10 Common Mistakes EXPERT ENGLISH SPEAKERS Make | AVOID THEM

53,143 views ใƒป 2017-09-19

Eat Sleep Dream English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Eat Sleep Dreamer welcome back to another video with me Tom, the Chief Dreamer. I'm
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Eat Sleep Dreamer ใƒใƒผใƒ• ใƒ‰ใƒชใƒผใƒžใƒผใฎใƒˆใƒ ใจไธ€็ท’ใซๅˆฅใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใซใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
00:04
here to teach you fresh modern British English so that you can take your English to the next
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆฌกใฎ
00:09
level and achieve your life goals. Now I've got a really really fun one today because
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ใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใซๅผ•ใไธŠใ’ใ€ไบบ็”Ÿใฎ็›ฎๆจ™ใ‚’้”ๆˆใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๆ–ฐ้ฎฎใช็พไปฃใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’็”จๆ„ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰
00:14
we're looking at the ten common mistakes that native English speakers. That's right guys.
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ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใŒ็Šฏใ—ใŒใกใช 10 ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:21
We make mistakes all the time, so I thought it would be really useful for you guys to
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็งใŸใกใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚
00:26
see what kind of mistakes they make and how to correct them so that next time you don't
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้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ™ใฎใงใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใ€ใฉใฎ ใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ๆฌกๅ›ž
00:32
make those mistakes either. Alright, this is going to be a fun one. All that's coming
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ใ‚‚ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ•ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ้žๅธธใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ. ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซใชใ‚Šใใ†ใ ใ€‚ ใ™ในใฆใŒ้ †่ชฟใซ
00:36
right up.
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้€ฒใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:44
The first common mistake that native English speakers make is with this one, Your and you're.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆฏๅ›ฝ ่ชžใจใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซ็Šฏใ™ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹้–“้•ใ„ใฏใ€Your and you're ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:50
Now the pronunciation is the same but it's when it's written that the mistakes happen.
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ไปŠใฏ็™บ้ŸณใฏๅŒใ˜ ใงใ™ใŒใ€้–“้•ใ„ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸใจใใงใ™ใ€‚
00:56
So we'll take the first one. Your without the apostrophe. Now this is the possessive
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ใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸ ใฎใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใชใ—ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ‰€ๆœ‰
01:01
adjective. For example 'Is this your coat?' So there it's the possessive, not my coat,
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚ณใƒผใƒˆใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€ ็งใฎใ‚ณใƒผใƒˆใงใฏใชใใ€
01:10
your coat. So a possessive adjective has no apostrophe but when we put the apostrophe
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚ณใƒผใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซใฏใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ€
01:15
in that's a contraction of you are. So 'You're tall' or 'You're a great person'. So the pronunciation
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ใใ‚Œใฏ you are ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ่ƒŒใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไบบใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
01:24
of your and you're is exactly the same but the meaning is very different. Now words that
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your ใจ you're ใฎ็™บ้ŸณใฏใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใŒ ใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏๅคงใใ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:30
sound the same are called homonyms like your and you're for example. These are two homonyms.
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ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€your ใ‚„ you're ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅŒ้Ÿณ็•ฐ็พฉ่ชžใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ 2 ใคใฎๅŒ้Ÿณ็•ฐ็พฉ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ่‹ฑ่ชž
01:37
So this is the cause of many mistakes for native English speakers is that they sound
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ใ‚’ๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชžใจใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ€…ใซใจใฃใฆๅคšใใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใฏใ€ๅŒใ˜ ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹
01:42
the same but when it comes to the written version there's a difference and people don't
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ใŒใ€ๆ›ธใ่จ€่‘‰ใซ ใชใ‚‹ใจ้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏ
01:46
always remember or they don't know that there's a difference. So we'll probably come across
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใฏ้™ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ€้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ ใงใ™. ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ
01:52
quite a few homonyms as we go through this video.
