How to talk about an article in English

166,605 views ใƒป 2014-11-08

English Jade


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hello, everyone. I'm Jade. What we're talking about today is phrases you can use when you
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚คใƒ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
00:08
need to talk about an article, a report, or maybe it could be a book or something like
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ใ€่จ˜ไบ‹ใ‚„ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใงใ™ใ€‚
00:14
that in a university context, but maybe also as well in a meeting you might need to say
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ๅคงๅญฆใฎๆ–‡่„ˆใงใฏใ€ๆœฌใ‚„ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ› ใ‚“ใŒใ€ไผš่ญฐใงใ‚‚ๅŒๆง˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎไผš่ญฐใฎๅ‰ใซ
00:21
something about some literature you were supposed to read before that meeting. So, by watching
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ชญใ‚€ใ“ใจใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–‡็Œฎใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใ‹่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ . ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
00:28
today's lesson, I'll give you some phrases that you can build up and make some sentences
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆง‹็ฏ‰ใงใใ‚‹ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บ ใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใ€
00:33
where you can sound very informed, and very opinionated, and say all the right things
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้žๅธธใซๆƒ…ๅ ฑใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€้žๅธธใซ ๆ„่ฆ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใพใŸใฏๅญฆ่ก“ใฎๆ–‡่„ˆใงใ™ในใฆๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—
00:38
in a business or academic context.
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ใพใ™.
00:41
So, let's take a look at these different phrases and sentences we can use. You can make direct
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใชใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใจๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
00:50
statements of opinion about the article or what you've read. And to do that, you can
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่จ˜ไบ‹ใ‚„ ่ชญใ‚“ใ ๅ†…ๅฎนใซใคใ„ใฆ็›ดๆŽฅๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’่ฟฐในใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใซใฏใ€
00:57
use "I". So you can say: "I thought". If we're talking about an article, you can say: "I
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ใ€ŒIใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œ็งใฏๆ€ใฃใŸใ€ใ€‚ ่จ˜ไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œ
01:05
thought the article was thorough". "Thorough" means that something takes a look at all the
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่จ˜ไบ‹ใฏๅพนๅบ•ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅพนๅบ•็š„ใซใ€ ใจใฏใ€ใใฎ็จฎใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ซใƒใƒผใ™ในใใ™ในใฆใฎ้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใ€ๅฟ…่ฆใชใ“ใจใ™ในใฆใ‚’่ชฟในใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
01:12
important things, all the necessary things that it should cover for that kind of topic.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅพนๅบ•ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ
01:19
Nothing is left out if it's thorough.
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ๅ–ใ‚Šๆฎ‹ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
01:23
If we're talking about the introduction, that means the beginning, the beginning part of
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ใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒญใƒ€ใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œ ใฏ่จ˜ไบ‹ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
01:28
the article, perhaps you've got something interesting to say about the beginning. "The
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ใŠใใ‚‰ใ ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใ‹่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
01:33
introduction was insightful." If it's insightful, you learnt something. "Yes, it was insightful.
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็ดนไป‹ใฏๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใ‚„ใ™ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒๆดžๅฏŸใซๆบ€ใกใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏๆดžๅฏŸใซๆบ€ใกใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:39
It was... It was... You know, I approve of it. It was insightful."
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ใใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆ ใงใ—ใŸโ€ฆ ใปใ‚‰ใ€็ง ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ‰ฟ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚ŒใฏๆดžๅฏŸใซๆบ€ใกใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:43
Perhaps the rest of the article isn't very good, but you've got something good to say
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่จ˜ไบ‹ใฎๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Š่‰ฏใใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œ ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๅบ่ซ–ใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใ‹่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
01:48
about the introduction. Another variation of: "I thought", or: "I think", you could
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏ่€ƒใˆใŸใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ็งใฏๆ€ใ†ใ€ใฎๅˆฅใฎใƒใƒชใ‚จใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏใ€
01:55
use it present tense as well, is: "In my opinion". "In my opinion, because I know about these
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็พๅœจๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œ็งใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใงใฏใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใงใฏใ€็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใง
02:01
things, the case studies were too short." A case study is where you get an example.
