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:39
Normally they're easy to make, right?
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ๆ™ฎ้€šใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใซไฝœใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
11:42
You would take an adjective
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ใ‚ฏใ‚คใƒƒใ‚ฏใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใ€
11:44
like quick, and you add L-Y, quickly.
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L-Y ใ‚’ใ™ใฐใ‚„ใ่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:48
Or safe, safely.
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ๅฎ‰ๅ…จใซใ€ๅฎ‰ๅ…จใซใ€‚
11:51
And normally, usually, the adverb comes after the verb.
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ใใ—ใฆ้€šๅธธใ€้€šๅธธใ€ ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
11:56
I drive quickly, I drive safely.
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็งใฏ้€Ÿใ้‹่ปขใ—ใ€ๅฎ‰ๅ…จใซ้‹่ปขใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:00
If there is a thing, I read books,
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็‰ฉใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€็งใฏๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ™ใ€‚ใใฎ
12:06
then the adverb will come after the thing,
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏไบ‹็‰ฉใฎๅพŒใซๆฅใ‚‹
12:09
or after the object.
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ใ‹ใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใฎๅพŒใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
12:10
I read books slowly.
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็งใฏใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใจๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
12:13
Now, in a similar way to verbs,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใจๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€
12:16
adverbs can also be regular or irregular.
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ‚‚่ฆๅ‰‡็š„ใพใŸใฏไธ่ฆๅ‰‡็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:20
99% of them are regular.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ99๏ผ…ใฏๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:22
Whew, great, but there are a handful,
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ใตใ…ใ€ใ™ใ”ใ„ใ‘ใฉใ€ไธ€ๆกใ‚Šใ€
12:25
maybe five or six, which are irregular.
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใ5ใคใ‹6ใคใ€ไธ่ฆๅ‰‡ใชใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:28
So instead of taking the adjective and adding L-Y,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใ€ L-Y ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ 
12:33
you have a different word.
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ใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ๅˆฅใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
12:34
Most common one is good.
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใŒ่‰ฏใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:38
Well, so we don't say I cook goodly.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใŒๆ–™็†ใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใ ใจใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:42
No, I cook well.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ‚ˆใๆ–™็†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:45
And the others are quite easy,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ไป–ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฏใจใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:47
'cause a lot of them are the same
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅคšใใฏ
12:48
as the adjective and the adverb,
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚„ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใจ
12:50
like fast, fast, hard, hard, late, late, right?
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ๅŒใ˜ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚้ซ˜้€Ÿใ€้ซ˜้€Ÿใ€ใƒใƒผใƒ‰ใ€ ใƒใƒผใƒ‰ใ€ใƒฌใ‚คใƒˆใ€ใƒฌใ‚คใƒˆใชใฉใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
12:56
I drive fast, I play hard, I arrived late.
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็งใฏ้€Ÿใ้‹่ปขใ—ใ€ไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝ้Šใณใ€้…ใ‚Œใฆๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:01
So these are quite easy to remember.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ้žๅธธใซ่ฆšใˆใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:04
In addition to talking about how you do something,
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่กŒใ†ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใซๅŠ ใˆใฆ
13:08
we can talk about the time,
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ใ€ใ„ใคใ€
13:10
when you do it, and how often you do it.
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ใ„ใคใ€ใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎ้ ปๅบฆใงใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:13
And we use adverbs for this, right?
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
13:15
For example, I drive carefully, we said.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็งใฏๆ…Ž้‡ใซ้‹่ปขใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ็งใŸใกใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:20
I always drive carefully.
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚ๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆ้‹่ปขใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:22
Always tells us how often I do it.
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚็งใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹้ ปๅบฆใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
13:26
And that adverb normally goes in between
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏ้€šๅธธ
13:29
the subject and the verb, the person and the doing word.
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ใ€ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ ไบบๅใจ่กŒ็‚บ่ชžใฎ้–“ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:33
I always drive carefully.
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚ๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆ้‹่ปขใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:37
I always drive my car.
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็งใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚่ปŠใ‚’้‹่ปขใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:40
I don't let any Tom, Dick, or Harry drive my car.
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ใƒˆใƒ ใ€ใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ฏ ใ€ใƒใƒชใƒผใซ็งใฎ่ปŠใ‚’้‹่ปขใ•ใ›ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
13:44
The most common adverbs hear of frequency
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้ ปๅบฆใซใคใ„ใฆ่žใๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅ‰ฏ่ฉž
13:48
are sometimes, always rarely, hardly ever, never.
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ใฏใ€ๆ™‚ใ€…ใ€ๅธธใซ ใ‚ใฃใŸใซใ€ใ‚ใฃใŸใซใชใใ€ๆฑบใ—ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
13:54
Others are things like now and again,
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ไป–ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฏ
13:58
from time to time, once in a blue moon, meaning very rarely.
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ใ€ๆ™‚ใ€…ใ€ๆ™‚ใ€…ใ€ ใƒ–ใƒซใƒผใƒ ใƒผใƒณใซไธ€ๅบฆใ€้žๅธธใซใ‚ใฃใŸใซใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™.
14:04
When you have more than one word,
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
14:05
it's usually called an adverbial,
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้€šๅธธใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ€
14:08
and this can go either at the beginning
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใพใŸใฏๆœ€ๅพŒใซ็ฝฎใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
14:12
or at the end of the sentence.
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ใ€‚
14:14
So you may say, well, once in a blue moon,
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€ใƒ–ใƒซใƒผ ใƒ ใƒผใƒณใซ
14:18
I drive my wife's car,
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1 ๅ›žใ€ๅฆปใฎ่ปŠ
14:22
or I drive my wife's car once in a blue moon,
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ใ‚’้‹่ปขใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏ ใƒ–ใƒซใƒผ ใƒ ใƒผใƒณ
14:26
at the beginning or at the end.
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ใซๆœ€ๅˆใพใŸใฏๆœ€ๅพŒใซๅฆปใฎ่ปŠใ‚’้‹่ปขใ™ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
14:28
A final note is that adverbs actually
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆณจๆ„็‚นใฏใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซ
14:31
can also describe adjectives.
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ใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
14:34
Ho, yes, how interesting!
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ใˆใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใชใ‚“ใจ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใ“ใจใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
14:37
More about that later.
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ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅพŒใง่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:40
Let's move on now to talk about nouns.
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ๅ่ฉžใฎ่ฉฑใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
14:48
Right, next, nouns.
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ใงใฏใ€ๆฌกใฏๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
14:51
So nouns are things like piano,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅ่ฉžใฏใ€ใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽใ€
14:57
pen,
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ใƒšใƒณใ€
15:00
book,
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ๆœฌใ€
15:02
book,
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ๆœฌใ€
15:03
or people
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15:06
like friend, teacher, colleague,
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ใพใŸใฏๅ‹ไบบใ€ๆ•™ๅธซใ€ๅŒๅƒšใ€
15:11
or places like classroom, city, kitchen.