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ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใ†ใกใซใ€ใ‹ใชใ‚Šใฎๆ•ฐใฎๅŒ้Ÿณ็•ฐ็พฉ่ชžใซๅ‡บใใ‚ใ™ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:54
Ok, so related to that is a classic example it's. Now one is without the apostrophe and
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใใ‚Œใซ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๅ…ธๅž‹็š„ใชไพ‹ ใงใ™ใ€‚ 1 ใคใฏใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใชใ—ใงใ€
02:00
one is with the apostrophe. The pronunciation is exactly the same but again when it's written
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ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฏใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃไป˜ใใงใ™ใ€‚ ็™บ้Ÿณ ใฏใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚„ใฏใ‚Šๆ›ธใๆ–น
02:05
that's when the problems occur. So without the apostrophe it's a possessive adjective
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ใงๅ•้กŒใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใŒใชใ„ใจใ€ๅ†ใณๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซ
02:10
again. It's a determiner. So it's the possessive of it. For example 'The house has its own
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ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆฑบใ‚ๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใใ‚Œใฏใใ‚Œใฎๆ‰€ๆœ‰ ๆ ผใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๅฎถใซใฏๅฐ‚็”จใฎ
02:16
swimming pool.' The its there is possessive relating to the house. But with the apostrophe
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ใƒ—ใƒผใƒซใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใใฎๅฎถใซ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๆ ผใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€
02:25
it's a contraction again of it is or it has. For example 'It's been a wonderful day, thank
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it is ใพใŸใฏ it has ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œใ™ใฐใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไธ€ๆ—ฅ
02:35
you so much.' There it's a contraction of it has. 'Ok, it's your turn now.' That's the
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ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใฉใ†ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใใ“ใซ it has ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ไปŠๅบฆใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็•ชใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏใใ‚Œใฎ
02:43
contraction of it is. It's your turn now. Ok, so with the apostrophe it's a contraction
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ๅŽ็ธฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็•ชใŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
02:51
of it is or it has without the apostrophe it's the possessive determiner of it.
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ใ€it is ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ ใ—ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๆฑบๅฎš่ฉžใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:57
Alright, this is the big one! This is the one that I hear people get wrong so so often.
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไธ€็•ชๅคงใใ„๏ผ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ ไบบใ€…ใŒ้žๅธธใซ้ ป็นใซ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่žใใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
03:03
Even when you are walking around London and you are kind of listening to people talking,
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ใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใ‚’ๆญฉใ„ใฆ ใ„ใฆไบบใฎ่ฉฑใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใงใ•ใˆใ€
03:07
I hear it used incorrectly so often. And maybe occasionally I might also make that mistake
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้–“้•ใฃใŸไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ่€ณใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ ใŸใพใซ็งใ‚‚ใใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ™ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
03:14
but hey that's all part of being a speaker. Sometimes you do make mistakes. Now the words
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ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ™ในใฆใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ™. ๆ™‚ใ€…ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฎ่จ€่‘‰
03:21
here, less and fewer. Now I'm sure a lot of you right now are screaming at the video 'I
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ใฏใ€ใพใ™ใพใ™ๅฐ‘ใชใใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅคšใใŒ ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใ€Œ็ง
03:30
know how to use fewer and less' but you so often you English learners know the English
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ใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ไฝฟ็”จๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจๅซใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใจ็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’่€…ใฏใ€
03:35
grammar way better than most native English speakers. So you know exactly how to use fewer
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ ใพใ™. ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใไฝฟใ†ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
03:42
and less and yet we still sometimes make mistakes. So let's look at the rules about how to use
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚็งใŸใกใฏๆ™‚ใ€…้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใพใ™. ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€less ใจ less ใฎไฝฟ็”จๆ–นๆณ•ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใƒซใƒผใƒซ
03:48
less and fewer and then we'll look at some practice examples. Alright, so the important
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ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅฎŸ่ทตไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใง้‡่ฆ
03:53
thing here is to think about is the noun countable or uncountable. So with less, we are using
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ใชใ“ใจใฏใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใ‹ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€less ใงใฏใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐๆ™‚้–“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
04:00
uncountable nouns things that you cannot count for example time. Time as an idea we cannot
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฎใงใใชใ„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใจใ—ใฆใฎๆ™‚้–“
04:10
count. Money again as an idea we can't count. I know we can literally count money but as
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ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใŒๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใชใ„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใจใ—ใฆๅ†ใณใŠ้‡‘ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ๅญ—้€šใ‚ŠใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ™ใŒ
04:17
a concept we don't count it. So for example 'These days I feel like I have less time to
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ใ€ๆฆ‚ๅฟตใจใ—ใฆใฏๆ•ฐใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ใƒชใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚้–“ใŒๆธ›ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ„Ÿใ˜
04:27
relax'. Now with fewer we are using that with countable nouns so things you can count. Ok,
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ใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ไปŠใงใฏๆ•ฐใŒๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใงใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆ
04:32
so dogs or cats or houses or shoes. We use fewer with all those countable nouns. Now
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ใ€็Šฌใ‹็Œซใ‹ๅฎถใ‹้ดใ‹ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใง less ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใง
04:42
the complication comes when there's a word that could be either countable or uncountable.