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ใ€ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚น ใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใฏ็Ÿญใ™ใŽใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใฏใ€ไพ‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:11
Or you could say it's like a story of someone who's been through a particular situation,
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ใพใŸใฏ ใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎ็Šถๆณใ‚’็ตŒ้จ“ใ—ใŸไบบใฎ่ฉฑใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ 
02:16
and usually case studies are put together to show how a business or organization helps
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ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚้€šๅธธใ€ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใฏ ใ€ไผๆฅญใ‚„็ต„็น”ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
02:24
somebody or solves a problem. So, you'll often encounter case studies in the world of work.
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่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅ•้กŒใ‚’่งฃๆฑบใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใพใจใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™. ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ ไป•ไบ‹ใฎไธ–็•Œใงใฏใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใซๅ‡บใใ‚ใ™ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:29
They're meant to be persuasive, and they're meant to move you to action or make you want
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ่ชฌๅพ—ๅŠ›ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ›ณใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’่กŒๅ‹•ใซ้ง†ใ‚Š็ซ‹ใฆใŸใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„
02:34
to do something, or prove to you how something works or how something doesn't work.
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ใจๆ€ใ‚ใ›ใŸใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚’่จผๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็›ฎ็š„ใจใ—ใฆใ„ ใพใ™.
02:39
So, you could say: "The case studies were too short." We use "too" for a negative opinion.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚น ใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใŒ็Ÿญใ™ใŽใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชๆ„่ฆ‹ใซใฏใ€Œtooใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:46
So this wasn't good about the case studies. We could use any other adjective. We could
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ่‰ฏใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไป–ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:52
say: "too long". We can build the sentence like that.
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ใ€Œ้•ทใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:59
Next, you could use the same building block there: "The case studies were fairly persuasive."
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ๆฌกใซใ€ๅŒใ˜ๆง‹ๆˆ่ฆ็ด ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚น ใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Š่ชฌๅพ—ๅŠ›ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
03:07
Here, we're using adverb, and then adjective. "Fairly" means quite, but "fairly" is the
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ "fairly" ใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใŒใ€"fairly" ใฏ
03:15
more formal version. And it's a word that feels more academic, and it feels more like
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใชใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏใชๆ„Ÿใ˜ใŒใ™ใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใงใ€ใ€Œใ‹ใชใ‚Šใ€
03:24
you're giving a serious opinion if you say "fairly". "It was fairly persuasive." So they
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ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸๆ–นใŒ็œŸ้ข็›ฎใชๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‹ใชใ‚Š่ชฌๅพ—ๅŠ›ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฝผใ‚‰
03:29
were good, but you know, maybe they could have been better. Here, you're softening your
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ใฏ่‰ฏใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใŸใ‚‰ ใ‚‚ใฃใจ่‰ฏใ‹ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ณž่ณ›ใ‚’ๅ’Œใ‚‰ใ’ใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:36
praise. If you're saying: "The case studies were persuasive", that's stronger. That's
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒ‡ใ‚ฃ ใฏ่ชฌๅพ—ๅŠ›ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใฎใปใ†ใŒๅผทใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œ
03:42
like you approve of them more. But if you put "fairly" there, little bit less than without "fairly."
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ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ‰ฟ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ“ใซใ€Œใ‹ใชใ‚Šใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ€Œใ‹ใชใ‚Šใ€ ใŒใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฐ‘ใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:52
Again, we're still talking about "in my opinion". "In my opinion, the findings". "Findings"
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€็งใŸใกใฏใพใ ใ€Œ็งใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใงใฏใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใงใฏใ€่ชฟๆŸป็ตๆžœใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่ชฟๆŸป็ตๆžœใ€
03:58
is another word for "conclusion". "The findings were inconclusive." If something is inconclusive,
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ใฏใ€Œ็ต่ซ–ใ€ใฎๅˆฅใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่ชฟๆŸป็ตๆžœ ใฏๆฑบๅฎš็š„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๆฑบๅฎš็š„ใง
04:08
you're not quite sure if the thing has been proven. It's undecided. We're not quite sure
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ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ่จผๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹็ขบไฟกใŒๆŒใฆใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ๆœชๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚
04:18
of the result or the outcome. Maybe more research needs to be done. If it's inconclusive, we
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็ตๆžœใ‚„็ตๆžœใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใŸใถใ‚“ใ€ใ‚‚ใฃใจ็ ”็ฉถใ‚’ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆฑบๅฎš็š„ใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
04:26
need to wait and see.