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ใพใŸใฏๆ•™ๅฎคใ€้ƒฝๅธ‚ใ€ใ‚ญใƒƒใƒใƒณใชใฉใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
15:17
Notice if you take things like friend or city
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friend ใ‚„ city ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š
15:21
and you actually use the name like Jack and Manchester,
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ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ Jack ใ‚„ Manchester ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅๅ‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
15:26
it's still a noun, but we call that a proper noun.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใพใ ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใŒ ใ€ๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใจๅ‘ผใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:29
I don't know why a proper noun.
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ใชใœๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใชใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
15:31
And if you're writing it, it has a capital letter,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ๅ ดๅˆใฏๅคงๆ–‡ๅญ—
15:35
but not when you're speaking it, obviously.
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ใงใ™ใŒใ€่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏๅคงๆ–‡ๅญ—ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ› ใ‚“.
15:38
Now the thing about nouns, right,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ
15:40
is that you can either have one or more than one,
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่จ€ใˆใฐ ใ€1ใคไปฅไธŠใ€
15:45
singular, one, or plural, more than one,
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ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใ€1ใคใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ€
15:50
three, four, two, three, four, five, six, and so on.
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3ใคใ€4ใคใ€2ใคใ€3ใคใ€ 4ใคใ€5ใคใ€6ใคใชใฉใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
15:54
When you make a noun into a plural then,
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ่ฉžใ‚’่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใ€
15:57
you know this, right?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
15:58
You add an S or an E-S, but be careful when speaking,
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Sใ‹E-Sใ‚’ ใคใ‘ใพใ™ใŒใ€่ฉฑใ™ใจใ
16:03
because to make a noun into a plural when speaking
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ใฏๅ่ฉž ใ‚’่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใซ
16:06
you either add, well, there are three sounds, right?
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ใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใงๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆ ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€3้Ÿณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
16:11
There's /S/, /Z/, /IZ/.
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/S/ใ€/Z/ใ€/IZ/ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
16:16
For example, books, cars, boxes.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆœฌใ€่ปŠใ€็ฎฑใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚
16:24
So depending on the last sound of the noun,
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ใใฎ ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅ่ฉžใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ้Ÿณใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ
16:28
it will tell you which sounds to make at the end.
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ใฉใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’ๅ‡บใ™ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
16:32
Another important thing about nouns
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ๅ่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎ้‡่ฆใช็‚น
16:34
is that you can count them.
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ใฏใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
16:37
A pen, two pens, three pens.
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ใƒšใƒณไธ€ๆœฌใ€ใƒšใƒณไบŒๆœฌใ€ใƒšใƒณไธ‰ๆœฌใ€‚
16:43
So you can count nouns.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
16:46
However, you can't count all nouns.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
16:50
Some of them are uncountable.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฏๆ•ฐใˆๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใชใ„ใปใฉใงใ™ใ€‚
16:53
Things like liquids or powders.
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ๆถฒไฝ“ใ‚„็ฒ‰ๆœซใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚
16:56
For example, water, you can't count water.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆฐดใ€ๆฐดใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
17:00
Or coffee, you can't count coffee grammatically.
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ใพใŸใฏใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
17:04
So what we can do is we can use
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็งใŸใกใซใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ
17:06
a trick to count, right?
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ใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
17:08
We can say a glass of water
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17:12
or a cup of coffee.
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ใ‚ณใƒƒใƒ—ไธ€ๆฏใฎๆฐดใพใŸใฏไธ€ๆฏใฎใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
17:17
Rice, you can't count rice grammatically,
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็ฑณใ€ใŠ็ฑณใ‚’ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
17:20
but you can say a grain of rice or a bowl of rice.
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ใŒใ€็ฑณ็ฒ’ใพใŸใฏ็ฑณ็ข—ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
17:25
So these are the tricks we use to make them countable.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅฏ็ฎ—ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใ™ใ€‚
17:29
The most, or some of the most common uncountable nouns
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่จ€่ชžใงใŠใใ‚‰ใ ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉž
17:33
that are probably countable in your language,
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ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฏใ€
17:36
so can be confusing, things like furniture,
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ๅฎถๅ…ทใ€
17:41
information, news, advice, they're uncountable,
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ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ€ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใ€ใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใชใฉใ€ๆททไนฑใ‚’ๆ‹›ใๅฏ่ƒฝ ๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๆ•ฐใˆ
17:46
so you cannot make a plural.
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ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“.
17:48
You can't say furnitures, no,
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ๅฎถๅ…ทใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ„ใ‚„ใ€
17:51
you have to say furniture.
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ๅฎถๅ…ทใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
17:53
You can say five pieces of furniture, right?
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5ใค ใฎๅฎถๅ…ทใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
17:56
If you want to make it countable.
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€‚
17:59
Likewise, pieces of advice, some pieces of news,
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ๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ€ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น
18:04
pieces of information if you want to make them countable.
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ใ€ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใชใฉใงใ™ ใ€‚
18:08
The final thing to mention about nouns
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ๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซ่ฟฐในใฆใŠใในใใ“ใจใฏใ€ๅ่ฉž
18:10
is that they're not only single words.
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ใฏๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใงใฏใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
18:14
They can also be several words,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๅ˜่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚
18:17
and that we would call a noun phrase.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ่ฉžๅฅใจๅ‘ผใณใพใ™ใ€‚
18:19
Logical, right, noun phrase.
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่ซ–็†็š„ใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€ๅ่ฉžๅฅใ€‚
18:22
Noun phrases, it's interesting to be aware of this
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ๅ่ฉžๅฅใ€
18:26
because when you're listening,
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่žใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซ
18:27
it will help you mark the boundaries
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18:30
between the noun phrase, the verb,
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ใ€ๅ่ฉžๅฅใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€
18:33
adjective, and other parts of speech.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณใใฎไป–ใฎๅ“่ฉžใฎ้–“ใฎๅขƒ็•Œใ‚’ใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
18:36
So for example, if I say the pen in my hand is black,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐ ใ€็งใŒๆ‰‹ใซๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใƒšใƒณใŒ้ป’ใ ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅ ดๅˆ
18:41
the pen in my hand, that's the noun phrase, is, verb, black.
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ใ€็งใฎๆ‰‹ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒšใƒณใฏ ๅ่ฉžๅฅใงใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€้ป’ใงใ™ใ€‚
18:48
So it's a longer phrase.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใง้•ทๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
18:51
It's useful, 'cause when you're listening,
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่žใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’
18:53
you wanna be listening for the verb and then go back.
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่žใ„ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๆˆปใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใฎใงใ€ไพฟๅˆฉใงใ™ ใ€‚
18:56
For example, the woman with blonde hair
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใƒ–ใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใฎ้ซช
19:00
and glasses is from London.
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ใจ็œผ้กใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใŸๅฅณๆ€งใฏใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณๅ‡บ่บซใงใ™ใ€‚
19:04
Is from London, that's the verb, is,
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Is from London, ใใ‚ŒใŒๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™,
19:08
everything before then is a noun phrase.
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is, ใใ‚Œใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ‰ใฏใ™ในใฆๅ่ฉžๅฅใงใ™.