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ใ€ๅฏ็ฎ—ใพใŸใฏไธๅฏ็ฎ—ใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใซ่ค‡้›‘ใซ ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:47
Let's take coffee for example. Now coffee as a mass noun, as a concept, is uncountable.
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ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ไพ‹ใซใจใฃใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ็พๅœจ ใ€ๅคง้‡ๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใฎใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใฏใ€ๆฆ‚ๅฟตใจใ—ใฆๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:54
'I don't drink that much coffee'. So we're going to use less with coffee because it's
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใฏ
05:03
uncountable so 'I'm trying to drink less coffee.' However, we can make coffee countable by thinking
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™.ใ€ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉใใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ
05:12
about the drink itself, like a drink. So 'I had a coffee this morning'. Now a coffee,
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œ็ง ใฏไปŠๆœใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚ ไปŠใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ€
05:21
it's countable. 'I had two coffees this morning.' So now it has become countable we can use
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅฏ็ฎ—ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒไปŠๆœใฏใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ 2 ๆฏ้ฃฒใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ไปŠใงใฏๅฏ็ฎ—ใซใชใ‚Šใ€ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹
05:29
fewer. 'I had fewer coffees than you today.' We can also make it countable with a cup of
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ๆ•ฐใŒๅฐ‘ใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€ŒไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใฎ้‡ใŒๅฐ‘ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ ไธ€ๆฏใฎใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใงๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใ
05:36
coffee. So there we are making it countable by adding a cup of coffee and then you can
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ“ใง ใ€ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผ 1 ๆฏใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’
05:42
count it. 'I had two cups of coffee' 'three cups of coffee'. So again now we're using
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ 2 ๆฏ้ฃฒใ‚“ใ ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ 3 ๆฏ้ฃฒใ‚“ใ ใ€ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™
05:47
fewer because it's countable. So 'I'm trying to drink fewer cups of coffee every day.'
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ใŒใ€ๅฏ็ฎ—ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ•ฐใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œ็งใฏ ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ้ฃฒใ‚€ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใฎ้‡ใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
05:56
Same could be with beer, ok? So beer or wine, any drink pretty much. 'I'm drinking fewer
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ใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใงใ‚‚ใƒฏใ‚คใƒณใง ใ‚‚ใ€ใฉใ‚“ใช้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉใงใ‚‚็ตๆง‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
06:01
pints of beer than I used to.' But we can make it uncountable by thinking about the
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ไปฅๅ‰ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€้‡ใŒๆธ›ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใ€ๅคง้‡ๅ่ฉžใฎใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจใ€
06:09
mass noun beer 'I drink less beer than I used to.' So think about the noun, is it countable?