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ใ€ๆง˜ๅญใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:29
Moving on now, this is another way to give your opinion. You can say: "As I see it",
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ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’่ฟฐในใ‚‹ๅˆฅใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ†่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œ็งใŒ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ€
04:35
you're using yourself, and your knowledge, and your way of viewing the world. You can
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ใชใŸ่‡ช่บซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใ€ใใ—ใฆใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธ–็•Œใฎ่ฆ‹ๆ–นใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ .
04:41
look at it like that to pass your opinions and your knowledge to others. "The recommendations
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ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ ใ‚„็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใ‚’ไป–ใฎไบบใซไผใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒๆŽจๅฅจไบ‹้ …
04:47
are unworkable." So, many reports will make recommendations. So, they'll analyze a situation.
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ใฏๅฎŸ่กŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๅคšใใฎใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใŒ ๆŽจๅฅจไบ‹้ …ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็Šถๆณใ‚’ๅˆ†ๆžใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:56
At the end, they'll say: "We think this needs to happen." Those are the recommendations.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ“ใ†่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผšใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๆŽจๅฅจไบ‹้ …ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:02
The recommendations are made by experts, experts who researched and made a report. You, on
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ๆŽจๅฅจไบ‹้ …ใฏใ€ๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถใ€ ่ชฟๆŸปใ—ใฆใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใŸๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆไฝœๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
05:08
the other hand, may think that their recommendations are unworkable; they simply won't work. They're
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ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎๆŽจๅฅจไบ‹้ …ใŒๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใชใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œ ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅ˜ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ
05:15
not as good as my recommendations on my report. They're unworkable. They would not work in
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ใ€็งใฎใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฎๆŽจๅฅจไบ‹้ …ใปใฉ่‰ฏใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅฎŸ็”ŸๆดปใงใฏๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
05:21
real life.
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ใ€‚
05:24
And you could say, as well: "As I see it, the report is first-rate." That's quite a
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ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œ็งใŒ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹้™ใ‚Š ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฏไธ€ๆตใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€้žๅธธใซ
05:29
formal way of saying excellent. It can't be better. It's excellent research and very well
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ๅ„ชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ†้žๅธธใซๆญฃๅผใชๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒไปฅไธŠใฎใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸ็ ”็ฉถใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้žๅธธใซใ‚ˆใ
05:37
done, it's first-rate.
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ใงใใฆใ„ใฆใ€ไธ€ๆตใงใ™ใ€‚
05:39
Let's have a look at some verbs we can use when talking about these articles, reports,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ˜ไบ‹ใ‚„ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใชใฉใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ใ„ใใค
05:45
that kind of thing now. So, here's some different verbs that we can use. As I mentioned, some
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ใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ€ ไฝฟใˆใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ‰่ฟฐใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ
05:52
reports or most reports, I suppose, were written for a purpose. They want to propose something
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ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ€ใพใŸใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฏใ€็›ฎ็š„ใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆๆกˆใ—ใŸใ„ใจ
06:00
happens, they've got a particular agenda and a particular reason for writing the report,
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ๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ็‰นๅฎšใฎใ‚ขใ‚ธใ‚งใƒณใƒ€ใจ็‰นๅฎšใฎ็†็”ฑใŒ
06:05
and they want to show that. So, you can use these verbs to describe that.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’็คบใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:10
You can say: "The verb argues that". The verb... Why did I say "verb"? I think I said "verb".
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ใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ไธปๅผตใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ‹•่ฉž... ใชใœใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:17
I mean: "The report argues that...", "The report proposes that..." Or: "The report advocates
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ไธปๅผตใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™...ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆ ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆๆกˆใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™...ใ€ใพใŸใฏ๏ผšใ€Œใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฏ
06:26
that..." They have related meanings. "Argue" is like a strong way of saying they want something
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆŒใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™...ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใฏ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ "Argue" ใฏ ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœ›ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๅผทๅŠ›ใช่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎ
06:34
to happen. "The report argues that traffic should not be allowed in Central London after
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฏใ€ ใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณไธญๅฟƒ้ƒจใงใฏๅˆๅพŒ 9 ๆ™‚ไปฅ้™ใฎไบค้€šใฏ่จฑๅฏใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ในใใงใฏใชใ„ใจไธปๅผตใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
06:43
9pm." I mean, that's quite a strong argument, but it just came to my head.
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ใ€‚ใ€ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‹ใชใ‚ŠๅผทๅŠ›ใช ่ญฐ่ซ–ใงใ™ใŒใ€้ ญใซๆตฎใ‹ใ‚“ใ ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:50
"To propose" something is more like a recommendation. It's saying that this would be a good idea.