19:10
The woman with blonde hair and glasses,
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ใƒ–ใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใฎ้ซชใจ็œผ้กใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใŸๅฅณๆ€งใ€
19:13
that's the noun phrase.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๅ่ฉžๅฅใงใ™ใ€‚
19:15
So as you're listening,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่žใ„
19:17
it can really help your listening comprehension
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19:19
to be aware that the noun is not just one word.
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ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€ๅ่ฉžใŒๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใจใ€ใƒชใ‚นใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐๅŠ›ใŒๅ‘ไธŠใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚
19:23
It can be a phrase.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅฅใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
19:25
Okay, let's move on.
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
19:33
Next up, I'm gonna talk about articles,
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ๆฌกใซใ€่จ˜ไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—
19:35
and three kinds of articles we'll talk about.
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ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚3 ็จฎ้กžใฎ ่จ˜ไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
19:38
The first one is a or an, and you'll notice, hopefully,
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฏ a ใพใŸใฏ an ใงใ™ใ€‚ใŠๆฐ—ใฅใใซใชใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€็งใŒๅ่ฉž
19:43
when I talked about nouns, I said pen, book,
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ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใจใ ใ€ใƒšใƒณใ€ๆœฌ
19:47
but of course we usually say a pen,
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ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“้€šๅธธใฏใƒšใƒณ
19:50
a blue pen, a black pen, a book.
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ใ€้’ใฎใƒšใƒณใ€้ป’ใฎใƒšใƒณใ€ๆœฌใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
19:54
If a noun begins with a vowel sound
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ๅ่ฉžใŒ
19:57
like elephant or apple, then we say an.
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่ฑกใ‚„ใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆฏ้Ÿณใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€an ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
20:02
And when you're speaking, link,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏ
20:04
an elephant, an apple.
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ใ€ใ‚พใ‚ฆใ€ใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใ€‚
20:07
And people go napple, what's napple?
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ใใ—ใฆไบบใ€…ใฏใƒŠใƒƒใƒ—ใƒซใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€ใƒŠใƒƒใƒ—ใƒซใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
20:10
No, an apple, 'cause you're linking, an elephant.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใงใ™ใ€‚ ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ‚พใ‚ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
20:15
Do notice with plurals like dogs,
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็Šฌใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚a
20:20
we don't use a, right?
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ใฏไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‚ˆใญ?
20:23
I love dogs.
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็ŠฌใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใ€‚
20:25
I like cats.
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็งใฏ็ŒซใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
20:28
Also with uncountable nouns, we don't use a or an.
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ใพใŸใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ ๅ่ฉžใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€a ใ‚„ an ใฏไฝฟใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
20:34
I need information.
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ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
20:36
Okay, the second kind is the,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ็จฎ้กžใฏ the ใงใ™ใ€‚
20:40
and this is when we basically
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ
20:44
are referring to a specific noun,
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็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅ‚็…งใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใงใ€
20:47
and it's where you know which one, I mean, right?
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ใฉใฎๅ่ฉžใ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใญใ€‚
20:53
Can you pass me the blue pen?
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้’ใ„ใƒšใƒณใ‚’ๆธกใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
20:56
We can see the blue pen.
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้’ใ„ใƒšใƒณใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
20:58
We both know which one I mean, that's when we use the.
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็งใŸใกใฏไธกๆ–นใจใ‚‚ใ€็งใŒใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
21:03
The third kind is what is called demonstratives articles
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3 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ็จฎ้กžใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆผ”่จ˜ไบ‹ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹
21:08
because they kind of demonstrate
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21:10
where the thing is, this and that.
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ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ไบ‹็‰ฉใŒใฉใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใจใ‚ใ‚ŒใŒใฉใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
21:13
So for example, this pen is blue, that pen is black.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใฎใƒšใƒณ ใฏ้’ใงใ€ใ‚ใฎใƒšใƒณใฏ้ป’ใงใ™ใ€‚
21:20
This is close, that is far.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ฟ‘ใ„ใ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ้ ใ„ใ€‚
21:24
Some students asked me what's the distance
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ไฝ•ไบบใ‹ใฎๅญฆ็”ŸใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใใ“ใพใงใฎ่ท้›ขใฏใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹?ใจ็งใซๅฐ‹ใญ
21:27
when it goes from this to that?
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ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
21:30
One metre, two metres?
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ไธ€ใƒกใƒผใƒˆใƒซใ€ไบŒใƒกใƒผใƒˆใƒซ๏ผŸ
21:32
It's not about distance, it's about feeling, right?
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่ท้›ขใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ ใฆๆฐ—ๆŒใกใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
21:36
If you say that, you're creating the feeling of distance.
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ใใ†่จ€ใˆใฐ ่ท้›ขๆ„Ÿใ‚’ไฝœใฃใฆใพใ™ใญใ€‚
21:40
So it's all relative, and it's not only physical distance.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ™ในใฆ็›ธๅฏพ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ็‰ฉ็†็š„ใช่ท้›ขใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
21:44
It can be time distance, right?
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ๆ™‚้–“่ท้›ขใงใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
21:47
This story I'm gonna tell you
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ™ใ‚‹
21:49
is very interesting, this story, now.
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ใ“ใฎ่ฉฑใฏใจใฆใ‚‚่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใงใ™ใ€ใ“ใฎ่ฉฑใฏไปŠใงใ™ใ€‚
21:53
That story you told me yesterday
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ˜จๆ—ฅ็งใซ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใใ‚ŒใŸใใฎ่ฉฑ
21:55
was interesting, that story.
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ใฏ้ข็™ฝใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€ใใฎ่ฉฑใ€‚
21:58
In the past, right?
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ๆ˜”ใฏใใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡๏ผŸ
21:59
Okay, so it's also a time distance.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ๆ™‚้–“่ท้›ขใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
22:02
Singular, this, plural, these.
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ๅ˜ๆ•ฐใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€‚
22:06
You have to smile a lot, these.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“็ฌ‘ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€‚
22:09
Singular, that, plural, those.
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ๅ˜ๆ•ฐใ€ใใ‚Œใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€‚
22:14
Oh, those.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€‚
22:17
Great, let's move on
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22:24
Next up, adjectives.
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ๆฌกใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
22:26
So adjectives can describe nouns, right?
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏๅ่ฉžใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
22:32
For example, we had a book, an interesting book.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐ ใ€่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ๆœฌใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
22:38
Notice the a from book becomes an
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a from book ใŒ an ใซใชใ‚‹ใฎ
22:42
because of the adjective beginning with a vowel sound.
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ใฏใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž ใŒๆฏ้Ÿณใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
22:46
An interesting book.
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้ข็™ฝใ„ๆœฌใ€‚
22:48
Actually, it's an exciting book.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅˆบๆฟ€็š„ใชๆœฌใงใ™ใ€‚
22:52
A delicious chocolate.
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ใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚
23:01
A refreshing drink.
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็ˆฝใ‚„ใ‹ใชใƒ‰ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ€‚
23:06
Mmm.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€‚ YouTube ใงๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹
23:08
It's the great thing about YouTube teaching.