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ใ€Œ็งใฏไปฅๅ‰ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€้‡ใŒๆธ›ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏๅฏ็ฎ—ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:19
Is it uncountable? And then you decide fewer or less. It's not too tricky. It takes practise,
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ๆ•ฐใˆๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใชใ„ใปใฉใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใปใฉใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใซใฏ็ทด็ฟ’ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€
06:26
that's the important thing.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
06:27
This one is a classic one that a lot of people mistake in written English. And that's the
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบ ใŒ่‹ฑ่ชžใงๆ›ธใ้–“้•ใˆใ‚‹ๅคๅ…ธ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œ
06:33
contractions of i.e. and e.g. Now we are going to need quite an intellectual professor to
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ใฏ i.e. ใจ e.g. ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠใ€็งใŸใกใฏ
06:39
talk us through what they mean. Hello everybody, I'm professor Tom and I'll be teaching you
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ‹ใชใ‚Š็Ÿฅ็š„ใชๆ•™ๆŽˆใ‚’ๅฟ…่ฆใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™. ใฟใชใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ ็งใฏใƒˆใƒ ๆ•™ๆŽˆใงใ™
06:44
i.e. and e.g. i.e. comes from the Latin which means id est. repeat after me, id est. Id
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ใ€‚ i.e. ใฏใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใซ็”ฑๆฅใ—ใ€ id est. repeat after me, id est. Id
06:56
est. i.e. essentially means in other words. An example sentence 'I'll be away all summer
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est. i.e. ใฏๆœฌ่ณช็š„ใซไป–ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไพ‹ๆ–‡ ใ€Œๅคใฎ้–“
07:04
i.e. June to August.' In other words June to August. You at the back, listen! Sorry.
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ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š 6 ๆœˆใ‹ใ‚‰ 8 ๆœˆใพใงใšใฃใจไธๅœจใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใคใพใ‚Š6ๆœˆ ใ‹ใ‚‰8ๆœˆใ€‚ ๅพŒใ‚ใฎใ‚ใชใŸใ€่žใ„ใฆ๏ผ ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:15
e.g. stands for exempli gratia. Repeat after me, exempli gratia. Pay attention boy. Exempli
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ๆจก็ฏ„ใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใฎ็•ฅใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฎๅพŒใซ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใ‚ๅฐ‘ๅนดใ€‚ ไพ‹ใฎ
07:25
gratia. You're not listening, exempli gratia. e.g. basically means for example. For example
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ๆ„Ÿ่ฌใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่žใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆใ€‚ ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใฏไพ‹ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
07:38
'I have visited many countries in Asia e.g. Japan, Thailand and Vietnam.' Please remember
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ขใ‚ธใ‚ขใฎๅคšใใฎๅ›ฝใ‚’่จชใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆ—ฅๆœฌใ€ใ‚ฟใ‚คใ€ใƒ™ใƒˆใƒŠใƒ ใ€‚
07:47
that this is in written English i.e. and e.g. are written English. If you want to say them
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใงๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ่‹ฑ่ชžใงๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:52
in spoken English you would say i.e. and for example. Class dismissed.
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ๅฃ่ชž่‹ฑ่ชžใง่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ie and for example ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใฏ่งฃ้›‡ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:01
This one causes huge problems, even for, even for me I'm going to be honest with you. I
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅคงใใชๅ•้กŒใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆญฃ็›ดใซ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€็งใซใจใฃใฆใ‚‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:07
get this one wrong, so let's look at the differences. Who and whom. Now, the key concept here is
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้–“้•ใˆใŸใฎใงใ€้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ่ชฐใจ่ชฐใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใง้‡่ฆใชๆฆ‚ๅฟตใฏ
08:14
that who is used as the subject of the sentence and whom is used as the object of the verb
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ใ€่ชฐใŒๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ€ ่ชฐใŒๅ‹•่ฉžใพใŸใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹
08:21
or the preposition. .For example 'Who wants some cake?' Who there is the subject, ok?