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ใ€Œใƒ—ใƒญใƒใƒผใ‚บใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใจๆŽจ่–ฆใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่‰ฏใ„่€ƒใˆใ ใ‚ใ†ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:59
"The report proposes that children should not eat junk food." It's a good proposal,
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ใ€Œๅ ฑๅ‘Šๆ›ธใฏใ€ๅญไพ›ใŸใกใŒ ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใ‚ฏใƒ•ใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ในใใงใฏใชใ„ใจๆๆกˆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹.ใ€ ใ„ใ„ๆกˆ
07:11
isn't it? And, we could say: "The report advocates that..." Oh, it's really hard to improvise
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ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฏ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹...ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใ
07:19
sentences. "The report advocates that children should not play more than four hours of computer
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ“ใฎๅ ฑๅ‘Šๆ›ธใฏใ€ๅญไพ›ใŸใก ใŒ 1 ๆ—ฅ 4 ๆ™‚้–“ไปฅไธŠใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟ ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ในใใงใฏใชใ„ใจไธปๅผตใ—
07:28
games a day." That's a really bad report. "The report advocates that time spent playing
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ใฆใ„ใ‚‹.ใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆ‚ชใ„ๅ ฑๅ‘Šใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ“ใฎๅ ฑๅ‘Šๆ›ธใฏใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’
07:35
computer games should be limited." Okay. That's what I meant. Not all the time. So, we use
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ๅˆถ้™ใ™ในใใ ใจๆๅ”ฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹.ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒ ็งใŒๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใŸใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€
07:43
those verbs to show the degree of how strong something is being argued or recommended.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒไธปๅผตใพใŸใฏๆŽจๅฅจใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅบฆๅˆใ„ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:51
Let's have a look at some more verbs now. Again, we can talk about the author of the
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ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฎไฝœๆˆ่€…ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ‹ใ€
07:57
report or we can name them. Perhaps the report writer is Professor Smith, and then we can
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ๅๅ‰ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฎ ใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒผใฏใ‚นใƒŸใ‚นๆ•™ๆŽˆใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
08:04
use these verbs to talk about their claims and what they're saying. So, we can directly
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎไธปๅผต ใจๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™. ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
08:11
say: "Professor Smith suggests that", blah, blah, blah. A suggestion is based on your
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ใ€Œใ‚นใƒŸใ‚นๆ•™ๆŽˆใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’็คบๅ”†ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ็›ดๆŽฅ ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ”ๆๆกˆใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ
08:19
knowledge and your experience. Again, it's not as strong. It's not as strong as a recommendation,
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็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใจ็ตŒ้จ“ใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใปใฉๅผทใใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ๆŽจๅฅจใปใฉๅผทใใฏใ‚ใ‚Š
08:28
but it's related. Profesha... Professor. "Professor Smith recommends that...", "Professor Smith
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ—ใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚ทใƒฃโ€ฆ ๆ•™ๆŽˆใ€‚ ใ€Œ ใ‚นใƒŸใ‚นๆ•™ๆŽˆใฏๆฌกใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๆŽจๅฅจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™...ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚นใƒŸใ‚นๆ•™ๆŽˆ
08:38
recommends that students do extra homework at the weekends in his report."
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ใฏใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฎไธญใงๅญฆ็”Ÿใซ้€ฑๆœซใซ่ฟฝๅŠ ใฎๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆŽจๅฅจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
08:49
And if you just want to say what was said, you can use: "states". This is quite a formal
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ใใ—ใฆใ€่จ€ใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ใ€Œstatesใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใช
08:56
verb, which sounds good when you're talking about written text. "Professor Smith states
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ€ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ‚ˆใ่žใ“ใˆ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚นใƒŸใ‚นๆ•™ๆŽˆใฏ
09:03
that..." Improvising sentences, I don't like doing it. "Professor Smith states that the
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ใ“ใ†่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™โ€ฆใ€ ใ€Œใ‚นใƒŸใ‚นๆ•™ๆŽˆใฏใ€
09:15
English language is the best language in the world." So, you can say anything there in
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฏไธ–็•Œใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸ่จ€่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
09:21
the present simple when you're using "states". And, also, because people who write reports
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ใ€Œ็Šถๆ…‹ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๅฝขใงไฝ•ใงใ‚‚่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใไบบ
09:28
are like authorities and they know about things, they're very clever people, they can give
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ใฏๆจฉๅจใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ€็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ็Ÿฅใฃ ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€้žๅธธใซ่ณขใ„ไบบใชใฎใงใ€
09:33
us advice. So, we can say "advises". "Professor Smith advises that teachers should not improvise
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ใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’ใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ใ‚นใƒŸใ‚นๆ•™ๆŽˆใฏใ€ๆ•™ๅธซใฏๆŽˆๆฅญใงๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅณ่ˆˆใงไฝœใฃใฆใฏใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจๅฟ ๅ‘Šใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
09:43
sentences in lessons."