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ใ“ใจใฎ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ™ ใ€‚ ๆ•™ๅฎค
23:11
You can stuff yourself with chocolates in the classroom.
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ใงใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใ‚’่ฉฐใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
23:15
And notice the adjective comes before the noun.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž ใŒๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
23:19
A refreshing drink, a refreshing drink.
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ๆธ…ๆถผ้ฃฒๆ–™ใ€ๆธ…ๆถผ้ฃฒๆ–™ใ€‚
23:24
When learning adjectives I think it's also a very good idea
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž
23:28
to learn the antonyms at the same time.
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ใ‚’ๅญฆใถใจใใฏใ€ๅฏพ็พฉ่ชžใ‚‚ๅŒๆ™‚ใซๅญฆใถใฎใŒใจใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
23:32
So an antonym is a word with the opposite meaning.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅๆ„่ชžใฏ ๅๅฏพใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใคๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
23:37
For example, big, small.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๅคงใใ„ใ€ๅฐใ•ใ„ใ€‚
23:40
When you learn big, learn small.
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ๅคงใใๅญฆใถใจใใฏใ€ๅฐใ•ใๅญฆใณใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
23:42
When you learn thick, a thick book, a thin book.
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ๅˆ†ๅŽšใ„ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅŽšใ„ๆœฌใ€่–„ใ„ๆœฌใ‚’ๅญฆใถใจใใ€‚
23:48
Learn the antonyms, great.
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ๅๆ„่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
23:51
And we can also use adverbs to describe adjectives.
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ใพใŸใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
23:56
Adverbs like really, absolutely, totally, completely.
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€ ็ตถๅฏพใซใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใซใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใซใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚
24:01
For example, this is an exciting book.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚จใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใชๆœฌใงใ™ใ€‚
24:05
This is a really exciting book,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‚ใใ‚ใใ™ใ‚‹ๆœฌใ ใจ
24:09
or that was an absolutely delicious chocolate.
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ใ„ใ†ใ‹ใ€็ตถๅฏพใซ ็พŽๅ‘ณใ—ใ„ใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
24:18
Great, let's move on.
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
24:26
So thank you for watching so far.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ไปŠใพใงใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“
24:28
I thought we should have a break,
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24:30
maybe have a refreshing drink
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24:33
because you've been seeing so much new grammar.
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่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใงใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจไผ‘ๆ†ฉใ—ใŸใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
24:36
Now then, knowing grammar is one thing,
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ใงใฏใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ
24:40
but what happens when you speak?
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒใ€่ฉฑใ™ใจใฉใ†ใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
24:42
Sometimes you forget, you make mistakes,
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ๅฟ˜ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚Šใ€้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
24:45
and that is absolutely normal.
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ใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏใพใฃใŸใๆญฃๅธธใชใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
24:48
It's fine, it's part of the learning process, right?
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ ๅญฆ็ฟ’ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
24:52
Now, the thing is I always suggest,
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŒใ„ใคใ‚‚ๆๆกˆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€่žใใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‰
24:56
start listening, then loving, and then repeating,
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ๅง‹ใ‚ ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ„›ๆƒ…ใ‚’่พผใ‚ใฆ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใ€
25:01
and then you can start reviewing the grammar,
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ใใ—ใฆ
25:04
like in this video, and practising more.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—ใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™.
25:07
Practising is great.
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็ทด็ฟ’ใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
25:08
You can practise on your own.
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใง็ทด็ฟ’ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
25:10
You can also practise with somebody else.
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่ชฐใ‹ใจไธ€็ท’ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
25:12
And if you can get feedback on your speaking, even better.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่ฉฑใ—ๆ–นใซใคใ„ใฆใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ‰ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚Œใฐใ€ใชใŠใ•ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
25:17
A great place to do that, I think, is Cambly.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใฎใซๆœ€้ฉใชๅ ดๆ‰€ ใฏCamblyใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
25:21
Cambly is an online platform where you can find
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Cambly ใฏใ€
25:24
native English speaking teachers
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25:26
who can help you with your English.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅŠ›ใ‚’ใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๆ•™ๅธซใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณ ใƒ—ใƒฉใƒƒใƒˆใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
25:29
It's great, right?
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ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
25:30
You can choose the teacher
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25:32
that you want to match your needs.
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ใƒ‹ใƒผใ‚บใซๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆ่ฌ›ๅธซใ‚’ใŠ้ธใณใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
25:34
You can decide on the time,
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ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ๆฑบใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ€
25:36
and you can find Cambly tutors 24/7, around the clock.
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24 ๆ™‚้–“ๅนดไธญ็„กไผ‘ใง Cambly ใฎๅฎถๅบญๆ•™ๅธซใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
25:40
You choose the content of your class,
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ๆŽˆๆฅญๅ†…ๅฎนใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใง้ธใณ
25:43
and you can also watch the recording so you can review.
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ใ€้Œฒ็”ปใ‚‚่ฆ‹ ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใงๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
25:46
There are lots of packages available.
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ๅˆฉ็”จๅฏ่ƒฝใชใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ธใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
25:48
You can find one to suit you,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใซๅˆใฃใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
25:51
and because Cambly are sponsoring this video,
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.Camblyใฏ ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใ‚นใƒใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใชใฎใง
25:54
thank you, Cambly, then there are discounts for you.
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ใ€Camblyใซๆ„Ÿ่ฌ ใ—ใพใ™.ๅ‰ฒๅผ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™.
25:58
First of all, if you're a first time user,
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ใพใšใ€ๅˆใ‚ใฆใฎใƒฆใƒผใ‚ถใƒผใง
26:00
you can get a 50 minute free lesson,
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ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€50 ๅˆ†้–“ใฎ็„กๆ–™ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ€
26:03
which is great, to find out if Cambly is right for you.
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Cambly ใŒ่‡ชๅˆ†ใซ้ฉใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
26:07
And then if you get a 12 month plan,
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€12 ใ‹ๆœˆใƒ—ใƒฉใƒณ
26:10
you can get a 40% discount.
453
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ใ‚’ๅˆฉ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€40% ใฎๅ‰ฒๅผ•ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
26:13
12 months is great 'cause it's a long-term investment
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12 ใ‹ๆœˆใฏ่‹ฑ่ชž ใธใฎ้•ทๆœŸ็š„ใชๆŠ•่ณ‡
26:17
in your English and improving your English language.
455
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ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€่‹ฑ่ชžๅŠ›ใ‚’ๅ‘ไธŠใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใฎใซๆœ€้ฉ ใงใ™ใ€‚
26:21
That's it, Cambly,
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ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€Camblyใ€ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎไธ‹
26:23
you can check out the link below, below the video.
457
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ใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
26:26
It will take you to the website.
458
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ใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซ็งปๅ‹•ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
26:28
Find out if it's right for you
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซ้ฉใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹
26:30
and then start practising with Cambly.
460
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ใ‚’่ชฟในใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Cambly ใง็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
26:34
Great, we're gonna go back now
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ใ‚ˆใ—
26:36
to the refreshing drink and a bit more grammar.