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ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™. .ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’้ฃŸใน ใŸใ„๏ผŸใ€ ไธป้กŒใฏ่ชฐใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
08:29
So we're going to use who. Whereas with whom we're going to use it as the object of the
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€who ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€ๆ–น ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใพใŸใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ่ชฐ
08:34
verb or the preposition. So an example 'Whom do you believe?' You is the subject, believe
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ ่ชฐใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€ You ใฏไธป่ชžใ€believe
08:43
is the verb and whom is the object of that verb. Now this sounds quite formal and if
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ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ€who ใฏใใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็›ฎ็š„ ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใซ่žใ“ใˆ
08:49
I'm honest whom has become a word that we generally use in writing and particularly
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ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆญฃ็›ดใซ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€who ใฏ็งใŸใกใŒ ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซๆ–‡็ซ ใ€็‰นใซ
08:58
formal writing. Although people do use it in spoken English and generally quite formal
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใชๆ–‡็ซ ใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไบบใ€…ใฏ ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ่ฉฑใ—่จ€่‘‰ใ‚„ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซ้žๅธธใซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใช
09:04
spoken English, it's probably used more in written English and again particularly formal
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่ฉฑใ—่จ€่‘‰ใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใ ๆ›ธใ่จ€่‘‰ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ€็‰นใซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใช
09:09
written English. Probably the most common way of using whom is in set phrases. To whom
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ๆ›ธใ่จ€่‘‰ใงใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™. who ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช ๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ€ๅฎšๅž‹ๅฅใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฐใซ
09:15
is may concern. So to whom it may concern isa really nice way to address a letter or
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้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ่ชฐใซ ๅฎ›ใฆใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใฏใ€ๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚„้›ปๅญใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚’่ชฐใ‹ใซๅฎ›ใฆใฆ้€ใ‚‹ใฎใซใจใฆใ‚‚่‰ฏใ„ๆ–นๆณ•
09:21
an email to someone but you are not sure who it's addressed to. So you say 'to whom it
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ใงใ™ใŒใ€่ชฐๅฎ›ใฆใ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚ŒใŒ้–ขไฟ‚ใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใซใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„
09:26
may concern' and then the rest of your writing.
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใฎๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ™.
09:30
Alright, is it me and you or you and I? Alright, this causes so many problems for native English
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใจใ‚ใชใŸใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใชใŸใจ็งใงใ™ใ‹? ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชžใจใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใซใจใฃใฆ้žๅธธใซๅคšใใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—
09:40
speakers and in fact these I don't know if anyone cares about whether it's me and you
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€ ็งใจใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใพใŸใฏใ‚ใชใŸใจ็งใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’ๆฐ—ใซใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
09:44
or you and I. But we should know the grammar rules here. First of all, these are all pronouns,
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ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงๆ–‡ๆณ•่ฆๅ‰‡ใ‚’็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใšใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆไปฃๅ่ฉž
09:50
ok? So you, me, I are all pronouns. Now I and you are subject pronouns. In the sentence
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ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใ€็งใ€็งใฏใ™ในใฆไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠใ€็ง ใจใ‚ใชใŸใฏไธป่ชžใฎไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
10:00
'I love you' I is the subject, love is the verb, you is the object. I love you. Now i
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ใ€ŒI love youใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€็งใŒไธป่ชžใ€ๆ„›ใŒ ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใพใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠใ€็ง
10:08
cannot say me love you, that's not correct English. Me is an object pronoun, I is a subject
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ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ Me ใฏ็›ฎ็š„่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€I ใฏไธป่ชž
10:17
pronoun, me, object pronoun. So I can't say me love you, I have to say I love you. Now
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ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€็งใฏ็›ฎ็š„่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ€ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใชใ„ใ€ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ
10:24
you can be a subject pronoun or an object pronoun, ok? So 'you love me', you is the
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ใงใ€ไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใพใŸใฏ็›ฎ็š„่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใญใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€'you love me' ใฏใ€you ใŒ
10:31
subject, love is the verb, me is the object pronoun. You love me. So the correct way to
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ไธป่ชžใ€love ใŒๅ‹•่ฉžใ€me ใŒ็›ฎ็š„ ่ชžใฎไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใ‚’ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
10:39
describe two people together is 'you and I'. Like together, us two, you is the subject
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2 ไบบใŒไธ€็ท’ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ€'you and I' ใงใ™ใ€‚ Like together, us two, you ใŒไธป่ชžใฎ
10:47
pronoun and I is the subject pronoun. 'You and I have known each other for a long time.'