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.ใ€
09:45
Ooh. "Useful Phrases for Suggesting Improvements". A lot of the time, when we're talking about
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆ”นๅ–„ใ‚’ๆๆกˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎไพฟๅˆฉใชใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ€. ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไป–ไบบใฎไฝœๅ“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ
09:54
somebody else's work, we need to be careful about the way we give our opinions because
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ใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’่ฟฐในใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซๆณจๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:00
we could upset other people, and they might think that we're like a really annoying person,
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ไป–ใฎไบบใ‚’ๆ€’ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:08
or a stronger word we could use. So, we need to watch our language. It's important to get
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็งใŸใกใŒไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅผทใ„่จ€่‘‰ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ็งใŸใกใฏ่จ€่ชžใซๆณจๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:16
it right so that you don't... I keep saying that. Anyway...
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ใใ†ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™... ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ„็ถšใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใจใซใ‹ใ
10:20
You can say this: "I would have expected to see..." I wouldn't necessarily say that directly
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...ใ€Œ็งใฏ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‚ใ† ...ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚„่จ˜ไบ‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸไบบใซ็›ดๆŽฅ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
10:27
to the person who wrote the report or article, but if you're just talking generally among
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ใŒใ€ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใƒกใƒผใƒˆใ‚„ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎ้–“ใงไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ.
10:32
classmates or something, or colleagues, or other people who have also read the report,
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ใ€ใพใŸใฏๅŒๅƒšใ€ใพใŸใฏ ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใ ไป–ใฎไบบใฏ
10:40
you can make the statement with "I" and be direct and give your opinion. But as I said,
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ใ€ใ€ŒIใ€ ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆ็އ็›ดใซๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’่ฟฐในใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๅ…ˆใปใฉใ‚‚่จ€ใฃใŸ
10:46
if the person who actually wrote the report is there, it could feel like you're challenging
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸไบบใŒ ใใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅฝผใ‚‰ใซๆŒ‘ๆˆฆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
10:51
them. "I would have expected to see more information regarding sales figures." "I would have expected",
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. ใ€ŒๅฃฒไธŠ้ซ˜ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใฃใจๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใŸ ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œ็งใฏๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใ€
11:02
it's like... It's like you're making a recommendation there, how it could be better. This report
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ใใ‚Œใฏใพใ‚‹ใง...ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ“ใซๆŽจ่–ฆใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใช ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆ
11:10
was not as good because it did not do this. It did not have this information.
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ใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ‚ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใŸใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Š่‰ฏใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:17
"I would have expected to see more commentary on..." Improvising. "I would have expected
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ใ€Œใ‚‚ใฃใจ่งฃ่ชฌใŒ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ ใŸใฎใซโ€ฆใ€ๅณ่ˆˆใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใฎๅบ—่ˆ—ใฎๅฃฒไธŠ้ซ˜ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
11:25
to see more commentary on the sales figures for London stores." Okay? And again: "I would
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ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚นใƒžใ‚นๆ™‚ๆœŸใฎ
11:34
have expected to see additional data on purchases over Christmas time." So, these are direct
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่ณผๅ…ฅใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่ฟฝๅŠ ใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใฆ ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็›ดๆŽฅ็š„ใช
11:44
opinions. The positive thing about giving direct opinions is you're putting your own
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ๆ„่ฆ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็އ็›ดใชๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใฎ่‰ฏใ„็‚น ใฏใ€ใใ“ใซ่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใฎไธป่ฆณใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œ
11:50
subjectivity in there, that's your voice with "I" and it sounds like you're confident enough
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ใฏใ€Œ็งใ€ใ‚’ไผดใ†ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅฃฐใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ† ใฎใซๅๅˆ†ใช่‡ชไฟกใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™
11:54
to say something about it. The negative thing about it is that it can be very, very strong.
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. ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฎๅฆๅฎš็š„ ใชใ“ใจใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ้žๅธธใซๅผทๅŠ›ใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™.