462
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ใ€ใ•ใ‚ใ‚„ใ‹ใช้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉ ใจใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
26:45
Next, let's talk about pronouns.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ไปฃๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
26:48
As you can probably guess, they replace nouns.
464
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ใ”ๆƒณๅƒใฎ ใจใŠใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅ่ฉžใ‚’็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
26:52
Remember, people, places, things,
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ไบบใ€ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€็‰ฉใ€
26:55
and also they replace noun phrases.
466
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ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใพใ™.
26:58
Do you remember the woman with blonde hair and glasses?
467
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ใƒ–ใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใฎ้ซชใจ็œผ้กใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใŸๅฅณๆ€งใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
27:01
The noun phrase.
468
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ๅ่ฉžๅฅใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—
27:03
We use them really to avoid repetition, right?
469
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ใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅฎŸ้š›ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ‚ˆ ใญ๏ผŸ
27:06
Because you could say your car is lovely.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ปŠใฏ็ด ๆ•ตใ ใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
27:10
She likes your car, but it's a bit repetitious.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ปŠใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใŒใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏๅฐ‘ใ—็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
27:14
It would be better to say your car is lovely.
472
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ปŠใฏ็ด ๆ•ตใ ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
27:17
She likes it.
473
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ‚ŒใŒๅฅฝใใ€‚
27:20
There are different kinds of pronouns.
474
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ไปฃๅ่ฉžใซใฏใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็จฎ้กžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
27:23
First of all, subject pronouns
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ใพใš็ฌฌไธ€ใซ
27:25
where the pronoun replaces the noun that is a subject.
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ใ€ไปฃๅ่ฉžใŒไธป่ชžใง ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใ‚’็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใ‚‹ไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€‚
27:29
For example, Jack is a subject.
477
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใฏใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚
27:32
Jack ate the chocolate.
478
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ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใฏใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
27:36
The pronoun would be he ate the chocolate.
479
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ไปฃๅ่ฉžใฏๅฝผใŒใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใ“ใจใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
27:40
The other pronouns, I ate the chocolate.
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ไป–ใฎไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€็งใฏใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
27:43
It was mine.
481
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
27:44
You ate the chocolate.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
27:47
He, she, it ate the chocolate,
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ๅฝผใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆ
27:50
or we ate the chocolate.
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ใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใ‹ใ€็งใŸใกใŒใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใ‹ใ€‚
27:52
You plural ate the chocolate, all of you.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
27:56
Or they ate the chocolate.
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ใพใŸใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
27:59
Secondly, we've got object pronouns,
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็ฌฌไบŒใซใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใฎไปฃๅ่ฉžใŒ
28:02
and this is where the pronoun
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไปฃๅ่ฉž
28:04
replaces a noun that is an object.
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ใŒใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใ‚’็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ€‚
28:07
For example, she likes Keith.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ญใƒผใ‚นใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
28:09
Keith is the object of her liking.
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ใ‚ญใƒผใ‚นใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฎๅฅฝใฟใฎๅฏพ่ฑกใงใ™ใ€‚
28:13
She likes Keith, pronoun for Keith
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ
28:16
is she likes him, or she likes me.
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ใ‚ญใƒผใ‚นใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
28:20
The other pronouns, she likes you.
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ไป–ใฎไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
28:24
She likes him.
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28:24
She likes her.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฝผใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฝผๅฅณใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
28:25
She likes it.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ‚ŒใŒๅฅฝใใ€‚
28:27
She likes us.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใŸใกใ‚’ๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
28:28
She likes you, all of you.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
28:31
She likes them.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
28:34
Object pronouns.
501
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ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€‚
28:36
Thirdly, we've got possessive pronouns,
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็ฌฌไธ‰ใซใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใŒ
28:39
and this is where the pronoun is a possession.
503
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ€ ไปฃๅ่ฉžใŒๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใงใ™ใ€‚
28:43
For example, my hat, right?
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็งใฎๅธฝๅญใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
28:47
My, we can replace, or my hat,
505
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็งใ€็งใŸใกใฏไบคๆ›ใงใใพใ™ใ€ใพใŸใฏ็งใฎๅธฝๅญใ€
28:50
we replace with it's mine.
506
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็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใซ็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
28:54
Your hat, it's yours.
507
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅธฝๅญใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
28:57
His hat, it's his.
508
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ๅฝผใฎๅธฝๅญใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
28:59
Her hat, it's hers.
509
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฎๅธฝๅญใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
29:03
Our hat, it's ours.
510
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็งใŸใกใฎๅธฝๅญใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
29:06
Their hat, it's theirs.
511
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎๅธฝๅญใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
29:10
Notice of course, with it's mine,
512
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€it's mine ใงใฏใ€ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใซ
29:14
there is no noun because you're replacing
513
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็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅ่ฉžใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
29:17
the noun with the possessive pronoun.
514
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ใ€‚
29:20
Great, let's move on.
515
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
29:27
Next we're gonna talk about prepositions, my oh my.
516
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ๆฌกใซใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
29:32
Now, prepositions are challenging
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็พๅœจใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„
29:34
because often they don't
518
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ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆ
29:35
translate the same into your language
519
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ใ€ๅŒใ˜ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่จ€่ชžใซ็ฟป่จณใ™ใ‚‹ใจใฏ้™ใ‚‰ใš
29:39
and we use them differently.
520
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ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
29:42
So if you translate word for word,
521
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ˜่ชžใ”ใจใซ็ฟป่จณใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€
29:45
you're probably gonna make
522
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใ
29:46
lots of mistakes with prepositions.
523
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงๅคšใใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ™ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
29:48
Much more useful is to try and get
524
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29:52
the feeling of the preposition
525
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใจใ€
29:54
and what native speakers feel it represents or it means.
526
1794680
5000
ใใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ ่กจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏใใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใŒๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซๆœ‰็›Šใงใ™ใ€‚
30:00
I'm gonna try and do that
527
1800120
1230
30:01
with you today with three prepositions.
528
1801350
3450
ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ 3 ใคใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
30:04
I'm not gonna give you a big list of prepositions
529
1804800
3160
ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎๅคงใใช
30:07
and a list of all the different uses.
530
1807960
2850
ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ‚„ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็”จ้€”ใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
30:10
That would be a waste of time.
531
1810810
1320
ใใ‚Œใฏๆ™‚้–“ใฎ็„ก้ง„ใงใ™ใ€‚
30:12
You wouldn't use it, you wouldn't follow it.
532
1812130
1950
ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใซๅพ“ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
30:14
It wouldn't help you.
533
1814080
1850
ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
30:15
Let's just try and zone in on three prepositions
534
1815930
3620
3 ใคใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซ็„ฆ็‚น
30:19
and give you a little bit of a feeling of how we use them.