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ไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ€I ใŒไธป่ชžใฎไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸ ใจ็งใฏ้•ทใ„้–“ใŠไบ’ใ„ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
10:55
That's the two of us, together, two 'you and I'. So that's correct, whereas me and you.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกไบŒไบบใ€ไธ€็ท’ใซใ€2ใคใฎใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใจ ็งใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใจใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:02
Well me is an object pronoun but we want a subject pronoun in this sentence. Me and you
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me ใฏ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใฎไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใŒใ€ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏไธป่ชžใฎไปฃๅ่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใจใ‚ใชใŸ
11:09
have known each other for years. Me and you, that's the subject, those are the subjects
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ใฏไฝ•ๅนดใ‚‚ๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰็Ÿฅใ‚Šๅˆใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใจใ‚ใชใŸใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒไธป่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชž
11:16
of the sentence and me is an object pronoun so we can't use it there. So it has to be
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ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็งใฏ็›ฎ็š„่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใช ใฎใงใ€ใใ“ใงใฏไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€
11:23
'you and I have known each other for years.' So when you are making that choice about is
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใจ็งใฏไฝ•ๅนดใ‚‚ๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ใŠไบ’ใ„ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸ
11:28
it me and you or you and I, choose you and I. However, in normal common every day natural
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ใŒ็งใจใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใพใŸใฏใ‚ใชใŸใจ็งใซใคใ„ใฆใใฎ้ธๆŠžใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใจ็งใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ—ใฆ
11:38
English, particularly spoken English you are going to hear people say me and you. I say
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ใใ ใ•ใ„. ็งใฏ
11:43
me and you. Every one I know says me and you but it's grammatically not correct so it's
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็งใจใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ™ในใฆใฎไบบใŒ็งใจใ‚ใชใŸใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซๆญฃใ—ใใชใ„ใฎใง
11:48
important for you guys to know the grammatically correct version but it's your English. I'm
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ใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซๆญฃใ—ใ„ใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ้‡่ฆใงใ™ ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ™. ็งใฏ
11:54
not going to tell you what to do. You can decide which one you want. If you are studying
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ใ‚ใชใŸใซไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ในใใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใฉใ‚ŒใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใ‹ๆฑบใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
11:58
for the IELTS exam or you are in a business situation you probably are going to want to
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IELTS ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฎๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใพใŸใฏใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใฎ ็Šถๆณใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
12:04
use the correct grammatical form so you and I. Ok, I hope that kind of clears that one
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ใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๆ–‡ๆณ•ๅฝขๅผใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ„ใจ
12:09
up for you. You and I is grammatically the correct form.
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ๆ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ You and I ใฏๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซ ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
12:13
This is a little silly one that is usually in spoken English how's things? How's things
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ใฐใ‹ใ’ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€้€šๅธธ ใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใง่ฉฑใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฟๅญใฏ
12:19
going? Now, how, how's. The contraction there is 'how is things'. Well things is plural,
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ใฉใ†๏ผŸ ใ•ใฆใฉใ†ใ ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ“ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝข ใฏใ€Œhow is thingsใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใ‚ใ€ใ‚‚ใฎใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝข
12:30
things. So we need to use the plural auxiliary 'how are things? So 'How are things?' i do
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉž ใ€Œhow are things?ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œ่ชฟๅญใฏใฉใ†๏ผŸใ€ ็งใฏ
12:40
this all the time, I'll be like 'oh how's things?' it's just a silly grammatical mistake
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃ ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:45
that a lot of native speakers make. It doesn't affect communication so people still understand
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ๅคšใใฎใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใŒ็Šฏใ™ๆ„šใ‹ใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ไธŠใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใฏๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ—ใชใ„ ใฎใง
12:53
exactly what you are saying. It's just something that we, a silly mistake we make. How's thing?
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ใ€็›ธๆ‰‹ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซ็†่งฃใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œ ใฏ็งใŸใกใŒ็Šฏใ™ใฐใ‹ใ’ใŸ้–“้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
12:58
It should really be How are things?
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
13:00
This is a problem particularly in written English the word affect. Now more or less
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใŒๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸ ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏ็‰นใซๅ•้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠใง
13:06
the pronunciation is the same. I mean more or less. Affect effect, ultimately I say them
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ใฏ็™บ้ŸณใฏใปใผๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏๅคšใ‹ใ‚Œๅฐ‘ใชใ‹ใ‚Œๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅฝฑ้ŸฟๅŠนๆžœใ€ๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใซ
13:12
pretty much the same. Now one is a verb, one is a noun. Affect with an A is a verb. 'The
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ใฏใปใผๅŒใ˜ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ 1ใคใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใ‚‚ใ†1ใค ใฏๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ A ใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
13:21
pollution really affects me.' Now it's a verb there, ok? So 'the pollution really affects
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ๆฑšๆŸ“ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็งใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ไปŠใฏ ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œๅ…ฌๅฎณใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็งใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆ
13:28
me.' Now if it's a noun we use effect. Ok, like 'I love the special effects in that film.'