12:02
So, how do we avoid coming across as somebody who is like just throwing around their opinions?
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ใงใฏใ€ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’ใŸใ ใถใ‚‰ใถใ‚‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชไบบใซๅ‡บใใ‚ใ™ใฎใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
12:10
Well, if you need or wish to do that, you can distance your sentences by taking your
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ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใพใŸใฏใใ†ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‹ใ‚‰ไธป่ฆณๆ€งใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใใ“ใจใงๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’้ ใ–ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
12:17
subjectivity out of it. We're not using "I" anymore. You make the subject of the sentence
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใ€ใฏ ใ‚‚ใ†ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ„ใ€‚ ๆ–‡็ซ ใฎไธป่ชžใ‚’
12:25
the report or the article, whatever. That way, you can give your opinions indirectly.
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ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€่จ˜ไบ‹ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใชใ‚“ใงใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ† ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€้–“ๆŽฅ็š„ใซๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
12:35
"The report could be improved by including interviews with experts.", "The report could
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ใ€Œใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฏใ€ๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถใธใฎใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒ“ใƒฅใƒผใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงๆ”นๅ–„ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฏ
12:44
be improved by proposing solutions to the problem." I didn't put a full stop there,
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ใ€ๅ•้กŒใฎ่งฃๆฑบ็ญ–ใ‚’ๆๆกˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงๆ”นๅ–„ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ็งใฏใใ“ใงๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅœๆญขใ—
12:51
that's very naughty of me. Needs a full stop. A proposal, again, is like a suggestion. "The
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎ้žๅธธใซใ„ใŸใšใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎŒๅ…จๅœๆญขใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆๆกˆใฏๆๆกˆใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
12:59
report could be improved by providing recommendations." These are all different ways to improve that
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ๆŽจๅฅจไบ‹้ …ใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆ”นๅ–„ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆใ€ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆ”นๅ–„ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆ–นๆณ•
13:10
report, because you're showing from your reading experience that not only have you taken in
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€่ชญๆ›ธ ็ตŒ้จ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ…ฅใ‚ŒใŸใ ใ‘ใงใชใ
13:18
all the information, but you've analyzed it and you're now able to say: "Well, actually,
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅˆ†ๆžใ— ใ€ๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:24
if that were my report, it would be better because these things would be in it." That
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใฎใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ“ใจใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œ
13:30
makes you sound really clever.
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ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่ณขใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
13:32
So, what to take away from today's lesson, you can learn these stock phrases just to
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ใงใฏใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‹ใ‚‰ ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใถ
13:41
make it a little bit easier when you need something to say maybe in a seminar situation,
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ในใใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใจใ€ใ‚ผใƒŸ
13:46
a university situation, or it could be a work situation if you sometimes discuss articles
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ใ‚„ๅคงๅญฆใฎ็Šถๆณใ€ใพใŸใฏไป•ไบ‹ใฎ็Šถๆณใงไฝ•ใ‹่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—็ฐกๅ˜ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚นใƒˆใƒƒใ‚ฏ ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:52
and reports in your meetings.
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ไผš่ญฐใง่จ˜ไบ‹ใ‚„ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใ†ใ€‚ ใˆใˆ
13:54
So, yes, from this, what you do now is you go to the engVid website and you do the quiz
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ใ€ใ“ใฎใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไปŠใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใฏใ€engVid ใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใ€ใใ“ใงใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บ
14:01
there, and then that will teach you so much more about this kind of stuff. You'll be really,
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ใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ“ใฎ็จฎใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่ณขใใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
14:08
really clever, and I really think you should do that. That would be good for you. And before
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ใ€ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ†ใ™ในใใ ใจๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
14:14
you go, though, it's really necessary, important that you subscribe to my channel here, my
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€่กŒใๅ‰ใซใ€ ใ“ใ“ใง็งใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใ€็งใฎengVidใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซ็™ป้Œฒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅฟ…่ฆใง้‡่ฆใงใ™
14:20
engVid channel because I'd like you to come back and watch more of my videos. So, yeah,
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ใ€‚ๆˆปใฃใฆใใฆใ€็งใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใจ่ฆ‹ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใˆใˆใ€
14:25
I'm finished now. So, yeah, come... Please come back and see me soon. Bye.
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็งใฏไปŠ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใˆใˆใ€ๆฅใฆ... ๆˆปใฃใฆใใฆใ€ใ™ใใซ็งใซไผšใ„ใซๆฅใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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