535
1819550
3270
ใ‚’ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไฝฟ็”จๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
30:22
I've chosen at, on, in, because I think these are
536
1822820
4220
็งใŒ atใ€onใ€in ใ‚’้ธใ‚“ใ ใฎใฏใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒ
30:27
three of the most important and most challenging ones,
537
1827040
3320
ๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆ ใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅ›ฐ้›ฃใชใ‚‚ใฎใฎ 3 ใค
30:30
and also they are quite closely connected.
538
1830360
3140
ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้žๅธธใซๅฏ†ๆŽฅใซ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
30:33
So let's have a go, wish me luck.
539
1833500
2680
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ‚„ใฃใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ๅนธ้‹ใ‚’็ฅˆใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
30:36
I wish you luck.
540
1836180
2130
็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅนธ้‹ใ‚’็ฅˆใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
30:38
At is used, the feeling of a specific point,
541
1838310
5000
ไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎ ใฏใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆ
30:43
a specific place or time, right?
542
1843900
3030
ใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใ‚„ๆ™‚้–“ใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
30:46
I live at 221 Baker Street.
543
1846930
3170
็งใฏใƒ™ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผ่ก— 221 ็•ชๅœฐใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
30:50
Really?
544
1850100
1385
ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ๏ผŸ
30:51
It's a specific point, right?
545
1851485
1575
็‰นๅฎšใฎใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
30:53
A specific house.
546
1853060
1283
็‰นๅฎšใฎๅฎถใ€‚
30:55
I get up at six o'clock in the morning, a specific time.
547
1855290
4783
็งใฏๆœ6ๆ™‚ใซ ่ตทใใพใ™ใ€‚ๆฑบใพใฃใŸๆ™‚้–“ใงใ™ใ€‚
31:01
Also, at has the idea, if you like, of a space, or a bubble.
548
1861190
5000
ใพใŸใ€ๅฟ…่ฆใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆใ€ใ‚นใƒšใƒผใ‚นใพใŸใฏใƒใƒ–ใƒซใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
31:06
If you imagine, for example, I'm at home,
549
1866200
4653
ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็งใŒๅฎถใซใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆƒณๅƒใ™ใ‚‹
31:11
the idea of a feeling of a bubble or a space,
550
1871790
2560
ใจใ€ๆณกใ‚„็ฉบ้–“ใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ€
31:14
that you're in that bubble, so at home,
551
1874350
3100
ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใฎๆณกใฎไธญใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๅฎถใง
31:17
you don't know if I'm in the kitchen,
552
1877450
3020
ใฏ็งใŒใ‚ญใƒƒใƒใƒณใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
31:20
in the bathroom, in the study, in the lounge,
553
1880470
3720
ใƒใ‚นใƒซใƒผใƒ ใงใ€ ๆ›ธๆ–Žใงใ€ใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒณใ‚ธใง
31:24
but I'm in that bubble, right?
554
1884190
2100
ใ€ใงใ‚‚็งใฏใใฎๆณกใฎไธญใซใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
31:26
I'm at home.
555
1886290
1520
็งใฏๅฎถใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
31:27
Likewise at work, but you don't know exactly
556
1887810
3470
่ทๅ ดใงใ‚‚ๅŒๆง˜
31:31
if I'm at my desk, in the toilet, in the office.
557
1891280
4290
ใงใ™ใŒใ€็งใŒใƒ‡ใ‚นใ‚ฏใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ ใƒˆใ‚คใƒฌใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใฏๆญฃ็ขบใซใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
31:35
At the beach, right?
558
1895570
1630
ใƒ“ใƒผใƒใงใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
31:37
Am I on the sand, in the water,
559
1897200
2530
็งใฏ็ ‚ใฎไธŠใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ๆฐดใฎ
31:39
in the coffee bar, at the beach.
560
1899730
2743
ไธญใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใƒใƒผใฎไธญใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใƒ“ใƒผใƒใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
31:43
At the cinema, at the shops.
561
1903570
2160
ๆ˜ ็”ป้คจใงใ€ใŠๅบ—ใงใ€‚
31:45
Idea of a bubble, right?
562
1905730
2420
ใƒใƒ–ใƒซใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
31:48
Next, on, on can represent more,
563
1908150
5000
ๆฌกใซใ€onใ€on ใฏ
31:53
well kind of touching a surface
564
1913430
3550
31:56
or a platform, generally speaking.
565
1916980
2850
ใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€่กจ้ขใพใŸใฏใƒ—ใƒฉใƒƒใƒˆใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใซ่งฆใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚ˆใ่กจใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
31:59
Talking about places, right?
566
1919830
2210
ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
32:02
On the table, the cup is on the table.
567
1922040
3050
ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใซใ€ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใŒใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
32:05
It's a surface.
568
1925090
1490
่กจ้ขใงใ™ใ€‚
32:06
On the wall, there's a picture on the wall.
569
1926580
3043
ๅฃใซใฏ ใ€ๅฃใซ็ตตใŒ้ฃพใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
32:11
On Baker Street, I live on Baker Street.
570
1931590
3820
ใƒ™ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผ่ก—ใงใ€็งใฏใƒ™ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผ่ก—ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
32:15
You're on the surface of the street.
571
1935410
3013
ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้€šใ‚Šใฎ่กจ้ขใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
32:19
Platforms, well, I'm on the internet,
572
1939360
3510
ใƒ—ใƒฉใƒƒใƒˆใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใŒใ€็งใฏใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆ
32:22
I'm on the phone, I'm on Facebook.
573
1942870
3510
ใ€้›ป่ฉฑใ€Facebook ใ‚’ๅˆฉ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
32:26
They're all kinds of platforms that you're on.
574
1946380
3110
ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅˆฉ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹็จฎ้กžใฎใƒ—ใƒฉใƒƒใƒˆใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
32:29
Time, on Monday, days of the week, on Monday, on Tuesday,
575
1949490
5000
ๆ™‚้–“ใ€ๆœˆๆ›œๆ—ฅใ€ ๆ›œๆ—ฅใ€ๆœˆๆ›œๆ—ฅใ€็ซๆ›œๆ—ฅใ€
32:34
on the 5th of January, which is also a day.
576
1954780
3980
1 ๆœˆ 5 ๆ—ฅใ‚‚ๆ—ฅใงใ™ใ€‚
32:38
So again, it's the idea of being on,
577
1958760
2263
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏไธ€็จฎใฎใƒ—ใƒฉใƒƒใƒˆใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ไธŠใซใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆ
32:42
on a kind of a platform.
578
1962000
1810
ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆœˆ
32:43
If you think of all the days of the month as a platform,
579
1963810
3180
ใฎใ™ในใฆใฎๆ—ฅใ‚’ใƒ—ใƒฉใƒƒใƒˆใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจ ใ€
32:46
you're on one day, I'm on Monday.
580
1966990
2783
ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ 1 ๆ—ฅใ€็งใฏๆœˆๆ›œๆ—ฅใงใ™ใ€‚
32:50
I'm not on Monday, I work on Monday.
581
1970730
4320
็งใฏๆœˆๆ›œๆ—ฅใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ๆœˆๆ›œๆ—ฅใซไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
32:55
I don't work on Sunday.