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ๅ่ฉžใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ‚จใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ ใ€Œใ‚ใฎๆ˜ ็”ปใฎ็‰นๆฎŠๅŠนๆžœใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€‚
13:35
So there it's used as a noun. So that's all you need to think about, is it a verb? Is
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ใใ“ใงๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
13:42
it a noun? And therefore I'm going to use the A affect for a verb or E effect for the
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ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใฏ A ๅŠนๆžœใ‚’ใ€ๅ่ฉžใซใฏ E ๅŠนๆžœใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
13:49
noun.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:50
We've got three homonyms here, there, their and they're. Right the first there. It's an
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3 ใคใฎๅŒ้Ÿณ็•ฐ็พฉ่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใ€ใใ“ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใซใใ“ใซใ€‚
13:57
adverb and it's used for positions usually. For example 'Look over there!' I'm directing
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ€้€šๅธธใฏไฝ็ฝฎใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€Œใ‚ใใ“่ฆ‹ใฆ๏ผใ€
14:03
you to look in to a certain place or position. We also use it to describe a position or an
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็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใพใŸใฏไฝ็ฝฎใ‚’่ฆ—ใ่พผใ‚€ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆŒ‡็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎไฝ็ฝฎใ‚„ๅญ˜ๅœจใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ—
14:09
existence of something. For example 'there's a great restaurant down the road.' And that
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ ้“ใฎๅ…ˆใซ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œ
14:15
usually combines with there is or there are 'there is a great restaurant down the road.'
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ใฏ้€šๅธธใ€'there is or there 's 'there is a great restaurant down the road.' ใจ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
14:20
So we use there for positions, telling where something is or the existence of it things
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ใใ“ใงใ€ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใฉใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏใใฎๅญ˜ๅœจ
14:26
like that. So that's the first there. The second their is the possessive adjective,
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ใชใฉใ‚’ไผใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใใ“ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒๆœ€ๅˆใงใ™ใ€‚ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ their ใฏใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎ
14:33
their. 'I've got their phone number if you want it.' So there their is representing the
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their ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒใŠๆœ›ใฟใชใ‚‰ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ้›ป่ฉฑ็•ชๅทใ‚’ ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๆ ผใ‚’่กจใ—ใฆ
14:42
possessive. Whose phone number, it's their phone number. Maybe a family that you are
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ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฐใฎ้›ป่ฉฑ็•ชๅทใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ ้›ป่ฉฑ็•ชๅทใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใถใ‚“ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฎถๆ—ใงใ™
14:48
talking about. 'I've got their phone number if you want it.' Another example 'I love their
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ใ€‚ ใ€ŒใŠๆœ›ใฟใชใ‚‰ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ้›ป่ฉฑ็•ชๅท ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใ€Œ็งใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ
14:55
new house.' Again it's a possessive adjective there talking about the people's house. Ok,
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ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅฎถใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œ ใฏไบบใ€…ใฎๅฎถใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ OK
15:02
and the final homonym is they're. It's a contraction of they are but the pronunciation would be
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ใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๅŒ้Ÿณ็•ฐ็พฉ่ชžใฏ they're ใงใ™ใ€‚ They are ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใŒใ€็™บ้Ÿณใฏใ€
15:13
they're just like the other two. 'They're a really fun family.' 'They're a really cute
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they're just like the other two ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆฅฝใ—ใ„ๅฎถๆ—ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใ„
15:23
couple.' Again they are a really cute couple. Ok, there, their, they're. THERE!