582
1975050
2043
็งใฏๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใซๅƒใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
32:58
Next, in, in has the idea of being
583
1978030
3220
ๆฌกใซใ€ใ‚คใƒณใ€ใ‚คใƒณใฏใ€
33:02
contained in a container like in a box.
584
1982360
4300
็ฎฑใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅ…ฅใ‚Œ็‰ฉใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
33:06
Clear, right?
585
1986660
1013
ๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
33:08
In Manchester, think of the city
586
1988590
2380
ใƒžใƒณใƒใ‚งใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใฏใ€้ƒฝๅธ‚
33:10
as a container you're inside, I'm in Manchester,
587
1990970
3500
ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒไธญใซใ„ใ‚‹ๅ…ฅใ‚Œ็‰ฉใ ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ็งใฏใƒžใƒณใƒใ‚งใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
33:14
I'm in the car, get in the car.
588
1994470
2410
็งใฏ่ปŠใฎไธญใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚่ปŠใซไน—ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
33:16
Okay, with time in July, in August.
589
1996880
5000
ใ•ใฆใ€7ๆœˆใ€8ๆœˆใซๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
33:22
So think of the month, there's a number of days,
590
2002560
3750
ๆœˆใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆ
33:26
and you're contained in that.
591
2006310
1900
ใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ๆ—ฅๆ•ฐใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใซๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
33:28
So in July could be one day in the month.
592
2008210
3690
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€7 ๆœˆใฏ 1 ใ‹ๆœˆใซ 1 ๆ—ฅใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
33:31
In summer, idea of contained in the season.
593
2011900
4550
ๅค ใฏๅญฃ็ฏ€ใซใจใ‚‰ใ‚ใ‚Œใชใ„็™บๆƒณใ€‚
33:36
And also in 2021, right?
594
2016450
4173
ใใ—ใฆ2021ๅนดใ‚‚ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
33:41
The idea of being in the year.
595
2021460
2480
ใใฎๅนดใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆใ€‚
33:43
There are many different parts of the year
596
2023940
1930
1 ๅนดใพใŸใฏ 1 ๅนดใฎๆœˆใซใฏใ•ใพใ–ใพใช้ƒจๅˆ†ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
33:45
or months of the year.
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ใ€‚
33:48
So at, on, in, there is a connection between them,
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ใงใ€ใงใ€ใงใ€ใจใ„ใ† ้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
33:52
and I'd like to show it like this.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็คบใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
33:54
At being very specific, on being bigger,
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้žๅธธใซๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคงใใใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจ
33:58
and in being even bigger.
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ใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅคงใใใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€‚
34:01
Let me show you some examples, right?
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ไพ‹ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
34:04
At six o'clock, very specific.
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6ๆ™‚ใ€้žๅธธใซๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
34:07
On Monday, bigger.
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ๆœˆๆ›œๆ—ฅใ€ใ‚‚ใฃใจๅคงใใใ€‚
34:09
In July, bigger.
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7ๆœˆใซใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคงใใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
34:12
He lives at 221 Baker Street, at very specific.
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ๅฝผใฏใƒ™ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผ ่ก— 221 ็•ชๅœฐใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
34:17
He lives on Baker Street, bigger.
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ๅฝผใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคงใใชใƒ™ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผ่ก—ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
34:19
He lives in London, even bigger.
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ๅฝผใฏใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
34:23
At, on, in, think of it like that.
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ใงใ€ใงใ€ใงใ€ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
34:27
I hope this helps you get
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ใงใ‚‚็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
34:29
a bit of a feeling for the different prepositions.
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ใ€‚
34:33
I should do a whole video
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใจๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
34:34
about prepositions and the feelings.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
34:37
Let me work on that.
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็งใฏใใ‚Œใซๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
34:38
For now, let's move on.
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ใจใ‚Šใ‚ใˆใšใ€ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
34:46
Last but not least, conjunctions.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
34:50
Conjunctions are words like, and, or, but, so, because,
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ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใฏใ€ andใ€orใ€butใ€soใ€because
34:57
and these are words we use to join
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ใชใฉใฎๅ˜่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ
35:00
other words, phrases, and even clauses.
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ไป–ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ€ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใฏๅฅใ‚’็ตๅˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
35:05
They're very, very useful, and they actually,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ้žๅธธใซ ไพฟๅˆฉใงใ€
35:08
as you use them, they help you build up longer sentences,
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ„ๆ–‡็ซ 
35:12
which helps build your fluency.
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ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใ€ๆตๆšขใ•ใ‚’ๅ‘ไธŠใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
35:15
For example, right?
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
35:16
We could say he eats a lot.
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ๅฝผใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
35:19
He is fat.
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ๅฝผใฏๅคชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
35:21
Two sentences, two clauses.
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2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ€2 ใคใฎๅฅใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰
35:26
We can use a conjunction,
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ใ‚’ๆŽฅ็ถšใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
35:27
different ones to connect them, right?
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ใงใใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
35:29
He eats a lot so he is fat.
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ๅฝผใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใฎใงๅคชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
35:33
He eats a lot because he is fat.
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ๅฝผใฏๅคชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใŸใใ•ใ‚“้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€‚
35:36
He eats a lot and he is fat.
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ๅฝผใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“้ฃŸในใฆใ€ๅคชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
35:41
You see, there are different possibilities.
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ใปใ‚‰ใ€ ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
35:44
The good thing to know as a beginner
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ๅˆๅฟƒ่€…ใจใ—ใฆ็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใในใ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจ
35:46
is that in spoken English,
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ใฏใ€่ฉฑใ—่จ€่‘‰ใง
35:48
we mostly use very simple conjunctions.
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ใฏใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€้žๅธธใซๅ˜็ด”ใชๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
35:53
There are more complex ones you can learn as you go on,
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้€ฒใ‚“ใงใ„ใใ†ใกใซ็ฟ’ๅพ—ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฃใจ่ค‡้›‘ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
35:57
but if you can master using the basic simple ones,
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ใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชๅ˜็ด”ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใ“ใชใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚Œใฐใ€
36:01
these are what we normally use when we're speaking.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ็งใŸใกใŒ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซ้€šๅธธไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™.
36:05
But as I said, practise building up
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
36:09
your sentences using conjunctions,
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ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆๆ–‡ใ‚’็ต„ใฟ็ซ‹ใฆใ‚‹็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
36:12
and that really gives you more complex sentences.
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ใใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡ใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
36:16
If you're studying for IELTS,
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IELTS ใฎๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€
36:17
you'll know complex grammar is very important.
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่ค‡้›‘ใช ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
36:20
This is a great first step to mastering
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
36:23
just joining your clauses together over a longer sentence.
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ใ€ๅฅใ‚’ ็ตๅˆใ—ใฆ้•ทใ„ๆ–‡ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ฟ’ๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸ็ฌฌไธ€ๆญฉใงใ™ใ€‚
36:29
Excellent, that's it.
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็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ€ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
36:31
Let's see how well you have learned.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใ‚ˆใๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
36:35
We're gonna move on to a little quiz.