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ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใ„ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ“ใฎ๏ผ
15:33
The final mistake is usually a spelling mistake, could of. Now this should be could have and
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ใ‚นใƒšใƒซใƒŸใ‚น ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใ‚‹ในใใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
15:45
it comes from the fact that the pronunciation, when we say it, it's contracted and it's squeezed
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ใใ‚Œใฏ ใ€็งใŸใกใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใจใใ€็™บ้ŸณใŒๅŽ็ธฎใ—ใ€ไธ€็ท’ใซๅœง่ฟซใ•
15:51
together. The sounds are squeezed together so it sounds like 'could of'. 'You could have
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ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ไบ‹ๅฎŸใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใฆใ„ใพใ™. ้ŸณใŒใŽใ‚…ใฃใจ่ฉฐใพใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€'could of' ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
15:56
got me a bigger ice cream.' Now could have, it's contracted down so instead of saying
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ใ‚‚ใฃใจๅคงใใชใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใใ‚ŒใŸใฎใซใ€ ไปŠใฏใใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€
16:06
'you could have got me' 'you could've'. And I guess when people hear that and they say
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็ธฎๅฐใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™. ใใ—ใฆ ใ€ไบบใ€…ใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’่žใ„
16:12
it so often they make the mistake. They keep thinking it's could of, not could have. And
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ใฆ้ ป็นใซ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ™ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ใใ‚ŒใŒใงใใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€ใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใจ่€ƒใˆ็ถšใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ
16:19
that's where the mistake comes from and you'll see it a lot in written English particularly
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ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ้–“้•ใ„ใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ๆ›ธใ่จ€่‘‰ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ€็‰นใซ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๆ›ธใ่จ€่‘‰ใงใ‚ˆใ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
16:23
informal written English. It's wrong, ok. It should be could have. And just the same
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
16:28
with should have or must have again you will see sometimes it's written as should of or
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ใ€should have ใพใŸใฏ must have ใจๅŒใ˜ ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€should of ใพใŸใฏ must of ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ
16:34
must of. Not correct! Should have, must have.
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆญฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผ ใ‚ใ‚‹ในใใ ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ในใใ ใ€‚
16:38
So guys, which ones of those mistakes have you made before and which ones do you find
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใพใงใซ็Šฏใ—ใŸ้Žใกใจใ€้›ฃใ—ใ„ใจๆ„Ÿใ˜ใŸ้Žใกใฏ
16:43
difficult? So maybe the there, their and they're you get confused sometimes when you are writing.
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ใฉใ‚Œใงใ™ใ‹? ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅคšๅˆ†ใใ“ใซใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใจๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
16:51
So let me know in the comments below, which ones do you find difficult, which ones have
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ไปฅไธ‹ใฎใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใง ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใฉใ‚ŒใŒ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใฉใ‚Œใง
16:54
you made the mistakes with. Also if you can think of any other mistakes that you commonly
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้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚ ใพใŸ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ‚ˆใ็Šฏใ™
16:59
make or that you hear other speakers make, let me know in the comments below. Thank you
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้–“้•ใ„ใ‚„ใ€ไป–ใฎใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใŒ็Šฏใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่žใ„ใŸไป–ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€ไปฅไธ‹ใฎใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใงใŠ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใใ ใ•ใ„.
17:04
so much for hanging out with me guys. Remember, I release new videos every Tuesday and every
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็งใจไป˜ใๅˆใฃใฆใใ‚Œใฆใฉใ†ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ ๆฏŽ้€ฑ็ซๆ›œๆ—ฅใจๆฏŽ้€ฑ้‡‘ๆ›œๆ—ฅใซๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใƒชใƒชใƒผใ‚น
17:09
Friday to take your English to the next level. I can't wait to hang out with you again, this
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ใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆฌกใฎใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใซๅผ•ใไธŠใ’ใพใ™. ใพใŸใŠไผšใ„ใงใใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅพ…ใกใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
17:13
has been super fun. Remember that if you have enjoyed it, please give it a big thumbs up,
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ใ€‚ใจใฆใ‚‚ๆฅฝใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใ ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅคงใใช่ฆชๆŒ‡ใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใ€
17:18
subscribe to my videos so that you don't miss a single English video. Alright guys, thank
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็งใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ณผ่ชญใ—ใฆใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’1ใคใ‚‚่ฆ‹้€ƒใ•ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ . ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€ใฉใ†ใ‚‚
17:24
you so much, this is Tom the chief dreamer, saying goodbye.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใƒใƒผใƒ•ใƒปใƒ‰ใƒชใƒผใƒžใƒผใฎใƒˆใƒ  ใงใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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