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ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
36:42
Right, in this quiz we've got five quick fire questions.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใซใฏ 5 ใคใฎ็ฐกๅ˜ใช่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
36:46
You need to say if the phrase
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ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บ
36:48
is grammatically correct or incorrect,
651
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ใŒๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใ€ใใฎ
36:52
and then think about why.
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็†็”ฑใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
36:54
If you like, you can put your answers in the comments below.
653
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ๅฟ…่ฆใซ ๅฟœใ˜ใฆใ€ไธ‹ใฎใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
36:57
Let's do question number one.
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1็•ชใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
36:59
I think cook is fun.
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ๆ–™็†ใฏๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
37:01
(clock ticking)
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(ๆ™‚่จˆใ‚ซใƒใ‚ซใƒ) ้•ใ„
37:06
It's incorrect, right?
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ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
37:08
Because cook is a verb,
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cook ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™
37:09
but here it's the subject of the sentence,
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ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใช
37:13
it must be a noun.
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ใฎใงใ€ๅ่ฉžใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
37:15
I think cooking is fun.
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ๆ–™็†ใฏๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
37:18
Question number two, I read slowly books.
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่ณชๅ•ใใฎ2ใ€็งใฏๆœฌใ‚’ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Š่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
37:23
(clock ticking)
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(ๆ™‚่จˆใ‚ซใƒใ‚ซใƒ) ้•ใ„
37:27
It's incorrect, right?
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ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
37:29
It should be I read books slowly.
665
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ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใจๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚
37:33
The adverb comes after the verb,
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซๆฅ
37:35
but if there's an object,
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ใพใ™ใŒใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชž
37:37
a direct object, books,
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ใ€็›ดๆŽฅ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€books ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
37:40
then the adverb comes after the object.
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใฎๅพŒใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
37:44
I read books slowly.
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็งใฏใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใจๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
37:48
Number three, I bought three furnitures.
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3 ใค็›ฎใฏใ€ๅฎถๅ…ทใ‚’ 3 ใค่ณผๅ…ฅใ—ใŸใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
37:51
(clock ticking)
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(ๆ™‚่จˆใฎใ‚ซใƒใ‚ซใƒ้Ÿณ)
37:56
It's incorrect again, because furnitures
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚้–“้•ใ„
37:59
is an uncountable noun.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
38:01
You cannot count it or them.
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ใใ‚ŒใพใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
38:05
You must say I bought three pieces of furniture.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€็งใŒๅฎถๅ…ทใ‚’ 3 ใค่ฒทใฃใŸใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
38:11
Number four, I love cats.
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็ฌฌๅ››ใซใ€็งใฏ็ŒซใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
38:15
(clock ticking)
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(ๆ™‚่จˆใฎใ‚ซใƒใ‚ซใƒ้Ÿณ)
38:19
Yes, it's correct, well done.
679
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ใฏใ„ใ€ๆญฃ่งฃใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ˆใใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
38:22
Cats as a plural does not take a, or an, or the.
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใจใ—ใฆใฎ็Œซใฏใ€ aใ€ใพใŸใฏanใ€ใพใŸใฏtheใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
38:28
I love cats.
681
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1900
็งใฏ็ŒซใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
38:30
Final question, number five.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ€5 ็•ช็›ฎใงใ™ใ€‚
38:32
The hat is mine hat.
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ๅธฝๅญใฏ็งใฎๅธฝๅญใงใ™ใ€‚
38:35
(clock ticking)
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(ๆ™‚่จˆใฎใ‚ซใƒใ‚ซใƒ้Ÿณใ‚’ใŸใฆใ‚‹)
38:41
Right, it's incorrect.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€้•ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
38:44
Okay, it should be that hat is mine
686
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ๅธฝๅญใฏ็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚
38:48
because mine is the possessive pronoun replacing hat.
687
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็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฏ ๅธฝๅญใ‚’็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใ‚‹ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
38:52
So you don't need to say hat again.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆๅธฝๅญใ‚’่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
38:54
Right, great, well done.
689
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ‚ˆใใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
38:57
How did you do?
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ใฉใ†ใ ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
38:58
How many did you get correct?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ„ใใคๆญฃ่งฃใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
39:00
Tell me in the comments down below,
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ไธ‹ใฎใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใงๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
39:02
and also tell me about any other grammar
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ใพใŸใ€้›ฃใ—ใ„ใพใŸใฏใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŒใ„ใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ไป–ใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
39:05
that you find difficult or challenging
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39:08
and I can make a video about that in the future.
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ใ€‚ๅฐ†ๆฅใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใงใใพใ™.
39:12
So listen, if you've enjoyed this video,
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่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใ ๅ ดๅˆ
39:14
please do subscribe and turn on the notifications.
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ใฏใ€ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซ็™ป้Œฒ ใ—ใฆ้€š็Ÿฅใ‚’ใ‚ชใƒณใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
39:18
I hope this has made grammar a little bit easier for you,
698
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ• ใ€
39:23
especially the basic grammar
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1980
็‰นใซๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชๆ–‡ๆณ•
39:25
to give you a basic understanding.
700
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ใŒๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™.
39:27
Remember my philosophy, listen to English,
701
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3550
็งใฎๅ“ฒๅญฆใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใ€
39:31
love it, repeat it, and then practise as well.
702
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ„›ใ—ใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
39:35
And of course, if you want to practise,
703
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1840
ใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
39:37
go and check out Cambly
704
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1760
ใ€Cambly
39:39
where you can practise with native English speakers,
705
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ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใจไธ€็ท’ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใงใใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซ่กŒใฃใฆ
39:42
choosing the teacher of your choice.
706
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ใ€ๅฅฝใใชๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ‚’้ธใ‚“ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
39:45
If you want to try it,
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่ฉฆใ—ใฆใฟ
39:47
you can do a 50 minute class for free,
708
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2810
ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€50 ๅˆ†้–“ใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ‚’็„กๆ–™ใง่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
39:49
and then you can, if you choose a 12 month package,
709
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2660
ใใฎๅพŒ ใ€12 ใ‹ๆœˆใฎใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
39:52
you can get a 40% discount.
710
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2730
ใ€40% ใฎๅ‰ฒๅผ•ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
39:55
Just use the code newkeith when you sign up.
711
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ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒณใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ๆ™‚ใซใ‚ณใƒผใƒ‰ newkeith ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
40:00
That's it, great.
712
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1350
ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
40:01
Most of all, have fun when you're studying,
713
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ไฝ•ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใ€ ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—
40:04
and learning, and growing into
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ใ€ๅญฆ็ฟ’ใ—ใ€
40:07
a more confident English speaker.
715
2407350
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่‡ชไฟกใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆˆ้•ทใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
40:10
And I look forward to seeing you
716
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใ™ใใซใŠไผšใ„ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใฟใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
40:13
very, very soon in the next video.
717
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ใ€‚
40:15
Take care, my friend, bye bye.
718
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2491
ๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆใ€ๅ‹ใ‚ˆใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒใ‚คใ€‚
40:18
(upbeat music)
719
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(ๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„้Ÿณๆฅฝ)

Original video on YouTube.com
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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